Biology - Art of Smart Education: HSC Tutoring for English

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Biology

General Instructions • Reading time – 5 minutes • Working time – 3 hours • Write using black or blue pen.

Black pen is preferred • Draw diagrams using pencil • Board-approved calculators may be

used

Total marks – 100 Section I Pages 2–19 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A – 20 marks • Attempt Questions 1–20 • Allow about 35 minutes for this part Part B – 55 marks • Attempt Questions 21–30 • Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part Section II Pages 21–31 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 31–35 • Allow about 45 minutes for this section

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Section I 75 marks Part A – 20 marks Attempt Questions 1-20 Allow about 35 minutes for this part Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1-20.

1. The image shows examples of four animal forearms. This information is usually used in providing evidence for the theory of evolution.

Which area of study involves this method of gathering evidence?

(A) Comparative embryology

(B) Comparative anatomy

(C) Biochemistry

(D) Palaeontology

2. Why is it difficult to determine a definition of health and disease?

(A) Health is considered normal and disease is not normal.

(B) Only doctors can determine whether a person is healthy.

(C) Health means having good hygiene and disease is not.

(D) Health and disease are relative to the individual which mean they are hard to

define.

3. Lactase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lactose, a sugar found in milk. When lactase is put in a sucrose solution, nothing happens.

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What is the best explanation for why lactase does not have the same effect on sucrose?

(A) The pH of milk is different to the pH of foods that contain sucrose.

(B) Lactase only functions at colder temperatures.

(C) The lactase is denatured by the sucrose.

(D) Enzymes only function with specific substrates.

4. Which scientist conducted a notable experiment with a swan-necked flask to disprove the commonly believed the theory of spontaneous generation through showing that microbes are responsible for spoiling food and causing disease?

(A) Walter Sutton

(B) Howard Florey

(C) Frank Macfarlane Burnet

(D) Louis Pasteur

5. What concept is the following diagram representing?

(A) Enantiostasis

(B) Homeostasis

(C) Stimulus detection

(D) Salt response.

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6. The diagram below shows a mammalian kidney.

In which two parts of the kidney, is the nephron found?

(A) Ureter and renal vein

(B) Fibrous capsule and pyramids

(C) Cortex and medulla

(D) Renal pelvis and renal artery

7. Which of the following is not an adaptation to prevent water loss?

(A) Waxy coating

(B) Dropping of leaves

(C) Leaves hanging vertically

(D) Sunken stomates

8. Urine concentration varies based on water access. What is the correct order of urine concentration from lowest concentration to highest?

(A) Ammonia, Uric Acid, Urea

(B) Urea, Ammonia, Uric Acid

(C) Uric Acid, Urea, Ammonia

(D) Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid

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9. Who were the scientists involved in the discovery of chromosomes as carriers of genetic information?

(A) Sutton and Boveri

(B) Beadle and Tatum

(C) Pasteur and Koch

(D) Darwin and Wallace

10. Viruses are different from prions as they are much closer to ‘life’ than prions. What do viruses have that make them different to prions?

(A) Bacteria

(B) DNA

(C) RNA

(D) Cell walls

11. What is the type of evolution labelled (B) in the diagram below?

(A) Convergent evolution

(B) Divergent evolution

(C) Parallel evolution

(D) None of the above

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12. Which of the following are all first-line defences in maintaining health?

(A) Skin, cilia, macrophages

(B) Inflammation, mucus, lymph system

(C) Skin, mucus, cilia

(D) Mucus, swelling, macrophages

13. What did the work of scientist Morgan involve?

(A) Fruit flies and sex linkage

(B) Pea plants and simple genetics

(C) Nutrient broth and spontaneous generation

(D) Bread mould and enzyme production

14. What is the purpose of the inflammation response?

(A) To stop blood flow to the affected area

(B) To increase blood flow to the affected area

(C) To increase the amount of white blood cells in the affected area

(D) To increase the fluid available to the area

15. What do infectious diseases have that non-infectious diseases do not?

(A) A known pathogen that can be isolated from its host

(B) Inheritance from one generation to the next

(C) A known cause from the environment that cannot be isolated

(D) A known cause from the removal of a key nutritional component

16. If an endotherm is in a cold environment, they are likely to:

(A) Vasodilate

(B) Vasoconstrict

(C) Begin to sweat

(D) Seek shelter

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17. Arteries are able to handle higher pressure blood than veins due to which structure?

(A) They have valves to prevent back flow

(B) They have muscular walls that can handle large amounts of liquid

(C) They have single-cell thick walls to allow for transfer of materials

(D) They have a higher surface area to volume ratio

18. In your studies, you did a collection of experiments on enzyme activity over time. The graph below best represents which independent variable tested?

(A) pH

(B) Temperature

(C) Time

(D) Substrate concentration

19. Some diseases can be caused by an imbalance in the microflora present in humans. Which of the following diseases is caused by an imbalance of microflora?

(A) Thrush

(B) Melanoma

(C) Malaria

(D) Small pox

20. Red green colour-blindness in humans is a recessive condition inherited on the X chromosome. A non colour-blind woman, whose father is colour-blind, marries a colour-blind man. What is the probability that any child they have will be colour-blind?

(A) 100%

(B) 50%

(C) 25%

(D) 0%

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2017 MOCK HSC EXAMINATION

Biology

Section I (continued) Part B – 55 marks Attempt Questions 21–30 Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this section Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response. Extra writing space is provided on pages 18 and 19. If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering. Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page.

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Question 21 (5 marks)

(a) Haemoglobin is a four-lobed protein, which is able to transport oxygen in the blood. Explain the adaptive advantages of haemoglobin. 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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(b) Endotherms need to use internal responses to control their internal environment. What adaptations

do endotherms in cold environments have to ensure they are able to function consistently? 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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There are a few ways that the environment can have a direct impact on the phenotype of the individual. Explain two ways in which this can occur, using examples.

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(a) Outline one way in which you can get sick from food, water or personal hygiene practices. 1

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(b) Explain how this disease can be avoided or comtrolled with reference to cleanliness practices 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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The family tree below shows the inheritance of a non-sex linked disorder.

(a) Identify whether this disorder is dominant or recessive and explain why. 2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(b) If the affected female had children with a homozygous unaffected male, what percentage of their children has the disorder?

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(a) Identify the two main theories for the movement of water in the xylem and sugars in the phloem 2 .........................................................................................................................................

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(b) Explain, including a diagram, one of these two theories of movement.

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Quarantine is a heavily used method of prevention and control in Australia.

(a) State one reason why it is effective in controlling disease. 1

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(b) There are two main methods employed in Australian quarantine to prevent disease. Discuss each of these in terms of the entry of diseases into Australia and across Australia. 4 .........................................................................................................................................

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(a) Outline, using an example, how cell differentiation and specialisation assist in the maintenance of health.

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(b) The third line of defence allows us to be protected against pathogens we may or may not have encountered before. Explain how MacFarlane Burnet’s work allows us to deal with incoming pathogens.

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(a) Outline the processes used to produce a NAMED transgenic species. 3

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(b) Describe the environmental issues that arise from the species you described in part (a). 3

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(a) As CO2 levels continue to rise in the world’s oceans, it is expected the pH level of the ocean will change. Predict what will happen to the pH level of the ocean, making sure to include an explanation of your prediction.

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(b) Using your prediction above, write an experiment to test your prediction. 5

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Analyse the importance of collaboration and communication in terms of named scientists and a theory or technology that they developed.

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EXTRA WRITING SPACE QUESTION ANSWERED:

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EXTRA WRITING SPACE QUESTION ANSWERED:

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2017 MOCK HSC EXAMINATION

Biology

Section II

25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 31–35 Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in the Section II Writing Booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Pages

Question 31 Communication ..........................................................................

Question 32 Biotechnology ............................................................................

Question 33 Genetics: The Code Broken? .....................................................

Question 34 The Human Story .......................................................................

Question 35 Biochemistry ..............................................................................

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Question 31 – Communication (25 marks)

Begin each question at the beginning of a new page.

(a) Describe how the pharynx is able to produce sounds of different frequencies, including a diagram in your answer

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(b) Create a flow-chart of the path taken by sound from the source to the brain. 4

(c) [i] Describe the process of accommodation. You may include diagrams in your answer. 4

(ii) Outline how ONE technology is used to treat hyperopia. 1

(d) (i) Relate specialised features of the eyes of TWO named animals to their environment.

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(ii) Describe the detection of vibrations by fish and insects, and the events which lead to a response.

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(e) Demonstrate how technologies help correct specific biological problems associated with human communication.

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Question 32 – Biotechnology (25 marks)


(a) (i) What is used to cut DNA in recombinant DNA techniques? 1

(ii) Outline the role of ligases in recombinant DNA techniques. 2

(b) Before the 18th century, fermentation was a ‘cottage’ industry carried out in homes or small shops in villages. Early in the 18th century, fermentation began to develop into a large scale industry. (i) Identify ONE fermentation product made prior to the 18th century. 1

(ii) Describe ONE scientific discovery that has led to the expansion of fermentation since

the 18th century. 3

(c) (i) Explain the purpose of a named transgenic organism. 2 (ii) Construct a diagram that demonstrates the sequence of events that results in the

formation of recombinant DNA in a transgenic organism. 3

(d) (i) Describe how you would extract DNA from cells. 5

(iii) Outline how you would identify the DNA you extracted. 1

(e) Assess the biotechnological processes used in aquaculture. Include examples in your answer.

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Question 33 – Genetics: The Code Broken?


(a) (i) What are the multiple alleles in the inheritance of ABO blood groups? 1

(ii) Using a diagram, show how parents with blood groups A and B could have a child with blood group O. 2

(b) Describe how the current models of the structure of tRNA and mRNA have helped us understand the production of a sequence of amino acids. 4

(c) (i) What is the Human Genome Project? 2

(ii) Explain how recombinant DNA technologies can be used to identify the position of a

gene on a chromosome. 3

(d) Compare and contrast the effects of germ line mutation and transposable genetic elements on whole organisms. 6

(e) Explain how our understanding of genetic mutation could lead to the management of some

diseases using gene therapy. 7

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Question 34 – The Human Story

Begin each question at the beginning of a new page. (a) (i) Name TWO examples of cultural change that occurred as humans developed into efficient

hunters in organised cooperative groups 2

(ii) Explain how ONE of the cultural changes named in part (a) (i) has been a feature of human evolution. 3

(b) (i) Describe the procedure used, and outline the findings obtained, when you investigated the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. 4 (ii) State the importance of the study of the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in tracing human evolution. 1

(c) Construct a table to identify a feature of humans which classifies them as 3 chordates, mammals

and animals respectively. 4 (d) Draw a diagram of a prosimian hand/foot and a human foot. Label two 4 corresponding features

of each hand/foot that demonstrate the differences between these primates. 5 (e) Discuss how advances in technology have changed our understanding of the evolutionary

relationships between humans and other primates. 6

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Question 35 – Biochemistry


(a) (i) State TWO reasons for studying photosynthesis. 2

(ii) Outline the contribution of ONE 17th or 18th century scientist in developing our understanding of photosynthesis. 2

(b) You performed a first-hand investigation to determine the effect of light intensity on

production of gas in a suitable pond weed. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up. 2 (ii) Describe the quantitative data you collected in the experiment. 2 (iii) How would you alter this investigation to measure the effect of carbon dioxide on

photosynthesis? 2

(c) Construct a flow chart to summarise the procedure used to produce named photosynthetic plant cell fractions. 4

(d) Explain how the design of Calvin’s experiments involving paper chromatography led to his

development of an understanding of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. 4

(e) Explain how knowledge of biochemical pathways has been enhanced by an understanding of radioactive isotopes. 7

END OF PAPER

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Biology - Art of Smart Education: HSC Tutoring for English