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Biology 211Anatomy & Physiology I
Dr. Thompson
Joints
Last week: Defined bones as organs of skeletal system
Also organs: joints (one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function)
Joints are classified using two chararacteristics
1. What type of tissue connects the bones at the joint
2. How much motion the joint allows
Ordinary connective tissue = FibrousHyaline or Fibrous cartilage = CartilagenousFluid-filled capsule (synovium) = Synovial
No motion = SynarthrosisLimited motion = AmphiarthrosisFreely movable = Diarthrosis
Fibrous Joints:
Bones connected by dense regular or dense irregular connective tissue with many collagen fibers.No joint cavity.
Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)
Fibrous Joints:
Three subtypes:1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short Always synarthrotic Only in skull
Fibrous Joints:
Three subtypes:(1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull)
2. Syndesmosis Collagen fibers longer Amphiarthrotic (some motion)
Fibrous Joints:
Three subtypes:(1. Suture: Collagen fibers very short, synarthrotic, only in skull)(2. Syndesmosis: Collagen fibers longer, amphiarthrotic)
3. Gomphosis: Collagen fibers very short Synarthrotic (no motion) Teeth in mandible or maxilla
Cartilagenous Joints:
Bones connected by some form of cartilageNo joint cavity.
Depending on length of collagen fibers, may be synarthrotic (no motion) or amphiarthrotic (limited motion)
Cartilagenous Joints:
Two subtypes:1. Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates
Cartilagenous Joints:
Two subtypes:(1. Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic; Costosternal; Epiphyseal plates)
2. Symphysis: Bones connected by fibrous cartilage Amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic Intervertebral disks; Pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints:
Bones separated by synovial joint cavity; connected by ligaments of dense regular C.T.
Most synovial joints are diarthrotic Some are amphiarthrotic
Synovial Joints:
Components: Proximal bone with articular cartilage Distal bone with
articular cartilage
Articular capsule with: Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity
Ligaments of dense irregular C.T. Intrinsic = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular = inside synovial cavity
Synovial Joints: Proximal bone with articular cartilage
Distal bone with articular cartilage Articular capsule with Fibrous capsule, Synovial membrane surrounding Synovial cavity Intrinsic ligament = thickenings of fibrous capsule Extracapsular ligament = outside of fibrous capsule Intracapsular ligament = inside synovial cavity
In knee, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints:Also meniscus of fibrous cartilage
Synovial Joints:
Six types based on structure and type of motion:
Synovial Joints: Six types
1. Plane or Gliding Gliding motion along flat articular surfaces.
Amphiarthrotic
Synovial Joints: Six types
2. Hinge joint Motion around single axis perpendicular to long axis of bones.
Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone.
Diarthrotic
Synovial Joints: Six types
3. Pivot joint Motion around single axis parallel to long axis of bones.
Often convex articular surface on one bone and concave articular surface on other bone.
Diarthrotic
Synovial Joints: Six types
4. Condyloid joint Motion around two axes.
Articular surfaces of both bones round or oval. One shallowly convex. One shallowly concave
Diarthrotic
Synovial Joints: Six types
5. Saddle joint Motion around two axes.
Articular surfaces of both bones are: Convex one direction Concave other direction
Diarthrotic
Synovial Joints: Six types
6. Ball & Socket joint Motion around all three axes.
Articular surfaces of one bone forms "ball" which fits into "socket" on other bone
Diarthrotic
We’ve noted that Synovial joints are stabilized by Shapes of the articular surfaces of bones Ligaments Menisci
They are also stabilized by muscles and tendons which cross over the joint
Synovial joints often cushioned by a fluid-filled sac called a bursa located between the joint and overlying muscles, tendons, or ligaments.
The following six specific synovial joints are described In your Saladin text: Jaw (Temporomandibular) Shoulder (Humeroscapular) Elbow (Humeroulnar, Humeroradial, Radioulnar) Hip (Femorocoxal or Coxal) Knee (Tibiofemoral) Ankle (Talotibial, Talofibular)
On exams, you should be able to briefly but accurately describe the structure of each of these joints, including all major ligaments; and you should be able to describe the actions for each
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Flexion and Extension
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Abduction and Adduction
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Rotation and Circumduction
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Protraction and Retraction
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Elevation and Depression
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Inversion and Eversion
Movements of synovial diarthrotic joints:
Opposition (and Reposition)