Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
BIOLOGY
Citation preview
Biology 20 Review PackageRevised April 2013
BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
1. What small structural subunits make up carbohydrates? Monosaccharides, simple sugars
2. Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.Glucose,fructose, galactose - sucrose, lactose, maltose- starch, glycogen, cellulose
3. Name the process that joins small subunits together to make macromolecules. Name the process used to break macromolecules down. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
4. How do animals store their excess glucose? glycogen Plants? starch
5. What chemical test is used to identify glucose? Benedict’s What is a positive test result? Red orange brown
6. What chemical test is used to identify starch? iodine What is a positive test result? black
7. What is the function of carbohydrates? Energy and storage of energy
Protein
8. What small structural subunits make up proteins? Amino acids
9. What are essential amino acids? Must be consumed in food
10. Why can’t excess protein be stored? Amine group is toxic
11. What is the function of protein? Mainly structure
12. What chemical test is used to identify protein? Biuret’s What is a positive test result? Pink, purple violet
Lipids
13. Describe the structure of a triglyceride. One glycerol and 3 fatty acids
14. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of chemistry and their sources?saturated –single bonds many hydrogen animal source – unsaturated double bonds, fewer hydrogen, plant source
15. What is the function of fat? Energy storage, heat conservation, protection
16. What test is used to identify fat? Sudan IV or Transluscence What is a positive test result? Dissolves in Sudan IV and leaves a greasy spot
Enzymes
17. Why are enzymes required for digestion? Reduce activation energy and control rate of reactions
Page 1
Biochemistry - Matching
1. Match the following.
1 a. glucose 1. Carbohydrate
2 b. triglyceride 2. Lipid
2 c. cholesterol 3. Protein
1 d. starch
1 e. sucrose
3 f. enzymes
3 g. antibody
2. Match the following.
Enzymes – Multiple Choice
1. An enzyme is
a. carbohydrateb. lipidc. proteind. nucleic acid
Page 2
i 1. anabolic reaction
c 2. active site
e 3. activation energy
g 4. catabolic reaction
d 5. competitive inhibition
b 6. end-product
h 7. enzyme
f 8. substrate
a 9. hydrolysis
j 10. dehydration synthesis
a. breaking bonds by adding water
b. substances that result from the action of an enzyme
c. a portion of an enzyme that fits with a substrate
d. the process of blocking the active site of an enzyme
e. energy that is required to initiate a chemical reaction
f. a substance that attached to the active site of an enzyme
g. the process of breaking larger molecules into smaller ones
h. a protein that acts to reduce the activation energy of a reaction
i. the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
j. joining two smaller molecules together by removing H4 and OH-
2. The function of an enzyme is to
a. cause chemical reactions that would not otherwise take place.b. change the rates of chemical reactionsc. control the equilibrium points of reactionsd. change the directions of reactions
Page 3
3. The enzyme sucrase acts on
a. sucrose onlyb. sucrose and starchc. any disaccharided. any organic monomer
4. Hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in cells; in this way, it prevents the enzyme’s activity. Hence, hydrogen cyanide can best be described as a
a. coenzymeb. cofactorc. competitive inhibitord. allosteric modulator
5. An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by
a. lowering the energy of activationb. causing the release of heat, which acts as a primerc. changing the free energy difference between substrate and productd. increasing molecular motion and therefore increasing molecular collisions
6. In feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by
a. a rise in temperatureb. lack of a substratec. accumulation of the end productd. competitive inhibition
Page 4
DIGESTION
1. For each of the polymers below, state:
a. Where they are digested (organ(s))b. What enzyme(s) are required and name the resulting breakdown productc. Where the enzyme comes from if it is not produced in the organ in which it acts
STARCH Mouth, amylase, salivary glandsSmall intestine,pancreatic amylase, pancreas
FATSmall intestine, pancreatic lipase, pancreasBile emulsifies fat… physical breakdown. Produced in liver and stored in gall bladder
PROTEINStomach, HCl and pepsinogen, stomachSmall intestine, proteinases, small intestine
2. Where does most chemical digestion occur? Small intestine
3. Where are the nutrients mainly absorbed? Small intestine
4. Where is bile produced and what is its function? Liver and emulsifies or physical breakdown of fats
5. What happens in the large intestine? Absorption of water, minerals and vitamins , synthesis of vitamin
6. What process moves food through the digestive tract? peristalsis
Page 5
7. Label the diagram on the following page.
Human Digestive System
Page 6
Match the following.
True or False
1. __T___ Secretin production is increased with an increased acidity of chyme (decreased pH)
2. __F___ Bile is an enzyme that helps digest protein.
3. __T___ Most water used for digestion is reabsorbed by the lining of the large intestine.
4. ___T__ Most lipids are absorbed into the lacteals that run through the villi of the small intestine.
Page 7
1. c storage of bile a. Liver
2. a production of bile b. Pancreas
3. d secretion of HCl c. Gall bladder
4. d stores food d. Stomach
5. b secretion of lipase e. Microvilli of small intestine
6. d grinds food f. Esophagus
7. e secretion of sucrase g. Large intestine
8. d mixes food h. Mouth
9. e secretion of trypsin
10. f moves food into the stomach
11. d secretion of pepsinogen
12. a detoxification of alcohol
13. g production of vitamins B and K
14. b secretion of sodium bicarbonate
15. b organ which manufactures amylase secreted into the duodenum
16. g absorption of water and minerals
17. h secretion of salivary amylase
18. a conversion of glycogen into glucose when needed
19. e absorption of nutrients into the blood vessels
20. d formation of acid chyme
21. h digestion of starch
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Follow the pathway of air through the respiratory tract starting with the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity --- pharynx ---- larynx ---- trachea ---- bronchi ---- alveoli
2. Explain the process of inhalation and exhalation.Inhalation – ribs up and out Exhalation – ribs in
- diaphragm down - diaphragm up- chest volume increases, pressure decreases - chest volume decreases,
pressure increases- air rushes in - air rushes out
3. Explain how your breathing rate is stimulated to increase.- build up of CO2 stimulates medulla oblongata- stimulates diaphragm and intercostals muscles to contract faster, therefore increases breathing rate
4. List the 2 ways oxygen is carried in the bloodstream.- dissolved in plasma- oxyhemoglobin
5. List the 3 ways carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream.- dissolved in plasma- carbaminohemoglobin- carbonic acid
6. Label the diagram on the following page.
Page 8
Human Respiratory System
Fill in the blankIndicate whether the following actions or conditions contribute to inhalation or exhalation.
a. During inhalation air flows into the alveoli.
b. During exhalation the thoracic cavity volume decreases.
c. During inhalation the pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity.
d. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes.
e. During inhalation the intercostals muscles contract.
Page 9
Multiple Choice
1. The surface area of a human lung is made larger by alveoli and is approximately the size of a
a. tableb. tennis courtc. dinner plated. four-person tent
2. Breathing rate in mammals is controlled by a part of the brain called the
a. cortexb. thalamusc. hypothalamusd. medulla oblongata
3. The breathing center in the brain responds most readily to changes in the
a. glucose in the mitochondriab. acetyl coA in the mitochondrionc. oxygen concentration of the bloodd. carbon dioxide concentration of the blood
MOTOR SYSTEM
1. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and give an example of each.- cardiac muscle – heart- smooth muscle – lining of organs, like the stomach- skeletal muscle – biceps, triceps, etc.
2. Describe the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction.- the myosin head binds to the actin filaments, causing the actin filaments to slide over the myosin filaments.
Page 10
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries- arteries – thick muscle layer with elastic connective tissue – carries blood away from the heart.- veins – contain valves, thin muscle layer – returns blood to the heart.- capillaries – composed of a single layer of cells – site of fluid and gas exchange between blood and body cells.
2. What causes the heart sounds (lub dub)?- closing of the valves
3. Using the terms systole and diastole, describe the cardiac cycle.- atria contract (systole)- ventricles contract (systole)- heart relaxes (diastole)
4. Explain the role of the SA and AV nodes in stimulating contraction of the heart.- SA node – initiates contraction of atria.- AV node – initiates contraction of ventricles.
5. Explain how the body:
a. lowers high blood pressureDecreased sympathetic nerve stimulation
- arterioles dilate – increasing outflow from the arteryStimulation of parasympathetic nerve stimulation
- heart rate and stroke volume increase
b. raises low blood pressure- reverse of above
6. During capillary exchange, what forces blood plasma (which contains the dissolved nutrients) out of the capillary? What draws the water back in?- out of the capillary – blood pressure- draws water back in – osmotic pressure
Page 11
7. What force causes oxygen to leave the capillary and carbon dioxide to enter?- diffusion
8. Label the diagram below.
The Human Heart
Page 12
9. Starting with the heart, trace the blood flow through the human circulatory system by numbering the following in the correct order.
___1__Heart __4___ Capillaries
__6___Veins _2____ Arteries
___3__Arterioles __5___ Venules
10. Starting with the right atrium, trace the blood flow through the heart and body by numbering the following in the correct order.
__1___right atrium __4___ lungs
__6___left atrium __2___ right ventricle
__3___pulmonary artery __7___ left ventricle
_10____vena cava __9___ body cells
__8___aorta __5___ pulmonary veins
11. What term best fits each of the following descriptions?
Arteries Vessels which carry blood away from the heart
Veins Vessels which carry blood toward the heart
Capillaries Tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick
Septum Thick wall that divides the heart into two sides
Atria Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
Ventricles Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
Right AV (tricuspid) Valve between right atrium and right ventricle
Left AV (Bicuspid) Valve between left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar Valves found between the ventricles and blood vessels
Pulmonary artery The only artery in the body which is rich in carbon dioxide
Pulmonary vein Only vein in the body with is rich in oxygen
Page 13
BLOOD and IMMUNITY
1. List the four components of blood and their major functions.- Plasma – dissolves nutrients and wastes.- RBC – carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.- WBC – immunity- Platelets – blood clotting
2. Bob Joe Suzy Doug Janet A B AB AB O
a. Who can donate blood to Joe? Janetb. Who can donate blood to Bob? Janetc. Who can donate blood to Suzy? Everyoned. Who can donate blood to Janet? No one
3. If A antibodies were added to the following blood specimens, which would result in an agglutination (clumping) reaction?
Type A Clumping (agglutination)
Type B No clumping
Type AB Clumping
Type O No clumping
4. Differentiate between first and second lines of defense in an immunological response.1st – prevents invader from entering the body.2nd – invader is in and WBC are involved in a series of reactions to remove it.
5. Describe the role of each of the following white blood cells:
Macrophages – phagocytic WBC
Helper T-cells – a T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
Killer T-cells – a T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated
cells by puncturing membranes
Memory T-cells – a cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen
Suppressor T-cells – a T cell that turns off the immune system.
B-cells – a lymphocyte that produces antibodies.
Page 14
6. Match the description in the right column with the correct term in the left column.
_____c___ Plasma a. Iron containing molecule in red blood cells
_____e__ Platelets b. White blood cells which produce antibodies
_____b___ Lymphocytes c. Liquid part of the blood
_____f__ Antigens d. Returns tissue fluid to the blood
_____i___ Fibrin e. Cell fragments involved in clotting
_____a__ Hemoglobin f. Foreign molecules in the body
_____j__ Antibodies g. Cancer of the bone marrow
_____h__ Anemia h. Condition in which the blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen
_____g__ Leukemia i. Strands of proteins involved in clotting
10. _____d___ Lymphatic system j. React with antigens and inactivates them
EXCRETION
1. Trace the pathway of urine out of the body starting with the renal artery. (consider gross anatomy only)Renal artery ---- kidneys ---- ureter ---- bladder ---- urethra
2. The following substances are pressure filtered out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule: water, glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, Cl-. Explain where and how each are reabsorbed.Proximal tubule – glucose, amino acids, Na+ (actively transported)
- water – osmosis - Cl- - attraction
Descending Loop – NaCl - water – osmosis
Ascending Loop - NaCl
3. Explain the role of aldosterone and ADHAldosterone – released in response to low blood sodium. Makes distal tubule permeable to salt so that excess is reabsorbed.ADH – released in response to low blood plasma. Makes distal tubule and upper portion of collecting duct permeable to water so excess isn’t lost in urine.
4. Label the diagram on the following page.
Page 15
The Human Excretory System
True or False:
1. __F___ The ureters carry filtered blood to the bladder.
2. __F___ Aldosterone is released by the medulla oblongata.
3. __T___ Glucose and amino acids are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
4. __T___ Secretion occurs as wastes move actively from the blood into the collecting duct.
5. __T___ Antidiuretic hormone would cause the blood pressure to increase.
6. __T___ The renal pyramids are found in the medulla area of the kidney.
7. __F___ Sodium is not needed by the body and is never retained by the kidneys.
8. __T___ The blood pressure within the glomerulus is higher than the blood pressure in the renal artery.
9. __T___ The correct sequence of vessels is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillary network.
10. __F___ Aldosterone causes kidney’s tubules to become less permeable to sodium.
Page 16
11. __T___ Glucose is moved out of the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport.
12. __T___ The afferent arteriole is wider in diameter than the efferent arteriole.
13. __F___ Filtration is the movement of fluids containing wastes and nutrients from the proximal convoluted tubules to the glomerulus.
14. __F___ Amino acids are commonly found in a healthy person’s urine.
15. __T___ Glucose in the urine is a symptom of diabetes insipidus.
Multiple choice
1. The functional unit of a kidney is the
a. ureterb. nephronc. bladderd. urethra
2. A mammal excretes nitrogen in the form of
a. ammonium ionsb. amino acidsc. uread. lithium
3. Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney of a human?
a. 16b. 200c. 1 000d. 1 000 000
4. The force that moves fluid from the blood into the glomerulus is
a. the beating of ciliab. blood pressurec. peristalsis of the capsuled. active transport
5. Which components of the blood does NOT enter the nephron?
a. ionsb. glucosec. plasma proteinsd. urea
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Page 17
Light Dependent Reaction
1. What reactants are required for photosynthesis to occur? What products are made?
Reactants: carbon dioxide and waterProducts: oxygen and glucose
2. Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid disks
3. What is the purpose of the light dependent reaction?
Split water – oxygen released, hydrogen electrons and protons are used to create ATPH is available to create glucose
4. By the end of the light dependent reaction, what products have been made? What happens to them?
Oxygen: released into environmentNADPH: to stromaATP : to stroma
Light-Independent Reaction
5. Where does the light-independent reaction occur?
Stroma
6. Explain the role of ATP and NADPH in the light-independent reaction.
H is removed from NADPH. The energy to do this is supplied by ATP.
7. What product is ultimately created by the end of the light-independent reaction?
Glucose
8. What large molecule (polymer) does the plant synthesize from the substance named in question 7?Starch
Page 18
Multiple Choice
1. An autotroph is an organism that
a. requires no input of materials from its environmentsb. sustains itself without eating other organismc. sustains itself without aerobic cellular respirationd. uses ammonia instead of water as a solvent
2. An autotroph gets its carbon from
a. carbon dioxideb. methanec. soild. organic molecules
3. A heterotroph is an organism that gets its energy from
a. heat b. lightc. inorganic moleculesd. organic molecules
4. A heterotroph gets its carbon from
a. carbon dioxideb. methanec. soild. organic molecules
5. Photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from
a. heat b. lightc. inorganic moleculesd. organic molecules
6. Which of the following equations is the correct summary of photosynthesis?
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C6H12O6 + 6O2 b. 6CO2 + 12NH3 + LIGHT C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6H2N2
c. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + LIGHT 6O2 + 12H2Od. 3CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C3H6O3 + 3O2 + 3H2O
7. In a plant cell, the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the
a. stromab. endoplasmic reticulumc. mitochondriad. thylakoid discs
Page 19
8. In a plant cell, the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the
a. stromab. endoplasmic reticulumc. mitochondriad. thylakoid discs
9. Which of the following colours of light work(s) best for photosynthesis?
a. greenb. yellowc. red and blued. violet and yellow
10. Which of the following colours of light is (are) the least effective in photosynthesis?
a. greenb. yellowc. red and blued. violet and yellow
11. The pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located
a. within its thylakoid membranesb. within its “intrathylakoid” spacesc. within the stromad. within the space between its inner and outer membranes
12. Plants store glucose as
a. monosaccharidesb. cellulosec. starchd. glycogen
13. If all green plants were to suddenly disappear, which of the following substances normally found in the atmosphere would be the first to be used up?
a. CO2
b. N2
c. H2Od. O2
14. Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
a. ATP is producedb. chlorophyll releases energyc. hydrogen is released from waterd. carbohydrate molecules are synthesized
Page 20
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To create ATP.
2. By the end of glycolysis, what substance has glucose been oxidized to?
pyruvate
3. If oxygen is available, what happens to this product?
Converted to AcetylCoA and onto Kreb’s cycle.
4. If oxygen is unavailable, what happens to this product in plants and yeast? In humans?
Plants: ethanol + CO2 Humans: lactic acid
5. During Kreb’s cycle oxidation continues and electrons are picked up by two different electron acceptors. Name them.
NAD and FAD
6. Where do these electron acceptors molecules go once they have picked up the electrons?
Respiratory chain
7. What by-product of cellular respiration is released during the Kreb’s cycle?
CO2
8. After entering the respiratory chain, the electrons are passed down to successively stronger electron acceptors (the cytochrome enzymes). What is the purpose of this?
To release energy which can be used to make ATP (ADP + P ---------ATP)
9. What substance acts as the final electron acceptor?
O2 to create H20
Page 21
Multiple Choice
1. The function of cellular respiration is to
a. make ATPb. make NADHc. get rid of glucosed. get rid of carbon dioxide
2. The term anaerobic means
a. with glucoseb. with oxygenc. without glucosed. without oxygen
3. Which of the following processes makes direct use of oxygen?
a. gylcolysis b. fermentationc. Krebs cycled. electron transport chain
4. How many molecules of oxygen gas (O2) are used during the glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
a. 0b. 1c. 16d. 38
5. During glycolysis, glucose is split into
a. two pyruvate moleculesb. two lactic acid moleculesc. one lactic acid plus one ethanol moleculed. two acetyl CoA molecules
6. When oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass electrons to the electron transport system. Instead it passes hydrogen atoms to
a. acetyl CoAb. pyruvatec. lactic acidd. ADP
Page 22
7. At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to
a. NADH and FADH2
b. ATPc. NADPHd. pyruvate
8. In the electron transport system, the final acceptor of electrons is
a. cytochrome enzymeb. carbon dioxidec. waterd. oxygen
9. The function of cellular respiration is to
a. make ATPb. make NADHc. get rid of glucosed. get rid of carbon dioxide
10. In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during
a. glycolysisb. oxidation of pyruvatec. Krebs cycled. electron transport system
11. The free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of carbon dioxide is – 686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules. The rest is
a. converted to heatb. lost within carbon dioxidec. used to form lactic acidd. transferred to water molecules
Page 23
ECOLOGY
1. What are the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere? Living and non-living
2. In what way does a community differ from an ecosystem? Community only includes biotic
3. Name the levels of organization in the biosphere. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species
4. In your own words, define the term biodiversity. Variety of organisms
5. Give two examples of ecosystems that have high biodiversity, and two that have low biodiversity.
6. Is it possible for food chains to exist in a cave or the ocean depths where no sunlight can penetrate?
7. In your own words, explain what is meant by the term trophic level. Energy level
8. What type of food would be consumed by a secondary consumer? meat
9. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Give examples of each.
10. Explain why only 10% of the energy available in a plant is transferred to the primary consumer.
11. What is an ecological pyramid? What are the three types? Energy, biomass, numbers
12. Why do energy pyramids have their specific shape? More energy/organism at the base to support less/fewer at
13. Explain the importance of decomposers in the carbon cycle.
Explain how the burning of fossil fuels by humans affects the carbon cycle.
Page 24
EcologyMultiple Choice
1. If decomposers did not exist on the earth, the only method of recycling carbon would be by subjecting organic material to
a. burningb. buryingc. grindingd. digestion
2. An example of the primary consumers in a community are the
a. cats that eat molesb. molds that cause decayc. bacteria that live in the soil
d. rabbits that eat leaves and stems
3. There are always fewer organisms at each higher step of the food pyramid because
a. each organism is larger than the previousb. at each step the reproductive rate decreases
c. energy is lost as heat in each step of the pyramidd. more organisms die at each higher level of the food chain
4. If carbon dioxide were withdrawn from the biosphere, which organism would first experience negative effects?
a. producersb. decomposersc. primary consumersd. secondary consumers
5. Which of the following statements best describes the work done by decomposers?
a. find calcium in plants and take it from the soil or waterb. create new sources of oxygen and release free nitrogenc. prevent the escape of energy to outer space
d. release carbon from dead bodies
6. Which best represents the natural flow of energy in a food chain?
a. sparrow seeds hawk bacteriab. hawk seeds bacteria sparrow
c. seeds sparrow hawk bacteriad. sparrow hawk bacteria seeds
Page 25
7. In the pyramid of numbers there will always be
a. more secondary consumers than primary consumers
b. fewer secondary consumers than primary consumersc. more secondary consumers than producersd. more primary consumers than producers
8. Which organisms are most immediately essential to the existence of primary consumers?
a. producersb. decomposersc. tertiary consumersd. secondary consumers
9. If the nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria in the soil were destroyed, a probably result would be a reduction in available
a. fats
b. proteinsc. disaccharidesd. monosaccharides
10. Energy and nutrients enter a community by way of the
a. producersb. consumersc. scavengersd. decomposers
11. A consumer whose carbon atoms have already passed through three species is a
a. scavengerb. tertiary producer
c. tertiary consumerd. secondary consumer
12. An ecological pyramid of biomass is a representation of the ecosystem’s
a. tissue at each trophic levelb. populations in each food webc. energy flow through each trophic leveld. biotic material in relation to abiotic material
Page 26
13. An ecological pyramid of numbers is often an inverted pyramid in which of the following ecosystems?
a. desertb. oceanc. tundra
d. deciduous forest
14. The largest reservoir of phosphorus in the biosphere is the
a. atmosphereb. organismsc. ocean
d. rocks
15. The main nitrogen reservoir in the biosphere is the
a. atmosphereb. organismsc. oceand. rocks
16. An ecosystem is a
a. group of interacting chemicals and their cyclesb. group of components that interact with one anotherc. group of interacting species in one place at one time
d. biological community and components of the physical environment with which the community interacts
17. A rat loses its tail. Those who believe that the rat’s offspring will be born without tails are following the doctrine of
a. mutationb. natural selectionc. survival of the fittest
d. inheritance of acquired characteristics
18. In man, the appendix and ear muscles are examples of
a. vestigial organsb. homologyc. natural selectiond. mutations
Page 27
19. A turtle has a trait that gives it a survival advantage. Over time, the percentage of this trait in the population increased. This is probably due to
a. mutationb. use and disuse
c. natural selectiond. artificial selection
20. If we assume that species do not change, we would expect
a. the most complex fossils only in the oldest rocksb. the simplest fossils only in the newest rocks
c. the same kind of fossils in both old and new rocksd. no fossils of any kind in any rocks
21. Evolution can occur more rapidly among organisms which reproduce sexually than among organisms which reproduce asexually because
a. sexual reproducers are more prone to disease and infection than asexual reproducers, hence only the fit survive
b. asexual reproduction is only possible for single celled organisms
c. sexual reproduction is more likely to produce a variety of offspringd. asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction
22. A large number of dark and light forms of moths were captured and marked for identification. 488 dark moths and 496 light moths were released. 34 dark moths and 62 light moths were recaptured. Which of the following would be the most reasonable assumption?
a. The moths were released in a forest with dark tree trunks.
b. The moths were released in a forest which had many light tree trunks.
c. The recaptured moths were too few in number to draw a conclusion.d. Since unequal numbers of moths were released, a conclusion cannot be drawn.
Fill in the Blanks
1. The binomial system of classification names every kind of organism according to _genus_ and
_species_. The branch of biology devoted to naming and classifying organisms is _taxonomy_.
2. Natural selection operates only on _heritable_ traits.
3. Much of the evidence in support of evolution is in the form of _fossils_, studied by paleontologists.
4. Evolved features that make organisms better suited to live and reproduce in their environments are
called variations_.
Page 28
5. True or False
1. _F_ According to Lamarck, a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.
2. _F_ Darwin believed that a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.
3. _T__ Darwin believed that two different areas within a continent have different species because they have different environments
4. _T_ The wings of a bird and the forelegs of a horse are homologous structures.
5. _F_ The wing of a bird and the wings of an insect are homologous structures.
6. _T_ The pelvis and the leg bones of a snake are vestigial structures.
7. _F_ Water is an example of a biotic factor.
8. _T_ Sunlight is an example of an abiotic factor.
9. _T_ Primary producers of the tundra include mosses, lichens, and grasses.
10. _T_ Light is a limiting factor in both the tundra and the taiga.
11. _T_ The difference between energy stored at one level and energy stored at the next is represented by heat loss.
Fill in the Blanks
1. All ecosystems have the same three categories of organisms: _PRODUCERS_, which use abiotic sources of energy and nutrients to synthesize organic molecules; _CONSUMERS_, which acquire energy and nutrients by digesting the organic molecules of living organisms; and DECOMPOSERS_, which obtain energy and nutrients digesting the organic molecules of dead organisms, their excretions, and other organic (but no longer living) materials. Of the three categories, an ecosystem could persist without _CONSUMERS_.
2. Energy enters an ecosystem primarily as SUNLIGHT_ and leaves an ecosystem primarily as _HEAT_. Within the ecosystem, it is transferred from organism to organism in the form of CHEMICAL energy.
3. Unlike energy, atoms are not altered by their use and so are cycled repeatedly between the _ABIOTIC_ and the _BIOTIC_ components of an ecosystem.
4. Carbon enters a biologic community as _CARBON DIOXIDE_ during _PHOTOSYNTHESIS_ and leaves mainly as CARBON DIOXIDE_ during _CELL RESPIRATION_.
5. The greenhouse effect is caused by the addition of too much __CO2__ into the _ATMOSPHERE_. Most of this extra material comes from the burning of _FOSSIL __FUELS__.
Page 29
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A scientist wants to study the effect of salt intake on blood pressure. She designs an experiment with the following participants:
Group 1 : 2000 mg of salt/dayGroup 2 : 2500 mg of salt/dayGroup 3 : 3000 mg of salt/dayGroup 4 : 0 salt
1. Write an hypothesis for this experiment.
The group with the highest salt intake will have the highest BP because… salt causes hypertension or another reasonable response
2. Identify the manipulated variable.
Salt intake
3. Identify the responding variable.
Blood pressure
4. Identify the control group.
Group 4, no salt
5. Suggest 2 variables that should be controlled.
Amount of fluid intakeOther components of dietAge, gender of subjects…
Page 30
