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Biology Weekly Packet March 18th – March 22nd, 2013
Monday March 18, 2013 Speciation
Species-‐a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile (can reproduce) offspring Population-‐a group of a species that live together, compete for resources, and interbreed Speciation-‐the creation of two or more species from a common ancestor. For speciation to happen, a population must become isolated in some way that prevents it from breeding with other populations. 1. Geographic isolation-‐a physical barrier separates a population into different groups (river, mountain) 2. Temporal isolation-‐two populations breed at different times (day and night, seasons) 3. Behavioral isolation-‐ the different behaviors of the two populations prevent them from breeding 4. Reproductive isolation-‐two species mate but their offspring is not fertile (gametes don’t match) Once two populations are separated, their allele frequencies must change if they are to become two separate species. When we look at populations, we can look at the differences between them by examining the gene pool-‐the combined genetic information (allele frequencies) of the population How can the allele frequencies change over time? 1. Genetic Drift-‐ the random change in gene frequencies over time (volcano explodes and randomly kills some of
the population, a gene randomly gets passed on more frequently) 2. Gene Flow-‐ organisms leave the population and new organisms come into the population 3. Natural selection-‐the environment determines which traits make an individual most fit 4. Sexual selection-‐the opposite sex determines which traits make an organism the best mate. When we have small populations, it is much easier for changes in the gene pool to take place because there are fewer individuals and thus it takes less time for a new gene to become a large part of the gene pool. However, these small populations are also more likely to have problems adapting to changes in the environment because they do not have a large amount of genetic variation for natural selection to work on. Natural selection can only choose from the variation available in the population. This is one reason it is so hard to save species when their population number get small-‐they will not have the genetic variation needed to adapt to changes in the future. Monday Catalyst
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Tuesday March 19, 2013
Adaptations Adaptation-‐a physical or behavioral trait that helps an organism survive Stabilizing selection: favors the average individuals Directional selection: favors individuals with an extreme of a trait (biggest, smallest) Disruptive selection: favors individual with either extreme of a trait (biggest and smallest)
Hibernation-‐the ability to slow down the metabolic pathways of the body and sleep through periods of low food (low heart rate, low breathing rate). Living in groups: easier to spot predators, protection in numbers, easier to find food More competition for resources and mates, easy for a disease to spread Plant seeds: adapted for dispersal by wind, by attaching to animals, or by being in fruit so animals will transport the seeds and drop them off in fertilizer Night adaptations: many animals are nocturnal (come out at night). This allows them to avoid being seen by animals that want to eat them. They often have big eyes so they can see better in the dark.
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Tuesday Catalyst
Wednesday March 20, 2013 Wednesday Catalyst
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Thursday March 21, 2013
Ecology Terminology Abiotic: Things that are not alive (rock, dirt, air, cloud, sun, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) Biotic: Things that are alive (plants, animals, bacteria, protists, fungi). Made of cells, can reproduce on their own, grow and develop, have DNA or RNA, obtain and use energy, maintain a fairly stable internal environment (homeostasis), respond to changes in their environment Autotrophs (producers): produce their own food by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Heterotrophs (consumers): must consume (eat) other organisms for energy
Primary consumers: consume autotrophs (producers). Are herbivores (eat plants) Secondary consumer: consume heterotrophs (consumers).
Are carnivores (eat meat) or omnivores (eat plants and meat). Decomposers: break down dead organisms into detritus (saprotrophs) Symbiotic relationships-‐ “symbiosis=living together”. Both need the other to
survive (lichen) Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship’ Commensalism: only one species benefits and the other isn’t effected Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other (parasite/host) Predator-‐Prey: when one organism (predator) hunts and feed on another
organism (prey) -‐ Organism-‐individual living thing -‐ Population-‐group of organisms of the same species that live at the same place at the same time Community-‐all the populations of different species living in the same place at the same time -‐ Ecosystem-‐Community of living things and their environment around them (soil, rocks, water) -‐ Biosphere-‐all of the ecosystems on Earth (all the places on Earth organisms can live).
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Thursday Catalyst
Friday March 22, 2013 Friday Catalyst
Weekly Vocabulary Carrying Capacity-‐ the maximum number of organisms that an environment can support Commensalism-‐ an interaction where one organisms benefits and the other is not effected Interdependent-‐ when two things are connected and changing one will affect the other Mutualism-‐ an interaction where both organisms benefit Parasitism-‐ an interaction where one organism benefits and the other suffers Symbiosis-‐ an interaction where two organism rely or need each other to survive
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Weekly Objectives Monday: SWBAT describe the major forces that lead to speciation. Tuesday: SWBAT explain how adaptations evolve and give examples of adaptations. Wednesday: SWBAT apply their knowledge of speciation and adaptations in a lab. Thursday: SWBAT describe the difference between biotic and abiotic factors, define ecological labels, and describe the ecological relationships. Friday: SWBAT apply their knowledge of ecology in a lab.
Homework Monday March 18, 2013
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Homework Tuesday March 19, 2013 How can you tell if two organisms are the same species are not? Label the type of isolation in the following situation:
• one population breeds at night and the other during the day _________________________________________ • two populations that use different songs before mating _______________________________________________ • a giant mountain grows splitting a population into two ________________________________________________ • a lion and tiger mate and produce a liger which is not fertile. __________________________________________
Label the reason allele frequencies change in the following situations:
• organisms move into the population, __________________________________________________________ • the females only mate with males with long tails _________________________________________________ • a volcano randomly kills a quarter of the population ________________________________________________ • individuals with longer fur survive the winter better and have more children ________________________
What is the advantage of living in a small group? What is the disadvantage? What is an adaptation? Label the type of selection in the following situations:
• Bigger beaks allow birds to eat more seeds • medium fur length allows for warmth without it getting caught in things • big and small feet allow you to walk on ice while medium feet do not
Why do organisms hibernate? Why do organisms live in groups? What are the dangers of living in groups? If an organism lived at night, what adaptations might be helpful?
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Homework Thursday March 21, 2013
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Ph.D. Extra Credit Summarize the following article for extra credit points. As Wolves’ Numbers Rise, So Does Friction Between Guardians and Hunters
Narayan Mahon for The New York Times
Nancy Jo Dowler, the president of the Timber Wolf Preservation Society, with Comet.
By STEVEN YACCINO Published: November 1, 2012
GREENDALE, Wis. — When people like Nancy Jo Dowler started raising wolves here decades ago, the animals were rare
in Wisconsin and nearly extinct across the country.
Now the president of the Timber Wolf Preservation Society, Ms. Dowler, 66, cares for five full-grown purebreds. She
bottle-fed them as pups and howls with them at passing sirens. The other day she gave one breath mints through a hole in
the fence, passing it directly from her lips to his.
Hers seems a fairy tale world compared with the legal dogfights occurring beyond these kennels. Out there, Wisconsin is
three weeks into its first wolf-hunting season, sanctioned by the State Legislature in April. Minnesota is scheduled to begin
its first registered wolf hunt this weekend.
The legalization of wolf hunting in both states was devised to manage a rebounding wolf population after the federal
government stopped listing the species as endangered in the region last year. Both have drawn lawsuits from local and
national animal rights groups that fear the undoing of nearly four decades of work to restore a healthy number of wolves.
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“We’ve spent a lot as a nation to protect them,” said Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United
States, which in October announced a lawsuit against the federal Fish and Wildlife Service to restore protections for
wolves. “These plans in Wisconsin and Minnesota are draconian, severe and unwarranted, and we think they may
jeopardize the health and viability of this population.”
Since the wolf hunt began last month, at least 42 have been killed in Wisconsin. All told, officials expect 600 wolves will
die at the hands of hunters and trappers in the two states before spring.
Wolves were once so numerous in the United States that ranchers and government agencies paid people to kill them. By
the time the Endangered Species Act began protecting wolves in 1973, they were nearing extinction in the lower 48 states.
Today, wolf numbers have grown to 4,000 and exceeded recovery goals in the western Great Lakes area, according to
federal estimates.
But some of those packs have started to cause problems again for ranchers in northern Wisconsin and have cost the state
hundreds of thousands of dollars in livestock reimbursement payments, said officials at the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources. “Without controls, what we’ve seen in the state is a feeling of needing to take it into their own hands
for folks that are frustrated,” said Kurt Thiede, head of the wildlife management program for the agency.
After the Wisconsin Legislature approved the wolf hunt, which ends Feb. 28, more than 20,000 people applied for the
required license. The state awarded 1,160 permits and capped this year’s harvest at 201 kills, or roughly a quarter of its
current wolf population.
In Minnesota, about 3,600 licenses were available to hunt up to 400 wolves, which would reduce the state’s numbers by
about 15 percent.
“There ain’t too many people that have one hanging in their living room,” said Timothy Mueller, a hunter from Silver Cliff,
Wis. He, like others with a wolf license, was waiting for winter because pelts will be thicker and the snow will make it
easier to track the animals.
Yet some hunters who once proudly talked about the rare opportunity would now rather keep their adventures private. A
number declined to speak about the controversy because of reported threats made against a hunter who was among the
first to register his kill with the state.
“There are a lot of the claims about how easy this is and how this is senseless slaughter,” said Scott Meyer, a lobbyist for
the United Sportsmen of Wisconsin. “When you see the terrain and the geographies of everything, you understand that the
advantage is toward the wolf.”
Animal rights groups have little sympathy for the hunters. They argue that the state kill quotas do not properly account for
other ways that wolves can die, like poaching and vehicular collisions and the killing of the animals by farmers and
ranchers protecting their livestock. Those additional causes, they say, could put the animals at risk again.
On Oct. 15, the day Wisconsin’s wolf-hunting season began, two national groups — theHumane Society and the Fund for
Animals — filed a 60-day notice of their intent to sue the federal government to restore wolf protections.
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In addition, Wisconsin humane groups have filed a lawsuit to prohibit the use of dogs for hunting wolves, calling it
cruel. Minnesota advocates also took legal action against their state in an attempt to stop its hunt, which lasts from Nov. 3
to Jan. 31. And Minnesota’s Chippewa tribes have banned wolf hunting and trapping on its reservation lands.
“The whole balance of nature, they don’t want to hear any of that,” said Ms. Dowler, criticizing hunters for killing the
animals she has devoted years to protect. “People absolutely love them or they absolutely hate them. There are few people
in the middle.”
Summarize in your words: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________