Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythmsand Behaviour

Vinod Kumar

Editor

Biological Timekeeping:Clocks, Rhythmsand Behaviour

EditorVinod KumarDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of DelhiDelhi, India

ISBN 978-81-322-3686-3 ISBN 978-81-322-3688-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-3688-7

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Dedicated to my mother and father whoalways encouraged me to be honest,hardworking and truthful.

Foreword

Biology is the study of life in its full richness from the evolution of cyanobacteria

three billion years ago to the human menagerie of 7.5 billion souls on earth today.

This compendium of 31 chapters edited by Vinod Kumar is really a tribute to the

biology of life from the perspective of time. Life and evolution are dynamic and

cannot be severed from the inevitable march of time. Because life on earth is slave

to the energetic cycle of the solar day (both as a resource and as a detriment),

essentially all life forms evolved internal timing systems to anticipate and measure

the time of the (now) 24-h day. This collection of essays is truly a rich and vibrant

set that spans not only the range of organismal diversity (from cyanobacteria to

humans) but also the spectrum of time (from ultradian, to tidal, to circadian, to

circannual). Part I addresses the “History, Concepts, Evolution, and Basic Features

of Biological Clock” and is a refreshing view of the history and development of the

field and the evolution of timekeeping, as well as an excellent primer for under-

standing circadian concepts and analytical methods. Part II on “Animal Clocks:

Complexity and Diversity” reviews the physiological organization of insect and

vertebrate circadian systems, including Drosophila, fish (and zebrafish), amphib-

ians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Part III on “Human Circadian Rhythms: Entrain-

ment and Sleep Regulation” discusses the physiology and behavior of human

circadian rhythms, their implications for health, their regulation by environmental

factors, as well as their impact on the timing of sleep. Part IV on “Clock Interactions

Within and Between Individual and the Natural World” brings into perspective the

novel questions that have arisen from the discovery of cell-autonomous oscillators

throughout the body and how this new system architecture of the physiological

clock is organized and regulated, the implications of circadian photoentrainment

arising from the discovery of intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin-containing

retinal ganglion cells, the paradoxical role of non-photic entrainment cues in both

nocturnal and diurnal animals, and the important role of temperature as an

entraining signal. Part V on “Circadian Clocks, Metabolism, and Immune Func-

tions” highlights the recent explosion of work linking the circadian clock at the

molecular level to metabolism, immunity, and cancer. This is a huge growth area in

vii

the field that has wide-ranging implications for human health and medicine. Part VI

on “Pineal, Melatonin, and Biological Timekeeping” reprises the long history of

melatonin as one of the first biomarkers of the clock system in animals, its divergent

role in mammals and nonmammalian vertebrates, and its central role in avian

circadian organization. Finally, Part VII on “Circannual Rhythms, Photoperiodism,

and Seasonal Behavior” brings us full circle and addresses biological rhythms that

are synchronized with seasonal cycles driven by the orbit of the earth around the

sun. The rich biology of annual cycles in migration, hibernation, and reproduction

and behaviors associated with these cycles are highlighted, as well as more recent

work on the mechanisms underlying seasonality and circannual rhythms.

In looking back at the modern era of the field of circadian rhythms, first

crystallized at the 1960 Cold Spring Harbor meeting, the field has been revolution-

ized. As described in the opening chapter by Schwartz and Daan, the field, its

phenomena, and its formal properties were conceptualized and codified by Colin

Pittendrigh and Jurgen Aschoff. Initial forays into the genetics of clocks by Ron

Konopka and Seymour Benzer in Drosophila and by Jerry Feldman in Neurosporaheralded the molecular era of clocks that emerged decades later and guides us

today. In a parallel universe (at the time in the 1970s), physiological approaches by

Michael Menaker, Fred Stephan and Irving Zucker, and Robert Moore and Eichler

Victor led to the discovery of the avian pineal gland and the mammalian

suprachiasmatic nucleus as critical anatomical foci for the regulation of organismal

rhythms. Now many decades later, the field is fully integrated with the knowledge

of circadian clock genes, the cell-autonomous mechanisms of clock systems from

cyanobacteria to humans, the multiplicity of clocks throughout the body, and the

intricate and intimate role that clock genes play in all aspects of biology. Today,

clocks equal biology equal life!

In closing, Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms, and Behavior is an impor-

tant contribution to the field and will be a valuable resource for students, faculty,

and anyone interested in the biological significance of circadian clocks.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Department of Neuroscience

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Dallas, TX

USA

Joseph S. Takahashi

viii Foreword

Preface

Time is neither an entity nor a process and hence, cannot be measured and defined.

In physical terms, however, the temporal measurement is observed in the form of

the output from a clock – a mechanistic process that progressively counts the

passage of time in seconds, minutes and hours. This in turn provides a calendar,

which is a mathematical abstraction of ‘clock time’ over a longer period, e.g. day,month or year. In the biological context, time almost serves as the ‘sixth’ sense. Allliving beings have the sense of time and use it to sequence and restrict their most, if

not all, biological activities to a specific time during the day and during a season of

the year. Central to this is the evolution of an elaborate timekeeping mechanism(s),

the ‘clock’ that keeps on ‘ticking’ and ‘telling’ an organism with great precision

about the ‘correct’ time of day and time of year. Based on the temporal information

coming out, we designate these clocks as the circadian (circa¼ about; dian¼ day),

circannual (circa¼ about; annum¼ year), ultradian (shorter than the day) and tidal/

lunar (periods matching the ocean tides and lunar day) clocks. The clock-driven

measurable recurring processes are appropriately called as the circadian,

circannual, ultradian and tidal/lunar rhythms.

Natural selection has operated in such a way that all rhythmic events occur

synchronized (entrained) by external agents in the geophysical environment. In the

natural environment, therefore, the rhythms are exhibited as daily, annual and tidal/

lunar rhythms. The main agents (factors, cues) from the environment that synchro-

nize (entrain) these endogenous rhythms to local time include the daily cycle of

changes in the illumination, temperature, food availability, social factors, etc.

The endogenous timekeeping is achieved through a layered system of the

organization and control, which consists of the molecules, cells, tissues, circuits

and networks. These layers add to the complexity of orchestration of body rhythms

to a concerted action in synchrony with changes in the local environment. Thus,

unless carefully operated in sync with the external world a species or individual

inhabits, there are heightened chances of the disruptions and hence dysfunctions;

anything can go wrong anywhere. The self-sustained and robust timekeeping

mechanisms, therefore, exhibit interesting individual and species between the

ix

habitats and latitudes, since each individual and species can define its own rela-

tionship with the environment it inhabits.

The time perspective in biology was fully recognized some 50 years ago in a

Cold Spring Harbor symposium. Since then, the study of biological timekeeping –

called chronobiology – has evolved as a truly interdisciplinary science and attained

a global appeal, expanding from the biodiversity, physiology and genetics to health

issues, fitness and survival. Spectacular advances have been made in the field of

chronobiology during the last years, with contributions by some of the best brains

drawn from different disciplines, viz. biology, chemistry, physics and medicine.

Much effort has been directed towards deciphering the clock mechanisms, partic-

ularly the cellular and network interactions within and between individuals as well

as with the environment. In the last decade, there have been significant advances in

our appreciation of the role of clocks in metabolism, sleep, cognition, immune

functions and diseases. Increasingly evident is the application value of the biolog-

ical clock in the human society, especially among the people working at ‘unnatural’times of day (e.g. shift workers). Intensive research has shown associations of

several chronic disorders and lifestyle-related diseases with disruptions of the

circadian rhythm or the clock networks. No wonder, with outlets open 24� 7,

eating at the wrong time or consuming food more than required by frequent eating

can lead to obesity and in turn have consequences on fitness and health. The ever-

growing list of diseases linked with clock disruptions includes obesity, diabetes,

cardiac diseases, depression and cancer. Also, the timing and duration of therapy,

called chronotherapy, have been found critical in determining the efficacy of drugs.

The present book treats the organization and importance of clocks in animals and

humans alike and covers significant aspects of the timekeeping mechanisms in both

the groups. The book attempts at answering questions related to the ecological and

evolutionary implications of the clock. I set out clear goals when I conceived the

idea of bringing out this volume. Besides clearly outlining the history, origin and

basic features of the clock, the book comprehensively includes the organization of

clock system in Drosophila, fish, amphibia, reptile, birds and rodents, to present a

complex and diverse nature of the timekeeping mechanisms among different animal

groups, as this is generally not available in recent volumes on the subject. Secondly,

the book includes topics that characterize rhythms in human and deal with the

potential applications of circadian rhythms to health issues, including the metabo-

lism and immune functions. Thirdly, a few chapters deal with the mechanism(s) of

time generation and synchronization to the environment, both at cellular and

molecular levels. A small section deals with the role of melatonin in regulation of

daily and seasonal functions in animals. Finally, the book details on seasonal

timekeeping mechanisms, with emphasis placed on genetic and epigenetic regula-

tions of physiology and behaviour. Overall, the book tends to cater the needs of

advanced undergraduates, researchers and professionals engaged in the field of

chronobiology. I have avoided duplications or curtailed texts on topics that have

been covered in important books published during the last 10 years, unless a

particular topic was important for the present book and required a fresh look at

this time.

x Preface

A well-known expert in the area has authored the chapter. When presenting a

state-of-the-art account, the text provides a consistent thematic coverage with

adequate illustrations and feeling of the methods of investigations to arrive at the

statements. The citation of references within the body of the text adequately reflects

the literature as the subject is developed. Full references at the end of each chapter

are useful to a reader interested to go deeper into the subject.

I am grateful to all the authors who have very kindly agreed to be part of this

book. They have been extremely cooperative all the time. However, I am fully

aware that the present volume of Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms andBehaviour by no means can be considered as a full account of the subject. And I am

solely responsible for the sins of omissions and commissions that are inevitable in

an endeavour of this nature.

Undertaking such a mammoth task along with regular teaching, research and

many other responsibilities requires immense goodwill and huge support. I have no

hesitation that a strong team of doctoral and postdoctoral students during more than

three decades of my professional career has made it possible by enabling me to

learn more and find newer ways to overcome the challenges. I have very sincere

words of praise and acknowledgement for all of them. Also, I have excellent friends

both in India and abroad, who have full trust in me and always have encouraged my

academic pursuits. My whole family supports me in whatever I do in the academics,

and I am sure they would derive some satisfaction that their constant support has

allowed me to produce something worthwhile. Finally, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd., in

particular Dr. Mamta Kapila and her excellent team, deserves special appreciation

for the full support they have extended all along in bringing out the present volume.

Delhi, India

Thursday; 28 April 2016

Vinod Kumar

Preface xi

Contents

Part I History, Concepts, Evolution, and Basic Features

of Biological Clock

1 Origins: A Brief Account of the Ancestry of Circadian Biology . . . 3

William J. Schwartz and Serge Daan

2 Interpreting Circadian Rhythms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Dietmar Weinert and James Waterhouse

3 Basic Principles Underlying Biological Oscillations

and Their Entrainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Theresa Floessner and Roelof A. Hut

4 Circadian Waveform and Its Significance for Clock Organization

and Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Michael R. Gorman, Elizabeth M. Harrison, and Jennifer A. Evans

5 On the Origin and Implications of Circadian Timekeeping:

An Evolutionary Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

K.L. Nikhil and Vijay Kumar Sharma

Part II Animal Clocks: Complexity and Diversity

6 The Drosophila Clock System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Charlotte Helfrich-F€orster

7 The Fish Circadian Timing System: The Illuminating

Case of Light-Responsive Peripheral Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Cristina Pagano, Rosa Maria Ceinos, Daniela Vallone,

and Nicholas S. Foulkes

xiii

8 Molecular Genetic and Genomic Analyses of Zebrafish

Circadian Rhythmicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Zhaomin Zhong, Mingyong Wang, Guodong Huang,

Shuqing Zhang, and Han Wang

9 The Amphibian Clock System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Massimiliano Andreazzoli and Debora Angeloni

10 The Reptilian Clock System: Circadian Clock, Extraretinal

Photoreception, and Clock-Dependent Celestial Compass

Orientation Mechanisms in Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Cristiano Bertolucci, Elena Frigato, and Augusto Fo�a

11 Avian Circadian Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Vincent M. Cassone, Jiffin K. Paulose, Clifford E. Harpole, Ye Li,

and Melissa Whitfield-Rucker

12 The Mammalian Neural Circadian System: From Molecules

to Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Beatriz Bano-Otalora and Hugh D. Piggins

Part III Human Circadian Rhythms: Entrainment and Sleep

Regulation

13 Circadian Rhythms Versus Daily Patterns

in Human Physiology and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Josiane L. Broussard, Amy C. Reynolds, Christopher M. Depner,

Sally A. Ferguson, Drew Dawson, and Kenneth P. Wright Jr.

14 Light Resetting and Entrainment of Human

Circadian Rhythms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Joshua J. Gooley

15 Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder: Mechanisms and Treatment

Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Jade M. Murray, Tracey L. Sletten, Michelle Magee, and Shantha M.W.

Rajaratnam

Part IV Clock Interactions Within and Between Individual

and the Natural World

16 Interaction Between Central and Peripheral Clocks

in Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Ueli Schibler

17 Circadian Photoentrainment Mechanism in Mammals . . . . . . . . . . 365

Yu Hsin Liu and Satchidananda Panda

xiv Contents

18 Mechanisms of Non-photic Entrainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Emma J. Wams, Sjaak J. Riede, Ivor Laan, Tim Bulte,

and Roelof A. Hut

19 Temperature Input for Rhythmic Behaviours in Flies:

The Role of Temperature-Sensitive Ion Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Antara Das and Vasu Sheeba

Part V Circadian Clocks, Metabolism, and Immune Functions

20 Circadian Clocks, Metabolism, and Food-Entrained Rhythms . . . . 427

Rohit Chavan, Urs Albrecht, and Takashi Okabe

21 Circadian Regulation of Metabolism in Health and Diseases . . . . . 443

Breanna Sarkisian, Neelu Jain Gupta, and Satchidananda Panda

22 Circadian Clocks and Immune Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Chloe C. Nobis, Silke Kiessling, Nathalie Labrecque, and Nicolas

Cermakian

23 Clock Genes and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Silke Kiessling and Nicolas Cermakian

Part VI Pineal, Melatonin, and Biological Timekeeping

24 The Timezyme and Melatonin: Essential Elements

of Vertebrate Timekeeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Surajit Ganguly and David C. Klein

25 Pineal Gland, Melatonin, and Timekeeping in Nonmammalian

Vertebrates: Avian Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521

Amit Kumar Trivedi, Devraj Singh, Anand Shankar Dixit,

and Vinod Kumar

Part VII Circannual Rhythms, Photoperiodism,

and Seasonal Behavior

26 Circannual Rhythms Anticipate the Earth’s Annual Periodicity . . . 545

Barbara Helm and Gerald A. Lincoln

27 Seasonal Changes in Brain and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Gregory F. Ball, Beau A. Alward, and Jacques Balthazart

28 Molecular Mechanism Regulating Seasonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

Keisuke Ikegami and Takashi Yoshimura

29 Epigenetic Mechanisms Regulating Circannual Rhythms . . . . . . . . 607

Tyler J. Stevenson and Gerald A. Lincoln

Contents xv

30 Insights into the Regulation of Spring Migration in Songbirds . . . . 625

Sangeeta Rani, Sudhi Singh, Shalie Malik, and Vinod Kumar

31 Orientation in Migrating Animals: Role of Biological Clocks . . . . . 643

Neelu Jain Gupta, Vatsala Dwivedi, Bhanu P. Singh,

and Sanjay K. Bhardwaj

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

xvi Contents

Contributors

Urs Albrecht University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Beau A. Alward Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College

Park, MD, USA

Massimiliano Andreazzoli Unita’ di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo,

Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita’ di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Debora Angeloni Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa,Italy

Gregory F. Ball Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College

Park, MD, USA

Jacques Balthazart GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

Beatriz Bano-Otalora Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of

Manchester, Manchester, UK

Cristiano Bertolucci Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University

of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Sanjay K. Bhardwaj Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh

University, Meerut, India

Josiane L. Broussard Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of

Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Vincent M. Cassone Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

KY, USA

Rosa Maria Ceinos Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of

Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Nicolas Cermakian Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill

University, Montreal, QC, Canada

xvii

Rohit Chavan University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Jose Quintın Cuador-Gil Department of Physics, University of Pinar del Rıo,

Pinar del Rıo, Cuba

Serge Daan Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of

Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Antara Das Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal

Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,

Bangalore, India

Drew Dawson Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA,

Australia

Christopher M. Depner Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of

Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Anand Shankar Dixit Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University,

Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Vatsala Dwivedi Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of

Delhi, Delhi, India

Jennifer A. Evans Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University,

Milwaukee, WI, USA

Sally A. Ferguson Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville,

SA, Australia

Theresa Floessner Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary

Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Augusto Fo�a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of

Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Nicholas S. Foulkes Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of

Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Elena Frigato Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of

Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Surajit Ganguly Jamia Hamdard – Institute of Molecular Medicine (JH-IMM),

Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India

Joshua J. Gooley Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Program in Neuroscience

and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University

of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

xviii Contributors

Michael R. Gorman Department of Psychology and Center for Circadian

Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Neelu Jain Gupta Department of Zoology, MMH College, Ghaziabad, UP, India

Clifford E. Harpole Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

KY, USA

Elizabeth M. Harrison Department of Psychology and Center for Circadian

Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Charlotte Helfrich-F€orster Lehrstuhl für Neurobiologie und Genetik,

Universitaet Wuerzburg, Biozentrum, Wuerzburg, Germany

Barbara Helm Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative

Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Guodong Huang Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou,

China

Roelof A. Hut Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life

Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Keisuke Ikegami Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of

Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya,

Japan

Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kindai University, Faculty of

Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan

Silke Kiessling Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University,

Montreal, QC, Canada

David C. Klein National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,

National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Vinod Kumar Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Nathalie Labrecque Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center,

University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

Ye Li Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Gerald A. Lincoln School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh,

Edinburgh, UK

YuHsin Liu Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies,

La Jolla, CA, USA

Michelle Magee Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences,

School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

Shalie Malik Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Contributors xix

Jade M. Murray Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences,

School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

K.L. Nikhil Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology

Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, KA,

India

Chloe C. Nobis Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University,

Montreal, QC, Canada

Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal,

Montreal, QC, Canada

Takashi Okabe University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Cristina Pagano Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of

Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Satchidananda Panda Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for

Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA

Jiffin K. Paulose Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,

KY, USA

Hugh D. Piggins Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of

Manchester, Manchester, UK

Shantha M.W. Rajaratnam Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical

Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton,

VIC, Australia

Sangeeta Rani Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

Amy C. Reynolds Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville,

SA, Australia

Sjaak J. Riede Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life

Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Breanna Sarkisian Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological

Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA

Ueli Schibler Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, Geneva,

Switzerland

William J. Schwartz Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts

Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

Vijay Kumar Sharma (deceased) Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and

Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific

Research, Bangalore, KA, India

xx Contributors

Vasu Sheeba Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and

Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific

Research, Bangalore, India

Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,

Bangalore, India

Bhanu P. Singh Department of Science and Technology, Technology Bhawan,

New Delhi, India

Devraj Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Sudhi Singh Department of Zoology, NSN (PG) College, Lucknow, India

Tracey L. Sletten Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences,

School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

Tyler J. Stevenson Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences,

University of Aberdeen, Aberdee, UK

Tim ten Bulte Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life

Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Amit Kumar Trivedi Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl,

Mizoram, India

Daniela Vallone Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of

Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Ivor van der Laan Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life

Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Emma J. Wams Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life

Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Han Wang Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Mingyong Wang Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou,

China

James Waterhouse Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool

John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

Dietmar Weinert Institute for Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University,

Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

Melissa Whitfield-Rucker Department of Biology, University of Kentucky,

Lexington, KY, USA

Kenneth P. Wright Jr. Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of

Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

Contributors xxi

Takashi Yoshimura Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of

Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya,

Japan

Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University,

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan

Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji,

Okazaki, Japan

Shuqing Zhang Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, China

Zhaomin Zhong Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou,

China

xxii Contributors

About the Editor

Dr. Vinod Kumar is currently Professor of Zoology at the University of Delhi,

India. He has about four decades of research and three-and-half decades of teaching

experience in different Indian Universities. He has spent about 5 years abroad as a

researcher working in different institutions of other countries viz. the United

Kingdom, Canada, Germany and Japan, and more than a year-and-half as Visiting

Professor working in Texas A&M University, USA. He has been awarded several

international fellowships under The Indian National Science Academy – The Royal

Society exchange program, DST-European Community bilateral cooperation,

CIDA-NSERC Canada program, MaxPlanck Society post-doctoral and visting

fellowship (over 5 years). He is honored with: 2010 Platinum Jubilee Lecture

Award, ISCA, SRM University, Chennai; 2008 Vijay – Usha Sodha Scientific

Research Prize, University of Lucknow 2006; P. Govindarajulu Gold medal from

the Society of Reproductive Biology and Comparative Endocrinology, India; 2000

Young Investigator Award Gordon Research Conference in Pineal Cell Biology

(Oxford, UK). He has received recognition from different international forums in

the form Associate membership, regular membership and member of the scientific

committees and Editorial Board of prestigious journals. He has published about

140 research publications, in most reputed journals of organismal biology, includ-

ing the Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, Proceedings of RoyalSociety B, Journal of Pineal Research, BMC Genomics, Journal of BiologicalRhythms, Chronobiology International, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,General and Comparative Endocrinology, Journal of Neuroendocrinology, Journalof Comparative Neurology, Physiology and Behavior, Journal of ComparativePhysiology A&B, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, BehavioralBrain Research, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Molecular Brain Research,Journal of Ornithology, etc. He is the editor of the book Biological Rhythms andthe author of Animal Behaviour. He has been the most visible Indian face in the

international meetings and conferences in the area of his research. He has

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established the state-of-art research facility in his area of research in at least

three different institutions in India, and has trained a generation of scientists to

take the field forward. He has contributed heavily for the growth of the subject by

organizing Schools, conferences and Symposia, and individual trainings. He is the

Secretary (and President-Elect) of the Indian Society for Chronobiology.

xxiv About the Editor