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Biological Myths of Aging
•Memory declines drastically with age for all people.
•IQ declines drastically with age in all people.
•Learning becomes more difficult as we get older.
•There is nothing you can do counter these aging deficits.
Physical Decline with Aging
Nervous System
Decline with Age
•Decrease in brain size/weight•steady, slow, and mild
•Decrease in Brain blood flow
•Decrease in the use of Glucose
•Decrease in Sensory Systems
Brain Weight and Aging
Senses Decline with Aging
Memory Decline with Aging
Age-Related Deficits:•long-term memory•physical-motor tasks•free recall learning
•requiring conscious recollection and effort
No Age-Related Deficits:•short-term memory•non physical-motor tasks •recognition learning
•easily organized task structures or cues
Recall and Recognition in Adulthood
•Recognition •stable
•Recall•declines
Intelligence and Aging
Reducing Cognitive Decline1. Live in Favorable Environmental Circumstances
above-average educationhigh complexity occupationsabove-average incomemaintaining intact families
2. Be involved in activities typical of complex and intellectually stimulating environments
extensive readingtravelattending cultural eventscontinuing education activitiesparticipation in clubs and professional associations
3. Be married to a spouse with high cognitive status
Conclusion•Only certain types of memory show declines with aging.
•IQ does not show a drastic decline with age.
•The ability to learn does not deviate much as we get older.
•There is plenty you can do counter aging deficits.
•Stop smoking•Exercise regularly•Eat properly•Engage in learning activities•Stay in touch with friends, families, communities
Dementia
•Cognitive disorder that involves a gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects judgement, memory, language, and other cognitive processes
• Caused my several different medical conditions (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington’s, syphilis, stroke, HIV, head trauma) and by abuse of alcohol and drugs
Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms
• memory impairment–starts slow and gradual–forget events, lose objects
• agnosia - can’t recognize objects
• aphasia - language problems
• apraxia - motor problems
• emotional changes–aggressive, agitated, public displays, wandering
• average survival is 8-10 years
Alzheimer's Prevalence
by Age
Alzheimer's: Biology
• chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and 21
• general brain atrophy
• neuronal degeneration
• decreased cerebral metabolism
• general decay of acetylcholine system– especially in the basal forebrain
• neurofibrillary tangles
• beta-amyloid plaques
General Brain Atrophy
Neuronal Degeneration
Normal Alzheimer’s
Decreased Cerebral Metabolism
Alzheimer's Normal
Decay of Acetylcholine System
*
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Microtubules:•Provide structural support•Are pathways for:
•Nutrients•Waste products•Neurotransmitters
Made of Tubulin
In Alzheimer’s Disease:Excess Tau protein binds builds upTau binds with Tubulin and tangles the microtubules preventing them from properly functioning
Beta-Amyloid Plaque Formation
Key enzymes:•Alpha-secretase•Beta-secretase•Gamma-secretase
Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)is cut or cleaved by these enzymesthree different protein fragments form
Protein fragments:
p3 alpha and gammaharmless
40 amino acid stringbeta and gammaharmless
42 amino acid stringbeta and gammaTOXIC
Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Tau Filaments
Beta-Amyloid Plaques
Pathology:
•Interferes with Ca2+ regulation
•Increases free radicals
•Stimulates mircroglia aggregation
•Increases inflammation
Alzheimer's: Treatment• nothing can correct the damage
• possible agents that slow the deterioration:– education– tacrine hydrochloride– estrogen replacement therapy– vitamin E– aspirin
• helping patients adjust to memory loss– memory wallet, key baskets, tags
Alzheimer's: Memory Tricks
Alzheimer's Cure?
• Vaccine?– using the beta-amyloid peptide fragments
• Gamma-Secretase Inhibitors?– to block the inappropriate cleavage of the
beta-amyloid precursor protein