Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course
Biology #3 - YouTube
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Organic Molecules Carbon-based molecules Hydrocarbons Organic
molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH 4 )
Inorganic Molecules Non-carbon based molecules Examples: H20, NH3,
O2
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Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Nitrogen Organisms are made
up molecules that contain carbon and these other elements.
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Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,
including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost
energy level. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of
structuresH 1.Straight chain 2.Branched chainHCH 3.Ring H
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Polymers vs Monomers Many carbon-based molecules are made of
many small subunits/pieces bonded together. This Process is known
as polymerization
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Dehydration reaction - Each time a monomer is added to a chain
a water molecule is released (Lose Water)
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Hydrolysis Reaction - Each time a monomer is broken from a
chain a water molecule is added (Add Water).
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1. What is the main element in Organic Compounds? 2. How many
atoms can carbon form covalent bonds with? 3. Name the three
general types of structures in carbon-based molecules have?
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1. Carbon 2. Four 3. a. Straight b. Branched c. Ring
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There are four major groups of macromolecules found in living
things: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic
Acids
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Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen (Ratio= 1 Carbon: 2
Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen) Are made up of monomers of simple sugar
molecules The building blocks (simple sugar molecules) of
carbohydrates are Glucose.
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Monosaccharide Simple Sugars made up of one sugar. (Ex:
Glucose) Disaccharide Made up of two simple sugars. (Ex:
Sucrose)
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Polysaccharide Made up of three or more simple sugars (Ex:
Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) Found in pasta and bread Three Types
of Carbohydrate
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1. Provides energy when they are broken down. (Hydrolysis
Rxtn.) 2. Provides structural support for living things. (Part the
cell structure)
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Type of Simple or Carbohydrate Complex Function Starch Complex
Stores extra energy Cellulose Complex Gives plants strength and
rigidity Glycogen Complex Stores extra energy Glucose Simple
Supplies energy for cell activities
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Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that
often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a
polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
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1.What are the two functions of carbohydrates? 2. List the 3
different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each. 3.
Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?
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1. a. Provides Energy b. Provides Structural support for living
things. 2. a. Monosaccharides Glucose b. Disaccharides Sucrose c.
Polysaccharides Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen 3. Cellulose
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Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and
cholesterol. Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules water fearing Example
(oil and water dont mix) Many contain carbon chains called fatty
acids. Fats and oils contain: fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
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saturated fatty acids (bad for you) Single Bonds unsaturated
fatty acids Double Bonds
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1. Store energy when broken down 2. Make up cell membranes
(phospholipids) 3. Waterproof coverings on cells and tissues
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1. What Lipid makes up cell membranes? 2. Two types of Fatty
Acids in lipids? 3. Give two examples of lipids.
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1. Phospholipid 2. Saturated and Unsaturated 3. Oils, Fats and
waxes
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Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different
amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Parts of an
amino acid: 1. Amino Group 2. Carboxyl Group 3. Side Group (R
Group)
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Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino
acids are linked by peptide bonds.
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Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid
monomers
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1. Primary Structure is the order of its amino acids. 2.
Secondary Structure is the folding of the polypeptide chain 3.
Third Level Structure is the three- dimensional arrangement of a
chain 4. Fourth Level Structure is how the different chains are
placed next to each other.
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1. Control cell processes 2. Control rate of reactions 3. Form
important parts in cells 4. Move substances in and out of cells 5.
Help to fight disease
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1. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms? 2. What are the building blocks of Proteins? 3. What
special type of bond links amino acids?
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1. 20 2. Amino Acids 3. Polypeptide Bonds
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Made up of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up
of three parts: 1. sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base A
phosphate group nitrogen- containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
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1. Store and transmit genetic information
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Chemical Reaction A process that changes one set of chemicals
into another. Changes in energy occur in chemical reactions.
(Release or use energy) Chemical bonds are broken and other bonds
are formed during a chemical reaction
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Many chemical reactions occur inside cells Reactants products
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering
the activation energy needed to start a reaction. Activation Energy
-The energy needed to start up a reaction Catalyst any compound
that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy
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Enzymes are reaction specific Substrate reactant Active site
groove area where substrates attach to enzyme Enzymes always pick
up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!!
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They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a
reaction.