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8/18/2019 BIOL 1341 - Cell and Molecular Biology.docx
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DR. FREDERICK: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
SCANTRON Form 88-2E
LAST NAME FIRST NAME; FORM NUMBER; SECTION NUMBER
NO MAKE UP EXAMS
IN CASE OF MISSED CONTENT; CONTACT BUDDIES
LAST DAY TO DROP - NOVEMBER T!
TESTS - VERY DETAILED "UESTIONS
CHAPTER 2: Chemical Context of Life
S#r$%#$r& ' ($)%#*o)
Bo+, or/ #0ro$10 %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/
• C0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ - mo3&%$3&/ m*)1 )+ 4r&*)1 4o)+/
/#r$%#$r& o( mo3&%$3& +*r&%#3, r&3#&/ #o *#/ *)#&r%#*o)/ )+ ($)%#*o)/
&3&m&)#/ r& m+& $5 o( #om/ - 6 o( 5ro#o)/ +&(*)& ) &3&m&)# 7OXYGEN IS OXYGEN BC 8 PROTONS
• %0)1& *) )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/ ' %0)1& *) &3&m&)#
&%0 &3&m&)# %o)/*/#/ o( %&r#*) *)+ o( #om #0# */ different (rom #0& #om/ o( o#0&r &3&m&)#/
92 &3&m&)#/ 72 &//&)#*3 %))o# 3* 43)%&
%om5o$)+ - /$4/#)%& %o)/*/#*)1 o( 2 or mor& different &3&m&)#/ %om4*)&+ *) (*?&+ r#*o
m##&r --> &3&m&)#/ --> #om/ --> )&$#ro)/ 5ro#o)/ &3&%#ro)/
E3&m&)#/@ 5ro5&r#*&/ +&5&)+ o) #0& /#r$%#$r& o( #0& #om/
• /#r$%#$r& o( #0& #om +&5&)+/ o) /$4#om*% 5r#*%3&/
#om*% m// ' &*10# )&$#ro)/ &*10# 5ro#o)/ 7&3&%#ro)/ m*)*m3 m// )o# %o$)#&+
• D3#o) 7#om*% m// $)*# m$ 7UNIT OF MASS .?-2
1o 5ro#o) or )&$#ro) ' +3#o)
#om*% )$m4&r ' 6 o( 5ro#o)/
• 33 #om/ o( 5r#*%$3r &3&m&)# 0
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• )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/ ' )$m4&r o( &3&%#ro)/
IONS ILL !AVE DIFFERENT NUMBER OF PROTONS VS ELECTRONS - C!ANGED ELECTRON
NUMBER
m// )$m4&r ' )$m4&r o( )&$#ro)/ )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/
I/o#o5&/
• /m& &3&m&)# - +*((&r&)# )$m4&r o( )&$#ro)/
o #om*% )$m4&r /#,/ /m&
o #om*% m// *33 +*((&r
r+*o%#*
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m##&r mo
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/&%#*o) :%0&m*%3 4o)+/
$)5*r&+ &3&%#ro)/ - r&%#*
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##r%#*o) 4&&) o55o/*#&3, %0r1&+ mo3&%$3&/ or #om/
*o)-%0r1&+ #om or mo3&%$3& -> 3o/&1*) &3&%#ro)
5o/*#*
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0o# #o %o3+; 0*10 %o)%&)#r#*o) o( #0&rm3 &)&r1, #o 3o %o)%&)#r#*o)
o 0&# 4)
/#or&/ 0&#
%) 4/or4 or r&3&/& 3r1& mo$)# o( 0&# *#0 o)3, /3*10# %0)1& *) *#/ o)
#&m5&r#$r&
o K*)*% &)&r1, J &)&r1, o( mo#*o)
o A#om/ )+ mo3&%$3&/ 0
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SOLIDS !AVE LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY GASES !AVE T!E MOST
LI"UIDS ARE IN T!E MIDDLE
o !&# o(
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o /o3
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o mo3 o( ), /$4/#)%& ' mo3&%$3r m// 71
o Mo3r*#,
N$m4&r o( mo3&/ o( /o3$#& 5&r 3*#&r 7L o( /o3$#*o) 7%o)%&)#r#*o)
o Mo3&%$3r (orm$3 J #om/ 0*%0 m& mo3&%$3&
o A#om*% m// J m// o( #om
o Mo3&%$3r m// J m// o( mo3&%$3& 7+3#o)/
o Mo3r m// J m// o( mo3 o( /$4/#)%& 71rm/o Mo3r*#, J )$m4&r o( /o3$#&/ 7mo3&/ *) 3*#&r o( /o3$#*o)
o Mo3r m// ' 1mo3
o Mo3r*#, 7M ' mo3&/L
• DISSOCIATION OF ATER MOLECULES:
o 0,+ro1&) %) 1*
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mo/# 4*o3o1*%3 (3$*+/ 5! -8
- /#om%0 %*+ 5! ' 2
o /3*10# %0)1& *) 5! 0rm($3 4% %0&m*%3 5ro%&//&/ o( #0& %&33
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o (orm/ %o
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• F$)%#*o)3 Gro$5/
o %0&m*%3 1ro$5/ #0# ((&%# mo3&%$3r ($)%#*o)
%o)#r*4$#& 4, ((&%#*)1 mo3&%$3&/@ /05&
+*r&%#3, *)
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Tr)/3#*o) J H#r)/3#&H RNA #o 5ro#&*)
o /05& %) %0)1& ($)%#*o)
S&? 0ormo)&/
• o)3, +*((&r&)%& 4&&) &/#r+*o3 7(&m3& )+
#&/#o/#&ro)& 7m3& */ #0& ($)%#*o)3 1ro$5/
• B/*% %o)%&5#/:
o %r4o) */ #0& 4%4o)& o( 3*(&
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0,+ro3,& 13,%o1&) /$1r +&m)+
*)%r&/&/
/#r$%#$r3 ro3&/
• /#r$%#$r3 5o3,/%%0r*+&/
o %&33$3o/& J mor /#r$%#$r3 %om5o)&)# o(
53)# %&33 33/
4$)+)# or1)*% %om5o$)+ o)&r#0
5o3,m&r o( 13$%o/& +*((&r&)#
13,%o/*+*% 3*)1&/
o +*((&r&)%& 4/&+ o) 2 r*)1 /#r$%#$r&/ o(
13$%o/&: 350 7α 4 7β
o /#r%0 - α-13$%o/& 0&3*%3 /05&
o %&33$3o/& - β-13$%o/& /#r*10#
!7 o) o)& /#r)+ !-4o)+ *#0
O!7- o) o#0&r /#r)+/ 5r33&3 %&33$3o/& mo3&%$3&/
1ro$5&+ *)#o m*%ro(*4r*3/ (orm
/#ro)1 4$*3+*)1 m#&r*3/ (or 53)#/o &),m&/ +*1&/# /#r%0 4, 0,+ro3,*)1 α-
3*)1&/ %)@# 0,+ro3,& β-3*)1&/ *)
%&33$3o/&
o %&33$3o/& 5//&/ #0ro$10 #0& +*1&/#*
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(r$%#o/& - o/&
o )$m4&r o( %r4o)/ *) %r4o) /&3o)
)$m4&r o( %r4o)/ *) /&3o)
• - %r4o)/ 3o)1
+r) / 3*)&r /&3o) *) =$&o$/ /o3$#*o)/ #0&, (orm r*)1/
• #r*o/& J %r4o) r*)1
• 5&)#o/& J %r4o) r*)1• 0&?o/& J %r4o) r*)1
o G3$%o/& J &)&r1,
mo)o/%%0r*+&/ J mor ($&3 (or %&33/ )+ r m#&r*3 (or
4$*3+*)1 mo3&%$3&/ %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o) J &?#r%# &)&r1, (rom 13$%o/& 7m& ATP
• r5*+ 4/or5#*o) *) 4o+,-*)/$3*) /5*&
o 3*5*+/
+o )o# (orm 5o3,m&r/
0,+ro50o4*% J )o ((*)*#, (or #&r
• %o)/*/# mo/#3, o( 0,+ro%r4o)/
• )o)5o3r %o
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• 3*=$*+ # room #&m5&r#$r& J o*3/
• +o$43& 4o)+/ J r&mo
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o ($)%#*o):
/&3&%#*
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• m*)o %*+/ +*((&r *) #0&*r 5ro5&r#*&/ +$& #o +*((&r*)1 /*+& %0*)/ 7R 1ro$5/
• AMINO ACIDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
T!EIR SIDE GROUPS ONLY
o )o)5o3r m*)o %*+/ J 0,+ro50o4*%
o 5o3r m*)o %*+/ J 0,+ro50*3*%
o &3&%#r*%33, %0r1&+ m*)o %*+/
Po3,5&5#*+&/• $)*=$& 3*)&r /&=$&)%& o( m*)o %*+/
o r)1& *) 3&)1#0 (rom (& m*)o %*+/ #o mor& #0) #0o$/)+
• m*)o %*+/ 3*)&+ 4, 5&5#*+& 4o)+/
o o*) 4, +&0,+r#*o) r?) J #&r r&mo
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• +&)#$r#*o)
o 3o// o( 5ro#&*)@/ )#*
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• r&mo
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E!" CHAPTER (
Chapter ,: A Tour of the Cell
• T0& *m5or#)%& o( %&33/
o A33 or1)*/m/ r& m+& o( %&33/
o T0& %&33 */ #0& /*m53&/# $)*# o( 3*(&
o C&33 /#r$%#$r& */ %orr&3#&+ #o %&33$3r ($)%#*o)
o A33 %&33/ r& r&3#&+ 4, #0&*r +&/%&)# (rom &r3*&r %&33/
o F$)+m&)#3 #0&m&/ *) 4*o3o1,
S#r$%#$r& ' ($)%#*o)
C&33/ r&/5o)+ #o #0&*r &)
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• M*)*m$m +*/#)%& 2 5o*)#/ %) 4& /&5r#&+ )+ /#*33 4& +*/#*)1$*/0&+ / 2
5o*)#/
• S0or#&r
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• E$r,o#&/:
o N$%3&$/
o No %&33 33
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
o M&m4r)&-4o$)+
o Lr1&r
o %om53&?• C&33 /*&
o Lo1*/#*%/ o( %rr,*)1 o$# %&33$3r m4o3*/m // 3*m*#/ o) #0& /*& o( %&33/
o N&&+/ %&r#*) 3&
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N$%3&r m#r*?
• Frm&or o( (*4&r/ &?#&)+/ #0ro$10o$# #0& )$%3&r *)#&r*or
C0romo/om&/
• DNA *) +*/%r& $)*#/
• !$m) %&33 J %0romo/om&/
C0rom#*)
• Com53&? o( 5ro#&*)/ )+ DNA N$%3&o3$/
• R*4o/om3 RNA 7rRNA */ /,)#0&/*&+
• rRNA */ //&m43&+ *)#o 3r1& )+ /m33 /$4$)*#/
R*4o/om&/
• M& 5ro#&*)/ $/*)1 DNA / +*r&%#*o)/
• M+& o( rRNA )+ 5ro#&*)
• R*4o/om&/ %rr, o$# 5ro#&*) /,)#0&/*/ *) #o 3o%#*o)/:
o I) #0& %,#o/o3 J (r&& r*4o/om&/
o O) #0& o$#/*+& o( #0& &)+o53/m*% r*%$3$m 7ER J 4o$)+ r*4o/om&/
• Bo$)+ r*4o/om&/
o M& 5ro#&*)/ (o$)+ *) m&m4r)&/ 5%1&+ *#0*) or1)&33&/
&?5or#&+ 7/&%r&+• Fr&& r*4o/om&/
o M& 5ro#&*)/ (o$)+ *) %,#o/o3
o E)+om&m4r)& /,/#&m
Com5o)&)#/ o( #0& &)+om&m4r)& /,/#&m:
• N$%3&r &)
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• S&? 0ormo)&/
o T&/#&/o
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o P// *)#o %,#o/o3 / )$#r*&)#/ (or #0& %&33
o M%ro501& J *mm$)& %&33 *)1&/#/ m*%roor1)*/m/
• A$#o501, J r&%,%3& or1)&33&/ )+ m%romo3&%$3&/
o M&m4r)&/ ($/&
o E),m&/ 4r& *# +o)
o R$r)/ #o %,#o/o3 (or r&$/&
• L*
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M*#o%0o)+r*3 DNA
R*4o/om&/
M4o3*% /#&5/ o( %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o) r& %#3,&+ *) #0& m*#o%0o)+r*3 m#r*?
Cr*/#& 5r&/&)# 3r1& /$r(%& r& (or &),m&/ #0# /,)#0&/*& ATP *)%r&/*)1
5ro+$%#*
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C&)#r*o3&/ J *#0*) %&)#ro/om& &%0 *#0 9 #r*53/ o(
m*%ro#$4$3&/ rr)1&+ *) r*)1
C&)#ro/om&
• S5%& *) %&33 0&r& %&)#r*o3&/ 1ro o$# o(
o C*3* )+ F31&33
M*%ro#$4$3&/ %o)#ro3 #0& 4&#*)1 o( %*3* )+ (31&33
C*3* )+ (31&33 +*((&r *) #0&*r 4&#*)1 5##&r)/ A %or& o( m*%ro#$4$3&/ /0�&+ 4, #0& 53/m m&m4r)&
B/3 4o+, J )%0or/ #0& %*3*$m or (31&33$m
92 5##&r)
9 +o$43/ *) r*)1
2 /*)13& *) #0& %&)#&r
D,)&*) J mo#or 5ro#&*) +r*
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• Mo#*3*#, J %&33 mo
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P3/m m&m4r)&/ o( +%&)# %&33/ 3*)& 53/mo+&/m#
C,#o/o3 5//&/ #0ro$10 )+ %o))&%#/ #0& %0&m*%3
&)
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Hydrophilic regionof protein
Hydrophobic region of protein
Phospholipid
bilayer
Later al movement~107 times per second)
Flip-flop(~ once per month)
• F3$*+*#, o( m&m4r)&/
o 50o/50o3*5*+/ *) #0& 53/m m&m4r)& %) mo
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C!OLESTEROL IN ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE; FLUIDITY MUST BE MAINTAINED TO ORK
PROPERLY; BALANCED. TOO FLUID OR NOT FLUID ENOUG! ILL CAUSE CELL TO NOT FUNCTION
• M&m4r)& 5ro#&*)/
o 5ro#&*)/ *) #0& 53/m m&m4r)& %) mo
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o 33o 5//1& o( 0,+ro50*3*% /$4/#)%&/ J
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• #&r +*(($/&/ %ro// m&m4r)&
o (rom ) r& o( 3o /o3$#& %o)%&)#r#*o) 70*10 #&r %o)%&)#r#*o) #o ) r& o( 0*10 /o3$#&
%o)%&)#r#*o) 73o #&r %o)%&)#r#*o)
• To)*%*#,
o 4*3*#, o( /o3$#*o) #o %$/& %&33 #o 1*) or 3o/& #&r
• I/o#o)*% /o3$#*o)
o /o3$#& %o)%&)#r#*o) */ #0& /m& / #0# *)/*+& #0& %&33; )o ) #&r mo
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o ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MOVES SOLUTES AGAINST T!EIR GRADIENTS
RE"UIRES ENERGY USUALLY ATP
P&r(orm&+ 4, %rr*&r 5ro#&*)/ o)3,
• %0))&3/ r& $/# o5&) 5//1& ,/ J +*(($/*o) o)3,
/o3$#*o)-5o#//*$m 5$m5
• 0*10&r %o)%&)#r#*o) o( K )+ 3o&r %o)%&)#r#*o) o( N *)/*+& #0& %&33%om5r&+ #o &)
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) #r)/(&r o( %0r1& #o &?#r%&33$3r &)
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E!" CHAPTER -
Chapter 4: An 0ntroduction to %eta$olism
• 0# */ m4o3*/mW
o A33 #0& %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ *) ) or1)*/m
M4o3& J %0)1&
o M4o3*/m m)1&/ #0& m##&r )+ &)&r1, r&/o$r%&/ *) %&33
o T0o$/)+/ o( %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ o%%$rr*)1 *) ), %&33 # o)& #*m&
o T0&/& r&%#*o)/ *)#&r/&%# *)#o m4o3*% 5#0,/
• M4o3*% 5#0,/
o 4&1*)/ *#0 /5&%*(*% mo3&%$3& *# */ 3#&r&+ *) /&r*&/ o( /#&5/ r&/$3#*)1 *) /5&%*(*% 5ro+$%#
o
&%0 /#&5 */ %#3,&+ 4, /5&%*(*% &),m&o &),m&/ r& )o# %o)/$m&+
o /$4/#r#& J 0# &),m& 5*%/ $5
/5&%*(*%
• M4o3*% &),m&/
o m&%0)*/m/ #0# r&1$3#& &),m&/ %#3,*)1 #0& m4o3*% 5#0,
o #0&/& 43)%& /$553, )+ +&m)+
o
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mo
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• S5o)#)&o$/ 5ro%&//- )o *)5$# o( &)&r1, *.&. #&r (3o/ +o) 0*33
o !IG! TO LO
• No)/5o)#)&o$/ 5ro%&//- %))o# o%%$r o) *#/ o) )&&+/ &)&r1, ++&+ #o #0& /,/#&m
o #&r 4&*)1 5$m5&+ $50*33
o LO TO !IG!
• BIOLOGICAL ORDER AND DISORDER
o L*
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o SPONTANEOUS PROCESS CAN ONLY PERFORM ORK !EN IT IS MOVING TOARD
E"UILIBRIUM
• Fr&& &)&r1, )+ m4o3*/m
o &)+&r1o)*%
)o)/5o)#)&o$/ %o)/$m&/ &)&r1, 7&)&r1, *)r+
• 4/or4/ (r&& &)&r1, (rom *#/ /$rro$)+*)1/
• $50*33 r&%#*o)/ 3o #o 0*10 )4o3*%o &?&r1o)*%
/5o)#)&o$/ r&3&/&/ &)&r1, 7&)&r1, o$#r+
• +o)0*33 0*10 #o 3o %#4o3*%
• r&3&/&+ &)&r1, */ $/&+ *) o#0&r r&%#*o)/
• E?&r1o)*% r&%#*o)/
o Lo/& (r&& &)&r1, G +&%r&/&/
o DELTA G IS NEGATIVE
o m1)*#$+& o( DELTA G r&5r&/&)#/ #0& m?*m$m mo$)# o( or #0& r&%#*o) %) 5&r(orm
o 1r&#&r #0& +&%r&/& *) (r&& &)&r1, 1r&#&r mo$)# o( or %) 4& +o)&
o SPONTANEOUS CATABOLIC
o EXO J ENERGY GOES OUT; RELEASED SO T!AT IT CAN BE USED TO DO ORK
• E)+&r1o)*% r&%#*o)/o 4/or4/ 7%o)/$m&/ (r&& &)&r1,
H/#or*)1H (r&& &)&r1,
o G *)%r&/&/ DELTA G IS POSITIVE
o )o)/5o)#)&o$/ )4o3*%
o m1)*#$+& o( #0& DELTA G */ #0& =$)#*#, o( &)&r1, r&=$*r&+ #o +r*
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P0o/50#& ##%0 #o )o#0&r mo3&%$3&; %0)1&/ &)&r1, /##& o( #0# mo3&%$3& +$& #o #0& *)%r&/&+ )&1#*
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*)%r&/& r&%#*o) r#&
&?&r1o)*% r?)/ )&&+ #o 4/or4 /m33 mo$)# o( &)&r1, (rom /$rro$)+*)1/
&)+&r1o)*% r?)/ )&&+ #o 4/or4 &)&r1, (rom )o#0&r /,/#&m
&?&r1o)*% J )&1#*
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RELOCATION OF ELECTRONS
(&rm&)##*o) J )&ro4*% r&/5*r#*o) 7 NO OXYGEN
*)&((*%*&)#
5r#*3 +&1r+#*o) o( /$1r/
%&33$3r r&/5*r#*o)
%o)/$m&/ o?,1&) 7&ro4*%
m$%0 mor& &((*%*&)# #0) (&rm&)##*o)
TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS J RELOCATION ELECTRONS RELEASES STORED ENERGY IN ORGANIC
MOLECULES
r&+o? r?)/
#r)/(&r o( &3&%#ro)/ (rom o)& r&%#)# #o )o#0&r
OXIDATION J LOSE ELECTRON
REDUCTION J GAIN ELECTRON 7BECOME MORE NEGATIVE
ELECTRON DONOR 7LOSES ELECTRON ' REDUCING AGENT
ELECTRON ACCEPTOR 7GAINS ELECTRON ' OXIDI]ING AGENT
r&+o? r?)/ 3,/ %o$53&+ J r&=$*r&/ 4o#0
RELOCATION OF ELECTRONS
ELECTRON LOSES POTENTIAL ENERGY !EN IT S!IFTS FROM A LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOMTOARD A MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE ONE
RELEASES ENERGY 7EXERGONIC SPONTANEOUS
LOSING POTENTIAL ENERGY LIKE ATER FLOING DON!ILL
MOVING FROM !IG! ENERGY TO LO ENERGY
UNSTABLE TO STABLE
ORGANIC MOLECULES IT! ABUNDANT AMOUNT OF !YDROGEN ATOMS ARE EXCELLENT FUELS
NAD J %o&),m&
)*%o#*)m*+& +&)*)& +*)$%3&o#*+&
&3&%#ro) #r)/5or# /0$##3&
o?*+**)1 1&)#; 1/ r&+$%&+ 71*)/ &3&%#ro)
TURNS INTO NAD!
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r&+$%&+ (orm
NAD o?*+*&+ (orm
&3&%#ro) #r)/5or# %0*)
/ $5 1r+*&)#
o?,1&) J #&rm*)3 &3&%#ro) %%&5#or
%&33$3r r&/5*r#*o)
(oo+ --> NAD! --> &3&%#ro) #r)/5or# %0*) --> o?,1&)
m4o3*% /#1&/
13,%o3,/*/
o%%$r/ *) %,#o/o3
m&/ /m33 mo$)# o( #5
4r&/ +o) 13$%o/& *)#o 2 mo3&%$3&/ o( 5,r$
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&)o3/& (orm/ PEP
FAD J (3
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RED!#E
*E#%ES %RE NE&A"$VE
&A$NS E'E#"R%NS
#ellular respiration vs fermentation vs photos,nthesis on test
Deamination
Process of removin. ammonia from amino .roups
*eta-oxidation
*reakin. do/n fatt, acid
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#hapter 012 photos,nthesis
Stroma dense 3uid
"h,lakoid
"h,lakoid space
%x,.en from /ater4 not #%5
H,dro.en oxidi6ed
#o5 reduced
Respiration vs photos,nthesis
Rs2
Electrons lose potential ener.,
&o do/n .radient and s,nthesi6e atp
Ps2
Electrons increase in potential ener.,
ove from /ater to su.ar4 re7uires ener., 8sunli.ht9
'i.ht rxns
%ccur in th,lakoids
Split /ater: release o5: produce atp: and form NADPH
#alvin c,cle
%ccurs in stroma
Does not re7uire sunli.ht
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Dark c,cle
Solar po/er reduces nadp+ to nadph