BIOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS

Glossary

abaxial (abaxialLyl side of an organ that faces avvay from the axis beming it

Kaulescent lackillg an above-ground stem acropetal maturation from a lower to a higher level on an

axis in £lowering acuminate gradually tapered to a point acute disti.:1.ctly and sh8rply ?Ointed adaptatioll prc-cess or pvolu tiona rynodificalioll [ka t

results in improved survival (loci reproduction dficiencv adaptive r~diati[m diversification 01 a spL"Cies or sirgle .

ancestral type into ~everal forms, Each ildaptively specialised to a sped fie environmental ni:he

adaxial (adaxially) side of dll organ tIM! £itC8." the ,\xis bearing it

adjacent-Iigular with the new shoo! dcvclopi:lg next to the side of the seed and enclosed ~n a ligule in seed ger:llinatiOl1

adnate.vith one orgcllljoincd Lo dllother allopatric of populi!tiOIlS occurring in ,;ep~rale, nOI1-

overlapping geogwphic arCllS and un,1bk to erossbrcec_ anastomosing forming a network anatl'OpOliS bent parallel to i-;s stalk with the micr_:)pyle

adjace:1t 10 L1e hilum in all ovule anther pollen-bearing chamber of it stamen anthcsis time of flo\wx opening apertme an 0rening in a pollen grain through which thE

pellen tube emerges apex (apical) end purtion, berne: at the top appressed lying fJ~1 Of pressed dosdy afcuate curved like ~. bmv autecology (autecological) the branch of ecology hat

deals with the biolosical relationship between ilt1

indiv,idual organ,isr:l Of lndlviduClI species and.its environment

autochthonous u spccies h;]ving evolved iii 5itll

axil (axillary) upper angle 0.' the junction between the pctiol~ und stern

basal al the base of M. organ or structure basifixed attached at tbe base basionym ti1e original or first vulidly described name for

a speCies hasip€tal il1i'.turntion from 8llif,her to a lower lewl en Ml

axis, cClaracLeristk of some 5pecies in the tribe Caryoteae bicarina.lc ,vith two keels bicentric (bicenlricity) hi',ving two ~entres

261

bifid d'vidcd into '.wo ± eque] parts bifurcate forked biogeography sL udy of the geugraphic distributiun of

orgaT.lsm5 bipinnate doubly pinnatc, il. characteristic of the kwes of

~pecies of Cnryo(1J bract a il1c'<iified enclosing leaf bracleole a small hl'arLon Llw flowl'r ~talk caducous falling uway early campanulatc of three-dimensional shJpe, -ocll-3haped carinate keeled carpel a singl[ unit of the gynoecium Cenuzuic geDbg'cal era from tht-' t-'llJ of t]-x· Cr!-'ioce!l11S ID

the prescnt day, from 65 million years ago ehartaceOlis vtpery ciliate fringed with hairs cincinnus arranged with each successive flower ariSing in

the axil of it bracteole on th", st,llk JI Lh~ prev ious n()w~r cirrus (cirr~te) a 'whip-like extensicu of the leaf rachis

anCled with rcflcxcc spi.nc~ uscd ~.5 ;] climbing organ, charact('ri"tic of nthns in the sub~amily Calamoideae

clade a monoFhyletic group o,.br~r.ch of 8 pbylosenetic trep

clustered (clustering) basally composed of two to many stems

colliculose (colliculatej covered with sma!: rounded projections

cOllcolorotlS with eitch surface uf the »dme coiow conic (conical) having the fOI'm of a cone connate joined connective tisslie joining the loculc~ of Olle antl18r to

;motlwr coriaceOll.'l leathery costapalmate describing a palmate kaf with a str-:mg rib

(costa) extending through the l;;lmina, ch<lfDcteristic of speciE-s of Lit'i~tor:1l

CIehceu\ls gt'Ological period bet'ween the JlI,assi~ and thE' Tertiary, £:'or11. 144 to (,(,.4 million yeaIs ago

crownshaft cylinder formed by the leaibases, characteris-tic of most species in the sllbfamily ArecoideiCe

Cl'ustaceous cry and brittle cllcullate hnodpd or hood-shaped cuneate in two-dimensional shape, wedge-shaped and

widest distally cupule (cupular) resembling a cup

decumbent a reclining stern with Ihe apex as~endil1g dcflexcd bent downw;uds demography th€ stlldy of pUp li lilliom dentate (d~ntiforJll) toothed or tooth-like in appearance dichotomous eqllally fork ing dimorphic ()ccllr.ring il". two diffe re nt forms dioecio\\s (dioecyl whGil plants be,H ~j t)ler slJm inat .. m

pistil!.aYflowt',s di~(OI()roIl 5 withe'lch surCaceola differcntcolour d istal farthest frum the point of ... tfac " ment d istichuus orr.:lrged i n 1 .... ' 1 rows disulcate with two ilpertmTs m poll .. n d iva riuh: spreading wideJy dyad in Fa ir-> echinate prickly or with I('w broad spines ecological amplihlde the Jirn.it5 of r.o'.'iwnmental wndl­

lions ""itr-in wh ich a n nrg,mism (iln]iv..- " Tid {LJrlcLin ll ed ... phic or m relating to soil, esp ed<\lJy ~~ it~ifects living

(",rgiUl1srns ellipsoid(~ l) in th r~-dime:1.d10n~l l shape, ':"lliphcal in

:~ach rotational p lane (> lliptk(a l) in two-di!TI(>f'lsionalshajX', ohlong wi th

regu larly nxuuleu er.ds em bryo the w d :menlary plllnt \\ lthin a seed endemic Jeslr id ed in nah;rOlI d ist ributiun toa specific

geogropbic region endocarp the ir,nermost Iflye r of rlw fruit wall ~nJosperJll nuLrienl :;;oJ. ~ce 101' the d~veloping embryo ill

~, seed Eocene s-Jbdivision of the Tcrli:uy pt'l' iod, frorn 58 to

36 m ~nkm yeats ago eophyll the £lts! fu nction,,\ It-at of II st't'dling e pica rp the ou lermn<;L layer of the fruit wall e pipetalo us ln ited w ith or borne on petals excrescence .:In oUlg rowth of hardened w<lrt-like tis!;ue ex ine the outer layer of pol1E'n (> xse~ted projected lx'yond extant P'~t'TI tI)" ill t'Xi:.t"-llte, flOl los \ or ext'nc t falcilte sickle-shaped filament the stalk bearing the anther fimbriate fringed with f ine h ~ it s or thread-like se8m ent~

f labellat" fa n-shapl'ci f1 ag~llum a whip-likt' lliu!Ulllgoql,aJi :l. cmed 'N:thrdle.xed

spines, adnatc 10 or c!rergent from the kafshcafu., and ch(1racteristic of rattans in tresubfau:J ly CaI.11nnidt>;lt:'

flexuous wavy, bent aJ:e.::natc"y in 0 F=posite directions fossula te a furrowed ur mint;!ely Ire!lebed su r f<lcc foveol<l tl' iI minutely P!tt€1.1 surf<l':!' free o:giCOS that arc not fused fnlgiyore (frugiyorous) un lInimul lh<lt kcd~ primarily

nn fruit f usifOrm in thr('{;'- dhn~nsiolli'.1 sh ape, spimlle-shapl!d,

lilperin,; a': ['ach end g ibbous p ouched, more COJwex in one plilcc thiln anothe r gl abrous a 5mo()th !:'udilce lucking il'.d.umcdum glaucous <~_ surfil~ refl.~i!lg a whitc, pale-blue or Fireyi~h

sheen, usually by wax or fi nely dit'ided partid cs

g lobose in three-dimensional :ohape, spherkal C (mdWan;1 southern Ioupctco:l.tincnt which comprised the

now-~'1'aril:ed continents of S()ulhAmcric;:., Atric.:l, AntarcticJ Jnd Allstralitl, <15 well as th", subco"'tiner.t of India and the sma ncr J alldm~lsses 0; Mfldi1gi1scar, New ZI? .. land, par ~s of Arahl~ Ilr;n prohably parts uf suuth' ~<Ist A~ia

gl'amll<lJ a su rface app£,u'ing greiny grapllel scties of single o r clustered ~euf\'ed hooks

associated with the ai:>a.>,ia l surface of the leaf rachis, cirnlS, fl>lgell ilm o r i n ilort!SC~K'b of rattar,,, in Ule subfamily Cdamoidl:'~ e, used as a Climbing or support aid

gynoccium the ovul(>-bei'lllng oq;ar. COILSi.;ting of one to man)' carpels, "'<teh 'with an O'v<\ry, ,1 style and ~ tigmas

h,t'blt<lt tilt' iind of env jronr1l.;nt. in w:l ich a plant liv t'~

hapnanthic the process of an individm\l plant (or stem of II cluster) flowerin g once then d y i ng, charac teristic of sp.:.'C it:' ~ in the tribe· CJry()lea~

ha stul,. a flap o f ti~sue borne at the insertion 0: the ll'lminaon the periolf' o( II pil lmdte \t'df

h~ad (ompacl arrangeDlent o)f sessile fJc",rers and fruils, It c.1pitu lum

helllianatJopous the o\"ul", tmned so th;;rt t:'lC m icropyll:.' is II: right angles to its st.1)k

hennaphrodite (hl'nnaphrod itic) bisexwll, m"l" and female loge thtr in one flower

hilum the attachment scar or. II ~t::ed holotypc u single ~p!;(in\en o r illustration d('~i;;nated. by

Lht' author of a phll1t name a t the tiDe of or.~g.lnal pl.lblic~tion, which iixt's tht' Hpplicati(Hl of the name

h omogeneOlLS uniform and similar throughout hya li.lle :raruit;.cent, l nh'" imbr icate o\'erlapping imparipinnate <l p innate [('<I i w ith a terminal pinna indu menlum a covering 01 S('iI \('~or hail'i i ndupHcal '" V-shaped in cross-section in flexe d bent inwlIn:h

1b2

inflorescence collective term fOf the aggregation of Howers

tn frafoliar borne below thE' kllv[~s in fru ctesu:nct' the gro llpi ng in which fruits arc bOIlle on

aplilnt interfoliar bonlt' ,lInong (he I('av~ internode port ion between two SUCC2ssive !eafscars on ,1

; tcm il1truHil' ope"i'"g tm\'ard thl' centre of the flower, o f

~nthcrs

isolec lotyp e duplicate of a koctotype isotype ~ ~reci:nen thnt is a ouplirale of the hoJotypc ke~l(~d) a ridge, rf' sclnbling a btlu kl'el Kimberley Region thdt Flirt ut Wt'~t~rn Austrillia lying

nonh d 19"5 kl1ee "swelling at the junction {lr the lea fsl\l~a th and the

petit)le, characteri stic of ratlJns itt the subfamily Ca ltlmoideile

brente jaggf'd, appt'.aring turn or ir~gulady d eft

lageniform in thrcc-dimcllsio;lal ShdJC, swcllen at lhe ba se and nanow at the apex

lamina thc blade of tl leaf Janceolate na rrc,w an': tap£ring at both end, lanuginose a st:.rface with a dense co'/er of long, soft

'",uully h"iQ; lateral 'all or at the side laterite(ic) a hard, iron-rich, rock-Eke soi I layer fOrI-:led by

heovy le<lching of soil ander morked!}' se,1sonal tropical conditions

latrorse opE'ning latE'ra', to thc' filaT'lf'llt in ~nthers leafbase porlioll of leaf pmximill to the petiole, ndHoy"ly

or broadly clasping the stem as typicol of mary Cory­phoideaE' genero, or forming 3. closed tubnhr crownshaft as in many Arecoideae genera

leafscal' thE' rE'mnilnts or i lllpf{'~si(ln of fw former allachmenl of a le,lr on a stem

lectotype d specimcn thdt serves in place of it lost or unpl~ccd J-olotype

lepidote a surface covered in sco'c~s ligule a usually fibrou~ appendage as~ocidtHI witl, the

leafba~e

linear long and narrow 'with ::: paralld sides lobe proj~ction or division of a leaf or other organ locule th~ c~vity that contains thl' ovary i1'. the gynoecium macrofossil a fossil large eno~lgh to be ('x~TTin('rl by

Jirect ills!-"'-'Ction Malesta biogeographical province ('xtending from

Malaysia east to New Guine, marine transgres~ion when a~l influx of the 5eCt coyers

areas of previouslY exposed I~ nrl medifixed "Uilched ill lhe 111;"1dle megathermal high-tIOIT.pemtul'c as in humid subtropical

or tropbll climates, with thc coldest monthly me,rn tempr=rature above lS'C

membranous thin and transhlCent meristem lilldi'ferenl;ated pl"nt tissue from whichnc'w

[ellg <lIl' formed mesic being ncither wet nor arid mesocarp middle layer of the fr uit wall mesothermal modem"e temperatureos in th e rilnge

2D-3lJ"C

microfossil ~ fossil which req-.lires milgnification fer it to be examined, uSt;aLly by microscopc

mi.cropyle a :ninute opening in the ovule of a seed pJ<tnt through whicl:. tl',e pCTIlrn tlJbf> usna,l}, f'ntf'rs

midrib l;w iJMin vein of il pin;1il or segment Miocene a divi"ion of the Tertiary, Lom 23 to 5 Dillion

years ogo molecular phylogenetic9 a pmcess of detern'.ining the

I'~ 'es ~11(1 r~tt('rns of change uccunillg.in DNA acd protein:; in meier to reconst ruct the ~\'()lutionl\ry history of genes 3nd organism~

monocarpic flowering Jlld fruiting once, then dyillg mOlloecious plant bearing both stilminate 3ild pistillate

fluwC't:s monogeneric with one genus

Illonophy!y (monophyletic) ~ branch of a phylogenetic tree that includes ull descendants of a common ancestor

monosulcate pollen with a single apcrllire (sulcus) mOllotypic witl-, 011e species mOllsoon(al) a wind r"giHlt~ tl,M hrings he;l'''y Sll,'lllle,­

rainfall to nor thern Austrilila mucilage nnous} gelatinol1s-~ikc substance neotype a specimen selected in place of a holotype in the

absence of original m~terial obovoid in three-dimensional sJ-'ilpe,E'f---,g-shqx'd ~'1d

bnkluer distally obpyriform in lhree-dimensional shape, pmr-ghaped and

~ttache,l dt the narrower en.d Oligocene iT division of the Tertiary, ~rom 36,6 to

2]] mUion years ago ovate in two-di~nensional shape, egg-sh<1ped, if a\laciwd

by ~he broad end ovoid in ;Iuee-dimens~onill sh~pC', cgg-sl1Jpcd ovule structuT in which the female cycle of ~eproc.uction

occur;; :n flo'wers Pal~eonmp division nflhf' Tf'l'tiary, from 66.4 tD

57.8 miLion years ago palmate with segment; rJdiating from a central pOint

resembling a f'ffi in a leaf panicle (pani<::lllate) inflorescence with iterative bmnch­

info; pa t:f>r11s (rdcernes) irUla J. c8l\tral <txis pappilate (pappiioseJ a surface with minute, rounded

clo;lgatcd projections paripinnale a pinnJte leaf without a terminal pinna partial inflorescence the first-order branch ,J1d the

hrallch~s it carries, chiHactcristic of some inflorescence types in the subfamilies CJlamoideae andCor yphuideae

pedicel the Htillk uf each individual flower or fnl.it peduncle the proxima' unbranched portion of an

inflorescence peduncular brart(s) a singl!' bract or multiple brac's on

the 11:1.a.n axis ,A the b£lorescencc, ~ttached between the prophyll and ll1chis orDcts

pendoloos hanging pendarJ peri;tnth the sepals a nd peta], together persistent rarts nllt silt'd after £lowe:illg petal a unit of the corella petiole (petiolate) the stalk behveen attachment and the

lowest pinnae or leaf segments on a leaf phylogeny (phylogenetic) evoltltion~ry relatiooshi:Js

bdwe~l gruups of living things, in(c l' 1'ed llsing a ~'ariE'ty of techniqlles to establish the relative importance of variDus shared features

phytogeography (phytogeographical) sWdy of th€ geogm?hic distr~bl\tion of plants

phytoliths microscopk silim-bused struc tl1~CS formed within and bdween the living cells of most ffiom:cotyl­edons anc ~OL1e dicotyledons, ilnd :.ften preserved as microfossils

Pilhara a region of \Vest€rn ,<'Illstril I i ~ hOl1ndc~d hy tlw Tropic of CClpricorn and 19D N, extending £rom the COi'\st almost to the Northcrn Territory buder

pinnate) segmenl(s) Df a pinn~te kaf pinnate ~,il'_nae iHr<ll'_gcd in a ~,'atlll'r-jke ,lcmllgelllt'nt 011

a It'<lt, i.e. with "imilM number of pinni\e on each side of the rachis

pinlluic he pinn~e of a bipinnCltc It'1f. c11aracteristic of species of Cnryol.o

pistillate bearing <l pistJ pis till ode a sterile gynceciuD pla-le tectonics theory th[lt exp,nins the globJl distribution

of gc()lo~ical phenomena such 8S ~eisrnicjly, volc~ nism, continen~Jl drift ,1nd ll101..111tain-building in terms of the rormatil~ll, dt>struction, movement mill interdction uf t]lC earth'" lithospheric ?Iates

Pleistocene diviskn ut:he 12ua:ernary, from 1.6 million years ilSD to tIl( last 10 OC,) years

pleonanthic the process of an individual plant flowering re0e<ltcL:i'j

Pliocene division of tIle Tertiary, from 5.3 to 1.6 million ycars age>

plumose segml':lts f~<lthercd Ot' plume-like in a leaf pollen ,1 lllah;re micros?ore ~r_d car.ri?I or gClwtir

lnfonna.ionln a sL,1minaLe flower polygamodioecious havi!1g bisexual and male flowen on

somc phlJ1ts and biSCXJal and female flowers on others polygamomonoecious having bisexual and unisexual

flowers on the same plant polygamous having oisexual and linisexual ilowers on

thc same or dif.'erent plcnts pfilemorse ""ith thc apcx JPpe~ring torn-ott ·)r bitten,

characteris;ic of the pinnae apices in ~u'?trjbc Ptychospcrmatinae

pre-Linno.o:an inf'1IIllal pl~nt nuncs priur tu :1753 ~nd Lhc COJ.11.mencement of the Linnean claS8ificati0l1 system

pro parte [La:in: in part propagule any strllctlln: thM com give rise to d nev.,. plant,

either vegetati\·e portions, seeds or spores prophyll the first bract borne un the inflorcscence prolandrous when pollen siced precedes sHplla receptiv­

ity on a3ingle inflorescencc protogynou6 w':cen stigma reccptiyity precedes pollen

shed. on a single inflorescence proximal neil rl'st t o the poi n~ lli attach menl pseudoll10nomerous a gynoeci·.lffi with one fertile carpel

and one locule but with pr_Its of two other c;]Ipels rrescnt

punctiform a surface with sma;l dots pyriform in three-rHmpnsion81 shillw, H'Srmbling ~ p·ear,

attached a\ the bro"der end Quaternary the last 1.6 million years ~)f the gcologic,l;

scale rachilla(e) the flower-bearing branch of an inflorescence Ia(his thi' axis be'yond thE' petiole or beyond thl' prdllnrlp

cf the leaf or of an in florescence radiation the proceSb of dispersal of oIganisms across fI

landscape

ramenta ',arionsly ~hapE'd ragged.-edged 5GU~5, large and irregular, sOlllciiElC5 prescnt on the mlddb iL1d veins on t'w abaxi~.l sul"iace of pinnae

raphe J ridgc or depression that is ;hc source o£vascl,lilr branches on a ,oel'd

rattan il dimhin~ pellm of til(' sllhfamily Cdl~moidt'ae reduplkate inverse V-sllaped in cro~~-sectilu reflexed ~olded or turned back relictual species species that are persistent examples of

floras now mJir.ly vaJlish~'d remote-ligular ti'e )'UlUg pia"t ju.ine(l to the ~e"d lly "

pctioiar cotyledonary wb(, ~l1d je(lring a ligule in seed germination

remote-tubular the young pia;)! joined to the seed by a petiolar cotyledonary tube but iackic1.g a ligule in seed germinatiOI1

reniform in two-dimel-.5ional ,hape, l<;idney-shaped reticulate large ~oundcd or lIngular holes through the

txtu m of pollcn retrorse bent bRckl.,.-~rd or dOWllWMd rhombic in tW(1-dimensional ~hap(', quadrilateral with

obt~lse laler~ I anglt's aced acute b<lsa, and. apical angles rugose with a wrinkicd surface ruminate appearing t;treaked. :iue to intrusion of the seed

COilt i.nto tIle erdospenn sagittate arrow-sh<lped sarcotesta(al) a fleshy layer dEveloped from the outer

seed coal, characteristic of most fruit in the subfamily Calamoideae

scab rate ) roughened Sluface sclerophyllous vegetation ch~mc\erisrd by thick hard

fDli<lgc uue to wcll-dc,'.-eloped scicrel1chymalous tissLlc segment " single division of a palmate or cost,_palmate leaf sepal iI unit of thc CJlyx sessile fl~t a~ainst, lacking a stalk sister the closes' reliitiw in il phylogrlletir trre solitary with ,1. olngle slem, not basa!l}' clustered speciation the process of the evolutionary formation of

ncw biological species .. u3ually by the division of" single fp,xies into two or 1,,_or(' genetically distinct species

spicate an unbr~nehed inflo~escence ~tJ men 1":1<' slill k hear'i ng Ihe ilnthl'I' in a flower· staminate a flower ti-mt bears s:al1lens staminodc vC5tigirti stomens, oftl'n reducl'd to tooth; ikc

flaps of tissue sterile la.~king functioIl~13ex organs stigma (~tigmatic) thf' portior of I-he pistil that H'D:,iw's

the pollen stigmatic rcmains the usually dricd .··cmnants of the

5tigma and per.i~nth on the surface of the fruit striate a lined Stlr£8ce style the pMt oith(-' pisti" connpctingthl' ov~ry ~nd thE'

,UgmC1. subdistichous arrangeJ in two rows but with items not

perfcctly al igncd

5ubulate in tW0-dimensional shape, narrmving ahupily. awl-shaped

sulcus (sulci) an ;>Iongot;> operturc' on onl' of the axes of c, pollen grain

supr~folhH borne 'l\.JUVt' tl,,:, kil\i("S sympatric I'el a-;ed spejes t ho t occur in the 'KImI' geo­

graphical rnn,se sympodial ch~nging direction by £requentn~placem['n t of

the growing apex with a lateml gl'Owing point below it sy;;tematks the process o f orp,ilnisirg hiologicill ir,formil­

lion in a laxonomic or phylogenetic lllanner taphonomy (taphonimic potential) study of the condi­

tions ilnd process by which organisms become fossilised taxonomy the science of organising and. classifying lil:ing

things into gtoUpS rdlcctin3 their nMurill phylogcnd;(' relaUonships,and narn ing them

tectate (tectum) the uppermo5t layer of the cxine of poll,eJl tcrcte cylil,ldricill .. clrcul~r in tr;;lIlsvcrsc section Tertiary geological period from 66.4 to 1.6 million yeors

ogo {omentum (lomenlose) a surface with a cover of short

hairs, sca les, wool or down Top End par: pi lhl' No: thern Territory no~th of about

Ma:anmka triad in threcs, flowers gnmped. with a central pistilla:e

and. 1I"lllat~HI ~taIIlillate flcm,ers, ch<U'Kleristi.c Jl mosl species in the subfa ni Iy Arecoideae

Iricholomosulcale hal'ing a three-a:med sulcus in pollen trilocular with three dlambcrs, each bea:'ing an ovary Dr

seed in the gy:weciuJI1 triovulat~ be,uiIlg tl lfce OV ules in the gynoed u nl, one in

the locule of each (Orpei trullate in !\vo-dimcr,siol1a13hupe, broildest belov.' the

m iddJr, r;lombic, with the two eguallower sides shorter

GIO<;:ialv

thun the two equill upper sides, shilpcd.li~"e a bricklayer's tJw.-I.Ti

t runcale as tho-.lgh cut off fl.t the el~d turbinate in three-d imensional shilDe, obconicil l, top­

~llillwd

type specimen <I specimen upon which the name was established rInd to which it is bound

ultramafic type of rock that is rich in heavy meta~s <IT_d that 'L,3tl~lly Sllppor15 a dis tinctive flor~

unis(>xual \vih (Jne flllidiollal ~ex'.lal mIt'. i,e. with pistils or stamens only

vagile (vagility) able to move about or di5perse freely in a given environment

valvate marg ins of S('gmcnts meeting neatly ,,vith::mt (lv('llapping

ventricose ~wollen at ic1flatcd. verrucafe (verrucose) a wart-like d~ment of the exine of

poller_ versatite when the ar.thc l' appears hing('d and is movable

on the filaIIl~llt vestigial diminished.in s.i:>:e, strllcture or fUllctio\1 vic,uiance l'he proces5 wher('by an nncebtml spec~e3 splits

as i\ result of the imposition o f a barrier within the original population

vicariant species closiCly rdMerl ~ nrl f'L:oio::-;irillly ('flllivil" lenlsp'c'Cies Ihallend to be mutually eXciU8iv(', (l~Cllpy­

ing d ibjnnct geographical areas

2G.'J

WaUace's Line the b(y .. lI1dar~· that mark~ lmrelated biological realms enst and. west of a line (LmWn approxi­m<ltely throliSh ('Plltr31 Maf'sia, Thomas Huxley Glinec the IeI'm, based on the work of Alfred R. '.-\'a11ace

zonasulcale with a ring-like me l'idiol1aJ or eqllatuial Jprrture in pollen

Abbreviations

"m AFLP alt. Apr.

"J alle t .llOIl.

Aug. b. bp c. Ck em cpDNA d. dbh Dec. diam. e.g. et. al. f. Feb. Fig.(s} ft hort. hwy i.e. ICBN

ill lift. illCd. J,. Jan. Ju1. Jun. k km m Mar.

micron (une-milliont:l of i1 1TI2tre) amplified fraRmcnt ll'::lgth polymorphism ill titude April above sea-level (Latin) r.uctonnrl non, not of the author; ~.seJ to show that th" preceding name ,laS I:een misapplied by some illtthors i1nd is lut used in tlw sense (lllhE> original author August borne before present (I ,il tin) rin:ll, about, appTOxinwtdy creek centimetres chlorop_d.st OI\A (deoxyribonucleic il.cid) died dianwtn at bnm;t h eight December diametEr (Latin) f.wmp/igmtia, for example (Latin) c,' aUf, and othe:s (Latjll)filiu~. son of l'ebruilry figure(s) f2('t

(Latin) IlOrtamm, of gardens hif,hw~y

(La:in) iJ est, that is lr_tcrn~tional Code of Botanical -"lomenc.bWre (La~in) in litteri5, in co:respondence (L<l~ill) inedilus" llllpuiJlisile(\ Island J'tnuary July lune one lhousand kilometres metres March

:!G7

mm lnss Mt My Mya N NE n.s. nom. alt. tlom. con.

nOIll. ilieg.

flam. irlVa/.

110m.l1ud.

Hum. prOD.

Hom. re). Nov. Oct. orth. var. p. pefs. eomm. pro syn.

R. ,d s. lat. 8.11.

SE Sept. ser. 'p. spp. ~ub.

subsp. tab. var.

millimetrcs (::me-thous~ndth of <l metre) manusc.ript \'fount, \'10llnt~in million yeMs million ymrs ago nort11 north-east new series (Latin) !lOnlCl' 1l1ternr!ilJl IIJ/, Jlterna te 11ame (Latin) nomc," CGlI;;CIT'llIjdum, conserved nan1e (Latin) n011le," ilIegiliHIIln!, illegitimate nam~ under the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (I.atil1) nome!' iIiVlllid!lm, ni',me nol validly publiohed (L<ltin) nomen Ill/dum, name publi~h('d without" description (Lalln) nOlilf'! pro;.,i50riurll, pr-ovisionai name (L1ti 11) ilOmen rejicicnd!l1n, rc:jccrcd n~ me

November October orthographic v,,riation page p('l~onal eOllununication (Latin) pro SlInOnymr., <In il1"<llid 1.lJ1.l1.e originally proposed as a synonym of an dCe'erteel Hame River road (Lati::1; SCI:Sll/ilio, in a broad sense (Tjlti~) shIP nllllll'nJ, witholl! 11l1mh::>r south-east September senes species (singular;' sp~ci"s (plurcll) (Latin) SUb/fl'. under HubHpt'cied tJbuiJ (plJtc:, variety

Herbarium acronyms

A AAL

B

BH BM

BO BRI CANS

eBG

eNS

DNA

FI

FTC

GOET

leT

Arnold Arboretum, I-larvaYd Un'versily, USA AJrl':JS Univel'sily, Department of Systematic Botan}" Denmark Berlin. Botanischer Carlen und BJ\a nisches J\'luseun, Germany Bailey HortoriuDl, Cornell Univer&itv, USA [Bri t~5h Museum] Natural History i\1usenrn, London, UK Bogur, Herb~rium Bogoricnse, Indone1;.ii' BriHbane, Queensland Herbarium, Austmlb. i\uslril]inn !\at ionul Botanic Gardens, Canbt>rra, Australia Canberra. Australia:l Nati::mal Herbarium,

Cairns, Australian Tropkd Herbarium, James Cook Ucljvcc'sity, Ailstralia Darwin, Northern Territory Herb"riurn, Aust:ali<1 Herb~ril1lTl ljniversitatis fiono'nti.lac, MuseD di Storia Naturale dell' Universitit, Italy Fairchild T~opicitl Botanic Gardens, Mifuni, floridn, USA Uniy~rsitiit Giittingen, Abtei.lu!lg SystelIl ­atiscluo: Botallik, CUllIitnv Ja mes Cook 'JniverHity of Nor:h Queensland, Townsville, Austral:n

2fi9

K L

L'\E

LZ

M MEL

MO NOU

N5W

NY PI;!l{TH PR

PVNH U

ue us

Roya! Bot;-,nic Gardens Kew, UK 1.[':den, Ri-)::sherbarium, Netherlands !._~l~, Papml New Guine,,- Furest Re~earch Institnte, P~pUil New G~linea Universitat Leipzig, InHtitut ~ur l>otanik, Germ"ny BDtilnische Staatssamlung Miln:hen, Cerman.,. MelbuUfllt, NdtiuH,,! IicrbMium (!f Victoria, . AU5tr~lb

~vfissouri Botn.nin! Cnrden, Sitint Louis, USA .'Ioum6~, lnstitut de RechercJ1(' pour It' De'ieloppement, New CaledonL~ "l,j"iorl,,1 Herbarium of Nt"w SOljth W ail's. SYdney, Australi, New York Botanical C;;lrocn, USA Perth, 'Western Australian Herbarium, Australia ~'-.[a~ional lvIuscu.m in Prague, Dep~rtrnent of Butany, C:i.l',-h Rt'public Port Vila, ORSTCM, V(lruCltu Nation(lall-lerb(lTium Nederland, Leiden, Netherlands Univcrsil) of California, Berkeley, USA United St,je~ Kational HerlnrillIl'., Wasblngton, USA

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experiment.l1 field stu dy in Kakadu :-Jat ional P;,rk, l"lurth~rn Au~lrolii'- A,;s/ml Fcnlngy 3D, fJ25-647.

W:"jtc CT (1950) r M l)ililEY: h is life an d work. 1'r.)ccediJlss;)j tht Roy,,; Society cf QU i'cn~ianl1 61, 105-1M.

WlJ!i,'m ; Rf, Coo k GO, Gill AM <lnd MQol"(~ PHR (1999) Fire r~gime, fire intensity c.na trt'e sur vival in ,1 tropiral S,lVllnna in northf'rll Australi,\. Ausilil/i'trT }mlllllil cj frdQgy 2.4, SO-59.

Willi<lms .RI, GriF.ith5 AU imd A.lI<ln GE (2002) Fire ~imes and biodiversit y in l.1€ savannas ofno l"thern Australia. 1n F!t1lt1mublt' .I,usfralia: Thf' Fir,. Rr.xillll'.~uilll HIIJdive.-s;t"!l v! II G:mtim:Tl/. (Ell:; RA Brad:;lao:k. JE Wili ia.r:ts and AM Glll) p p. 28"1-304. CambI:d ge Unive.rsily Pr~s,

Cilmbridgc, U K. Wi\l iil ms R], Gill AM anc Moore P HR (2003) fire behaviour.

b firt';'1 Tropic"l Stn1(lJJ;Uj ~ : Th ~ i<J1'1I'\~(1 E.9 ,u-imnll. (Fds i\N A nc1,~ r ~t' n. (~D CODk andRf Wil1i~ms) pp. J3--·i6. Springe:-VlCd<lg, New York

Willis M (H 49) 13:1 lI,d, f'rui is: A Uft ofFel·dllll1l1d t>OI' ,"Jurller, Ba/I/IIIS! IU lIt Exp[ora . Angus J nd Rober tson Sydn€}'

Winte-r J"" and AthertonRf; (1987) An int rodl:rt ion to Au .... tra litln l"a iu fure5h>. In T/I( Rll;,~Ii:I 'es: Lt.'g1Cy; tI.lIstralim! NII/II)J// II Raill~t5 Stlfdy. Vol. 1: The Nalure: Distribution and S/II/o.!S of RiuI!foresl·lytJ('s. pp. 1 ·7 .. 4,witulllm Govern­l":"Iel\ t Pl.bhsh irg Service, CanberrQ.

W;&Chu~cn JDH, f ifleld LK <Inti ("-('Ss\'.-f' l1 R(.; (2004) HyLlw):;i:c'l!lIJgy of P,llm Valley, central Australia: a Pleistocen e fl ora refuge? /01mlr./ ofHy,trol()gy 293, 20-46.

Wyrwol1 K-H (1993) ,\n outlin e 01 L.1tC Cl:no~ok pal8.eocJi­matic event~ in t he Cape Range region. Re.c:!r.:is of/he Wast,')"r. A u"t raiian M uscl'!1I SI,ppl~1I1mI45, 29-49

ZQII.1 5 (1~)<)U ) A .ro nog raph o f Sabal (Art.'CUL'C.1C: COfyphoid­eae). Aiu;o 12., 583---666.

Zona 5 (1999) t(cw perspect ivcs ongl!neric limits aod relation­~h ips ill the r tychOSperDl.ilhnr..e (pal mac: ArOC'Coideae). !,/ltltWll'3oj tlw i'l/'"iV ymt BatnlliCtli Gnrif1'll 83, 2.'\5-263.

262

Index

ActillokCl:tia )70, 171 Actinupl1lOt'u5 215 ACt-iIlOpltloCIIS l!!eeseri 251 Actinoph/oeus c<1pitis-yorkii 217 Actilwplilot:IIS haspilus 220 Acli1'loplJl0l~llS lILacartfw.,ii 220 Ar:timl/lhloeTis IlwwrflllJrii Val' hUbpit lf~ 220 IHJinurJ1v1is 17'1 adaptive lnd iation 35,39 Adul1idi(1 216 Albel"t, Prince (Consort to Queen Victoria) 14.1 Alexandra palm see f.rcllOlltopnocnix alexandrae AlexaLldra, Pl'il'LCCSS of Den m.'lrk 175 Alfred, Prince (Du ke of Edinbu rgh) 93 AlIagoptlJm 167 alti tude <15--7 Ammr.ndm 15:J AncistrophyJli nue 55 AphQlldT4 159 Archonlophoenicinae 166, 170,171 Arcilolltoplioellix i, 9, 13, '19, 23, 28, 34, 166, 171-2, 178 Arcliontoplll:>Cll ix alexm:dme 31, 41, 43, 46, 48, 171- :),

253, 25B A rdumlnl)hlll~lji:r: alextmdrrle V(lI. l,'I'II;n:f{,Uf 173 Arcll.(ln./(llJh(!{,/lix III/'xlmdme yilt. scili:.nnlhl'nI 173 Archonloplwl!l1ix bcl1triceae 173 Arcl!Ol1lovhoenix clmninglltlmimra 39,41,4-6,171, i72,

175-8, 233, 238 Arcl!OI'ltovhoenix efegans 217 Archon/'ol)hoenix jardl:r:,~ i 217 A,rc/wntollhoeJtix maxima 41, 172, 179- 80, 258 A1'ch(m!oviJol'nir 'lIIyoiem;is 41, 171, 172, 175, 181-2, 25E Arcl!on!Oll/lOcltix pu'-pun!a 41, 171, 172, l1U- 6, 2.'18 Arc/lOlItovJUlenix fi/da ... i 11,172, 186- 7, 258 Ar,ltontoo"Q(~mx tlCitci;ii 217 Areal ali~ac 251 Arl't"a baueri 251 Arecn minor 197. 200, 201 Areal mO/1ostncllyr. 193,201, 202 Areca 110flllllllbyi 230 ilreca silpido 2.14,235

Areca trirmdra 251 Arecilceae 51-4 Arcccile S2, lfi:" 1M Areciflorae 23 Arecidae 165 A,rednae 170 Arecipites 19,23 /J. rrxi~)ilcs insularis 23,30 .4rec:ipiles l11il1ufiscabrat!IS 23,30 /\recipill's o!llg!l~w;i.' 21: .10 Arec.:ipill's ~ubvetrucailis 23. 30 Atecipiles wai'fnkiensis 23, 30 A r~oide3e 38, 51-4. 87,. 159, 165,166 Anmgn 34, 51, 52, 87, 88, 144 7, 231 I1rengn IIl1stnllnsic{/ 41,147-3,152,2.30, 231, 257 Aret/gf/ brc-cipes 147 l1ret/ga ~rnci!icml/is 131 Art..7I811Iisll..'ri 41, 147, 148-50 257 Arengo microCflrpr. 25,26,41, 147, 151- 3, 257 Arengo lIIicroc(/;pi1 V<l f . kfyensis 152 Anmgn oMusifo:ia 147 .1renga PW/!utll 144, 147 Art'llgo porphyrx{l/ptl 144 Ar(mgn s,1cclll1l'(fem 144, 147 Arengn s£cl. Ait!llSI1 144, 147 Arengn sect. Di£iylllu~permil 144, 147 Arenga see Arel1ga microcl7rpa Aml/gn f,'I:'IIIll/(l 147 Arel/ga undlliatijolia 147 J\rel1gl1 wesferllOlItii 147 .4.rer1ga wightii 147 aridity 22, 25, 27. 28, 35, 39: 49 Atht'rton palm ,;('(' LIIH)'~p!/i.fjX (!u~tmla~iC:l.'i

Attalcimc 166, 167 Australizln fi sl-.-tail palm see Curycta alllfftii Austr-di.m Kcn(i.l palm see HydriilSte!.e ,INmdlandin/1{/

H.'lcufan.1 193 8.'l:::ularir. (Icfjlli~'cglllen'osll 202, 206 B.'lcu/aric. 11I1i!rl1lt!dia 198

Australian P2.iI':1s

B:lCIIlari,] miuvt'/lnjll 195,196 B.1wlaria minor 197, 201 B,1Cu/llri.1 rr/()~tuchyn 201 R:U;'u/aria palmerimw 202,204,20.1 B.1wiari.7 sect Bawi'Ii."ill 193 B.1Cl1/llri" sec t. Eil/l!!ci.'laria 193 B:u:uhll'iil se<:t. Lillospdix ::.93 Bacu/aria sessil~Folia 195,197 6:!wlar~1 sessilifolia var. nlllllisecta 195, :97 B:lilcy, Frederick Manson 11,12 Ba/aka 216 B·/lflSphneridiuill tnylori 24,30 Bangalow palm se.e ilrchol1h)pllCellix clInninglUlmianll Ba.nks, Joseph 7, 8, 10 Burtle Frere walking-stick pEl lm 5U LirlOspadix

pailacrianus B~sselilli(/ 189 13a sseli n~ i !1ac 166,170,189 Bauer, ferdinaKi 8-11,235-6 IJe<:C<l ri, Odoa::do 13 Bl!catric'v/lOenix 167 Iw.l morc, 4th Ear! of (Si r Somerset Ridlard Lowr y-

Corry) 213 &?ntha;n, George 11,31,0/7 &mth itm's fATl pit l rn '>t'e LivistO!IIl benihariiii big mountain palm ;,ff Hedy~u:pe "" mti'l"i,i/ryllm~ black palm sec Nornll1nhya IIDJ"!I(ll1byi

Blackdown fan palm see Lillislorlil/I/! V!J Borasscae 38, 52, 87, 88 Bomssus flabe!lifer 251 Bomssus sl/lvestris 155 Brahen til/ids 252 BrllSSiophoenix 216 I:!rown, Kober': M--11 Bungle Bungle Ri'mge fan palm 6fC Litris!mw vidoriae Burdekin fan::>a lm see Livis tona lr.IlUgiJWSll

Burdekin Livistona see Lit'istona lrmuginosa "Bl1rrel, Max 13 Bwntidkrlltia 189 " ul-id 107

cJbbage pa lm, c<lbbilge tre~ sel! Li'J;slolloaustrmis Cairns :'an palm see !..ivi!>runll muelleri Calameae 52, 55, 56 Calaminae 53,56 Ca lamoidcae 2.''1, 51-6 Calal1llls 10,16,18,19,23,24,28,34,39,441 45,51,52,

55,56- 7, 144 Cnlamtts amisel/us 60 Calamus IImcnsis 26, 27, 57, S9 60, i7, 256 Caimmls a;tEtmlis 11, 57, 60-3, 68, 256 Calamus caryot:Jides 57; 63-4, 256

'84

(alfUllil , holinmgii 57, 6U, 77 CiI/nllw, jabool!lnt 60 Ca!mll,l~ Intj~ctus 57 Calanlil s 11Ioti 24,57, 63, 64- H, 256 Calallw,S 'IIludlcri 57,68- 70,256 u liam:4s l1Iuelleri vow. iIlilcrospermlls 68 Calamu.s obslrlieHs 60 (;"mOll..l~ radimli.~ 57, 70-4, 256 Cn/amu$ secL Coleospalhw; ,=HI (.l1101I1!.I~ :;e c l. Phylhllllhf!cfus 56 CII/um!f.\ ::;t!l1. ?odoCt']J1taht.<; ,';6 Ca/nll/us sl.ipill;!US 74 Cn/aIT/lls vamlfltut'11sis 74 Cahwl1Is vitien"is 26, S7, EI), 74-7,256 Calamus warbl:lg ii 26,27, 57, 77-81, 256 Cnl.vptromlyx 192,193,206,207, 208 Calyptracalyx I:ustrahsicu.'; 20i, 2013 Calyplr<Jcalyx laccospl1dix 207, 208 Ca/yptrocalyx subg. Llccospndix 206 Canterbu ry, 3rd Viscount (Sir Joh n H enrv Thomas

Malme(s-Sutton) 240 • Cape R ver fan palm see Li-,;istolia/anug;fIOSIi ClIpe York Licuulu see ticut!ia m/Ti.;oyi ViU. tuc.kri C" !"norvon Gorge cabbage palm '3tt Ulli3tona nitida OII1,ent'l ria 34,52, 166, 214, 21.6, 22.1- 4, 226,230 Carpel1t'lria aClimirw{iJ 41,48,223,224-5,251, 258 CnlpeHbrin blu5cri 251 C'1 I"p~ntu ri'11J..llm Sf':: Cmpmtarin acu mimlta CarpL'xylinde 170 Caryola 34, -51,52,64,87, 5$, 141-3 CaryQlf! alberti! 41, 143-4-, 256 C.-zrYOIll wmillgii 143 Cary()/n nw)."ilr.a 143 Cnryoia mitis 143 Caryo/n no 143 Caryo/n obtusa U1 C~r.'lot(J olcmcm 7 C~Jryot(! rumphillnr 143, H4 Crlryota rump/1ial1a var. aib('~ tii 143,144 Cal';totl! rumphirma vaf. rw.;;tr(iliel!.~i5 143, 144 Cal'Y0f/! un:"s 141, 143,144 Caryoteae 52, 87, 88,141 Cf>ntral Australi,m cabbage pa lm sec Liuis!ona marine ('(mI ra! Au sl-ralic;n fan pi11m ~'I' ' .:',isfmlO mariae CerdtofdJ/t.~ 56 Cemxyleae 37. 38, 51, 52, 1.59 Ccroxylinae 159 Ceroxyloideae 38,51-4, 8;: 159, 165 Cl.'r(!xyion 159 c:r,a maedoreeae 52,165 ClwmbeyrollUl 170,171 Cllmnbeyronw mncrucarpa 252

Ch ristmas Island pa h\1 see Are,'1ga listen Chun iophocniccac 38,52,87, 88 Claudie River lawyer vine sec Cnlaml,s warimri?ii d imelte 22, 28,31,35,39,49 d imate ch<mge 16, 21, 22, 35, 39, 165 Clinospermatinae 170 C:lilloslig.'llll 192 C{il'/ostigma mOOff'RIlIJ H() Clinustigma mOOTe/mllm 190 Clinostigma moon!. 190 Clinostigma sect. Lepidor.'hachis 188 Clustercd walkin~-stick palm see Lino~r}(idjx

microcarvus coconut palm see Cocos lIudfefl! Cocvs 19,34,52, 166-7 . Cocos nnrrniinhyi 228, 230,231 Ox'os lIucifrra 16, 23, .11, [65, [60,167-70, 257 Cocos nypa S4 Cocos zcylandiCl1 16, 30 Cocoseae 38, 51, 52, 165, 166 Cocosoid 16, 166 Cook, (Captain) James 7, 10 Cooktown fan palm see Livistolltl concinna Cooktown LivisLnna see Livisttma COleinn(l COTlernicia 88 Corymbia n'.'S(Jphil:i 107 Corypha 10, 34.87,88,93, 144, 153-5 Corypha aJc;tralis 8,: 1, 13, 93, 94 CorYl,11O decora 100 Coryplm elflir. ]5.5, 158 Coryphn jllnrol 7, 251 Coryphn nuda 7, 8, 94, ~51 Corypha p:tlm see Corypha ll ta"!

Corypitn syfvestris 155 Corypiw umbmcl.Ilifem 153 CMypna utan 25,26,31,39,41,99,155- 8,2.'>5 Corypheae 51, 52, 87, b8, '153 Coryph idac 87 Coryphoideae 38,51-4 .. 8'7-R Ccyosoph ilcae 52,87 CUlUlingham. Allan ]0,11, 178 ell rly palm :see Howell belmornma cydol\es 42-6

adaptation to ('yd()ne~ 42-n CyClls media 7 Cyclospatheae 52,159 Cyp/lOp/wenix 189 Cypl10spnmn 189

DaelllollOrO/lS 56 Darw in palm ,;eeCarpellt,1ril1llcumiliala D.."lWSQn K ver fan palm see 1.i!'istolla IIi/ida

285

demography 46 Denen 209 D~Mn jOfsteriana 209, 213 UC!smOI1CUS milwr 251 Deuteromyactcs

!\piospara mOllt!1gnei 74 Pe3talofiopsw p<'lmllJ'um 08

Dicolpopollis 19,2L 24 Dicolpopollis mmgiJ"Ws1S 16, 22, 24, 30 /)iwl!XJpOllis metraxyloncides 24.. 30 DiJymospl.'nna 144 Didywospemra hu,nile -52 DiJym()spermll mic'rOl-~arpll/!!' l!i l ,153 Didym()sperma /iO vogllil1f(!rJR! 152 Didymosperma porphyrocarpllm 144 d istribution 15, 16, 22,25, 27, 31-8, <:;9 Dom in. Karel 12-3 Drude, Oscar Il, 106 DryJ/lophloi!lIs 216, 217, 230 Drymoph!ows nmoigTlmls 2]5 Urymoph!o;;us vnlien 231 Drymoph!ow5 iJfltmanbyi 230 Drymophlows subg. Acti1"lophlocw; 215 Dunk Island lawyer vine see Calamus vitiensis Du rack Range fa::1 palm see Livislr:J'lI<1 l1asmophila Dypsidinae 170

.&tston, William Robert 107 ecologic<l l :lInpli tude 31, :17-40, 49 t:cull.gy 31-49 edaphic p rcfcIcllr.:cs 33,41 elevation 39, 45-7

elevational range 45-7 species richneo;s 45, 47

Eom 233 Eora /Iauer! 234 Eo,·a slJp,ita 233 Eucalyptus !el!cop,(lL:Jia 92 Eucalyptus miniaM 107 Eucalyptus fetnxL.:mta 107 EligeiSSOrJa 55 Eugelssollcac 52, 55 Euterpe spinosa 25] E'l.lterpcac 52, 163

fin~-l c:a [ed KimberleY'S ,fa n, palm see f .in iMmUi Joropizylla

fiL"C 39--42 ad "lptation Lo fi re 39, 40-2 inren~ity and season 40-2

fishtail wai t-a -wh i l~ .~l'C Calamus c.l1r!l(Jtoides FOI"Ster, Wiliiam 214

Indell

'\ustralian F'dlms

fcssil recmd 15-9,22,24,27, 28, 31, 86 foxtail palm Sf!! Vvodyetia bifl/iU!la

GeOllomateae 52, 165 Gondvvana 15, 21, 27, 33, 36, 37, 49 Gri5ebachia 209 Griselmc.llia bei1'1oreal1ll 209,211 Crisebac.'Jinj01'slcl'ill1111 213 GronophyUum 240 Cronophyllll111microempiurl 240 Gronopil1jllummmsmJi 244 GlIilibi(1 240,242 Culubia '1ffinis 242 Gli/tibia costala var, cc~t(lta 24J Culubia costaia vur. grllcilior 242 GlIh!bia costatll var. minor 242 (;~tlubi." c;osiala vur. pL~ifonHi~ 242 gJ luhj(l pol 1m see Hydriasldl> m.'ilal'l

CulHililJ mm'>tlyi 244

habitats 25-7, 35, 37-9, 49 hairy Mary see Calamus l!Us1rah.';

Hedyscepc 37,52, 166/ 233, 2341 237-8 Hedyscepe mnferVltrY[I!w 41,237,23..'1-40,

251,258 Herberton Range Archontcphoenix see

ArcJWTllOpllcenix I11l1xima historical hiogeogr'lphy 1),27 Howe, Lord (Richard) 211 J-Jouxa 34,37,52,166, \92--4, 207, 20g U F-io'ilxa belmorcllnfl 41,46,208,20'0',211-3,251., 257 howell forsterillna 41, 209, 213-4, 251, 257 Emyca palm sec TIoIl'eafors!e,r'imw Jiydrillslelc J 9, 25, 34, 52, 166, 240-1 Eydriaslelc coshlill 26,27,41,241-4,258 h'ydri"steil'dollgIllSillriil 24:',249 Hydriaste7.e miICfi)curpu 24C hydriastefe IJ/acrospadix 240 Hydrias/ele moiucelina 240 Hydriasrele pro~em 240 Hydriasieie ramsa1fi 25, J9., 41, 241,. 244-5. 258 Hydrillstele sect. Ellhydriasteie 240 Hydriasicle sect. Gronophyllum 2.'lO Hydriasrcle sect. H~/drim;tcle 240 l-!ydriasie1e wemilandianal1, 240, 211, 245-9, 257 Hydrilistclc wendlarrdiana val' macrocarpa 245,249 Hyphncninuc 87

IriiH"tceae 52, 165 lron Hange Arc"hontop"hoellix see AltliOlitoplwcnix

tuckcri Iron Range waih'l.-while sa Call1mris wllr/J'J1sii

Jt-;,;scniu ilnU1WnUm 176,178 lessenia g/azi(l"uiana 173, 173 Johll1111e;;tcijsmmmia 88 ,j,'[)Ilia 159

Jl'IJaen 167 IU/mca ciliJensis 251 Ji!lmcll speciosf! 251 J.~b,1C{/ spectabilis 251 Jdmcopsis 167

Kennedy River Livistona sce Uuistona concimlil &11/i(1 240 Kentia awmilUita 223,224 Ken/ia rI!lstmlis 251 Kenti;! b:rucl'i 234,235 Kwlia Idmoreanll 208, 211., 212, 251 J<mti;! cl7nterbl;ryalw 237, 238, 239, 251 Kenli'l costata 241, 243 Kentl'l ClJSiai.a val". macromlpa 242 Ke!7tiajorstrri.'!l1a 213,21.4,251 Kentill IIH1C11rthuTii 220, 221, 222 Kentill macrocllrpf! 242 Kentia millur 197,201 Kentia mO/lIccmw 240 Keniill monostachYIl 201 Kentia maorea);a 188, "190,192,240 Kentia palm sec H.oroca forstel"iana Kentia procem 240 Kentia nllnsayi 2H,245 KeJ1till ru/Jricaulis 251 Kmtia s[lpida 233, 234 Kcrrtia subg. Hedysccpe 237 Kentia subg. Hydriaslcle 240 KeJ1/ia subg. Kelltia 240 Kentia subg, RJlOpaiosiylis 233 Ken!ia wcndfamiilllllJ 240,245,248 Kentin(JSis 170, 1 TI Kimberley::; fan pahn see Lioistonll ~'listonji king palm sa Archunr'uphocnix (1,I('xandrll~ Korthalsiinae 55

labi Ilardiere, Jacques-Julian Houton de 8 Lllccospadix 34,37, 52, 166, 192, 193, 194, 206-7

208, 211, 237 Urccospadix aw;tmlasicu5 41,206,207-8,256 Latanii'lae 57 Lilwn Hill fan pillm see Lims/ona rigida lawyer vine see Lllimnus australis Leopoldinieae 52, 165 Lepidocaryeae 52,5...') Lepilicrrhachis 34,37, 52, 166, 18&-90 Lepidorrhllchis moorcnna 39,41, 48, 188, 190-2,251, 258

LiCltahl 13, 19, 34, 51, 52, H7, 88, 136-7 Liwafa austraiasica 252 Licw:da ,il!mu!i1cryi 252 LiC/.wla muelleri 137 Ucuala muelleri var . ... obusta 252 Licuf!.i11 pC.'lduliflora 136 T.icu{!ill ram:>ayi .11, .1\), 41, 41), 4ft 137-R, 2:)·2, 255 Ut:IIf1m nrmsuyi \'ar. TIlm .. ~yi 138-9 LiCIJa/f1 JW115J.TlJi \'a T. tuckt'J"i :39-41 Liella/a se:t. Eulicuala 136 UCUfl-m spinosa 136, 137 Linospadicinae 166, 170, 192-3 Linospadb: 15, 19,23,28, 34,49, 52,166,192,

193-·1,201, 207 Linos]"'l!di;:: aequisegmcntllsil 202, 205 Litlospadix apcficlalus '1"1 , J9-1 -5, 257 Ullospadi.~ intermedia 198, 201 UnospP.di:::: microcaryus 13,41,1 ':6··7,257 Lillospadi.:: microroryus var. multisecla 197 Linospodi:.: minoT 41. lW-20J, '157 Lillosplldi:;; mL'lIo~tnehycs 11,41, 192, 193, 201- 2, 257 Linospmih.: palnuriallus "13, 41 ,202-6,257 Lill1l8plldi:.: sl!ssilifolius 195 U I"105f1adir subg. Rm:ularin 193 Lin(lspluji:,; subg. EII1iH('~F(/!Ji.r 193 Lister, Joseph Jac kson 150 Lister's palm see Arenga /isted littJe mOl:nta in pa lm see Lepidurrilachis mooremlU Livingston, Lord (patrick Murray) 89 LiVlstonll 7, 9, 10, 13, 26-8, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 49, 51, 52,

87, 88-~O, 251 Livistona .. lfredii 3...'l, 4!, 89, 90-3, 119, 120, 135, 256 LivislufW ailsImli" 7, 8, 13,39,41,46,48, 89, 91, 93-5.

100,256 Livistol1ll. berdhamii 25,26,41, 44, 8~, 91, 96-7, l 05, 255 Li~'isto nll !.lOninCn5ia !N Uvislotta ~'rassii 124 Lillis/ona carirur ..... is $9 UvistOIlO c/,i!lensis 89 Lilliston.'1 c/:ocolafilla 89 Livistol1!1 co/icillna 41, 44" 89. 91, 97-100, 106, 255 I j1Ji.'ilml!1 ~nJ5IaC£l1 125 UviMmJ'l dl'dpUc-;·IS 100 U1.!i;;toml decip':c.'lS Vilr. :J!.JlyI1 111ha I:Jfl T.ivistona dewFi 41, 44,89,91,95, 100-2,252,2.5.5 LivistOHi1 :1mdci 41, 44, 89, 91, 107.-6, 255 Livistonrr ~sl()n ii 41, 46, 48, ~, 91, 106-7, 128, 2':>6 Lh'islon(J mdallCHsis 89 LivL~t.lna ~nerL'i5 252 Livislona ~jglla 89 Lilf.stolla !i;~-Yr(J 252 LiiJisfonn.!ulva 4.1,89,91,107-10,255

281

Livistonll .'wlongcnsis S9 Livistona hotfmmmi 252 Liviston1 Jw/tzci 96 Uvistonu .'mmili5 8,13,39,40, 41,88,89,91, 96,

110-2, 115, 124, 256 U?Jislon.'l !mmili6 vur. b!oomficldiensis 252 Uvistlma .~umi!i6 var. leicMtlrdfii 112, 252 Lil1istoT/f1 !lUmilit va r. minlltij1""l1 111, 112 UII;sloiIU .ltumifif, val . 1JOVOSllilll!tII5is 112, ]24 f i1)i~trllJ!l .lJumi/i.c var. sclemphyll.l "11 2, 124, 252 Li1Ii!.tliIl'I inermis 8,9, 13, 41,89,91,93, 100,102,

112-5, 120, 252, 255 LiviMoiW i('nkin~imHl SS Livistoml kimbcrieyalUl 119, 120 Livistoilaianu,Rillasa 41, 47, 48, 89, 91, 115- 9, 236 Livis/ona leichfwrdtii 110,115, 124 Livisf(ma Imi.phylln 119, 120 UviSlona Ioraphylla 41, 89, 91, 93, 119-20,255 Uvis/onn. mnriae 35,41, 46,89,91, 116,119,120-4,

126, 128,132, 2'i2, 256 Uv:stcmll nwrillc subsp. maria>! 120 LivistOlta mariae subsp. occidCl~tatis 126,252 Uvistonn marine subsp. rigidn 129 Livistona me/anocnrpa 96 [j,! istonu merrillii 89 LilJiston .. muelleri 25,26, 41., 89,91, 124-6,

128, 2;,2, 2,6 Livi."torm mWIni. 2S2 Livi;;/o11Jl nusmuphifll 39,41,89,91,1.26-8,2'12,256 Livi:;tonn ni/ida 41,89, \)1, 95, 128-9,256 Livistona (lcddef!/IJ :i~' 252 Livis!':ma papuai'(I 89 Urnstana rmllsi1yi 137 138 Livist~lI1Il rigida 25,4) , 89,91,119, 124, 128, 129-32, 256 UviMolln rotrmdifolia 26, 89 LivistOI1a srri[J!ls 89 LivistolUi sect. Gregory,; 93 Li~Ji$tona surru 89 Lwistotul tahl1lle!ISis 89 U!)istol1Q lot.lurr 89 Li'Jistollnvictori,1e 4],89, 9J, 132-6, 256 Livistona u.'Oodfordj·i 89 Livistoninae 87, 88 Lockerbie Scrub wait-<1 -wh iJe SCI! Calal1ws aruensis Longapcrtites J9,24 Lontar utan sec Coryp.1ta ut,!/! Lem toms si1vest1is 155, 137-9 Lord J Jowe Island 13, 27, 33, 37, 39 l .mnl1la 171 LO/'(JIIlQ altletllus~i"a 17l, 176, 178 Lnmm(l cunni~3:l1Imia!Ja 173 l,yt{)l'ary;nn 1117

Maca rthur palm see P/ychQqJeTUltI mflt't1r~hurii MC\,n icarieae 52, 165 t<.lnlie, Grand Th..1Chcss (Alexand rovna) 123 MEl l'tiUS, Carl von ~O, 11 M~.tarankEl fa n piJ.lm sec Livisto!ll'll'igida Mnuritiinae 55 MacElrthul", Sir William 222 MCl'l'Oxylinae 55 Metroxy{on 16,18,24 midgi n-bil see UIl()spadix lfu)IIoslncnyos MiI1fi t n>am fan p alm Sfe LiviS/OI;n aifredii Mission Beach fun p,'11 m .~i. Ucua!a ramsayi vaT. ramsayi Mission Beach wail-a-wh ile set' etlamus TJiti~JJ~is Mi~ion Re'lcll w? lkng-slirk palm see Lirwwadix minor Misty mountain p <lLn ~t'e VJCW.' INdix aw;/mlasiws MOi1Osulcifes I1lil1l1tiscnbratWj 23,30 MonOSH/cites o!agoensis 23,30 MOl1osli/cite.<; p11isoUtus 24, 30 MonosuJcites perspinosus ~4, 30 MOl/osl/kites prominahls 30 MO/losuL..."ite,; 5'.lL>verntCfifrfs 23, 30 Monosu/cites waitakiensis 23, 30 Moore, C harles 192 Mt Lewis A rchontopho€nix $Ci! Arcllon!Gphor.m!x

pur!i,sreil Mt Lcv,'is walking-stick p alm sec Li."lOspndix (rpetioiatl<s Mueller, Ferdinand von 11, 13,70, 125 Myola Archontophoenix see AI'chl:mtoph~eHix myolensis

m'ltiv\? fish-Lail palm SlY- CArynta a[!/€,.tii 1I:ip.'l 83 Nip'.lurl!oTCSCt'ilS 84 Ni,tJU /1'II!iruns 84 Nipr1 !rll:it'onsvar. m'nmenll,1 84,86 NitJ{l Worn/is 84 _\,ipaceae 83, 84 )J"ipinae 83 ;\loL"folk Island palm see Rhopn/ostylis baited Normanby, Marque:;s of (George Augus tus

Constantine PhlFPS) ~32

NormQlliJ~'(t 34,49,32, l48, 166, 21 4, 216, 217. 226, 228-3U

Nnrl1ll1ltiJya ausfm/(I$iCtls 230 NOrm:lllbyn australis 230 NormllJlm}a mi.le/leri 230 l\'tJrm,wbyn nermrmhyi 41, 4f), 22H, 2.10-1 .. 257 northern Kentia palm see HyririnstC'/e ramsayi Ilnrthf!rn weeping fan pa lm see livis/.(Jnl1 dru.dei Nyprr 16, 22, 24, :14, 52, 83- 4, 86 Nypl1 Qus/.mlL~ 16,24,30 Ny!,1l irutictlns 16, '}h, 41, 83, 84 - 6, 257 Nypoid~ .. 1.1~ .51- 4, 83

Onco!>permatnae 170 Omuin 160 OmHia appendiclilata 160 Oral'/ia beCCrlrii 160 Or(lI1la subg. Omniopsis 139 Oranieae 52 .. 165 Omniopsis 13, 34,36,37, 51, 52, 159-60 Omtlior,s,s appmdicu'nt.J 36, 4J.,. 46, 159,

160-3,257

palaeodim,\te 35,42,49 Palm Valley li ... isto[lfl see Lil1ist~r.11 marine Pa/mll indica nuc~fem 169 PL1ima oiemccil 7 Palmae 51,54 POl Im('!", Edward 2G6 Plilmir1ii"f~ maxil11w; 24,30 Pa,!mijIlL7("U';> 56 Pa!mijll'1ClfS arui!nsis 57 Pn!mjjlJ.'1cltS australis 60 Pa!mijwJws CLryQtoides 63 Pa!mijunCJtS I1mdleri 68 Pa/miju'1clIs mdiC(l/is 70 PaJmoxyloll qut'eHslllndicum 24,30 PnndUlH"lCCae 83, 84 PflI'ag llll.,bin 240 P(ll'agil lllbia m,1CJvsprdix 240 i!umjubaca 23 Paraiillospadix 193 Pelngodoxeac Sl, 165 Pericyc.'If! 136 Chicycin muelleri 137 Pp.ricycitl pelllfuliflOl1i 136 I'hut'ni~ae :18, S2, 87 Phut'nicites 7 .. crlumlica 16, 24, 30 Phoeni .• canllr;ensis 152 Phoelli.t dactyl lfem 252 Phc ltdocarpfts 88 phylO/:,l"£netic!> 51- 4 Pllysokcutia 189 PhyteleplUlS 159 Phytclcpheac 52, 159 phytogeogmphicru regions 33 phytoli ths 16 p icabbean palm see Arcnollwpflocnix ':11r:lunghlminnn Pig,'ljetlinae 55 ?inC!l1ga 240 Pi,!nrlgt! lIi~ ifo f'mis 242 ?ilJllIJga slI1.iUlii 217 Plt't,:toCllTniinde ,'i'i Poc\ococceal:' 52, 16S ?ogono/illrrt 56

l88

pollen (fossil) 16-9, 22-..."i, 27, 30, 35, 42,5,S

Ponllpea 216 jXlpulaCon dy IKltnit" ~ 4t'i-A f'i-Ipu lat'_un gt'll t'tiC':o 4,8-9 Pri/chan/in affinis 252 PrifdJardia IIInj,tellillna 252 PritchardWpsis 88 Proxapertites 24 Pseudopl/Oenix 159 Ptychow:ws 216 PtydlOsperma 9, 13, 34, 52, 166, 2\1- 7 PtydlOspcrma alexand-mc 171, 173, 174 JltydlOspennll amhgwlln 2:5 PtyclwsFerma beatrict! .. e 173 Plyclwsperma b/eeseri 220, 223,231 PtydlOsperma capitis-ycn*ii 217 PtycllOSp~rftla cunlliJlgll:JlIlianum l75, 1'78 P1YC/l(Jspenna Jrudei 2';:, PtydlOSI-'t':rmll degal/oS 7, 8, 13, 41, 48, 176, 214, 215,

217-20,257 Ptyt.:hU1'opamll degum. var. ~plltlm)Carpum 2'17 Ptychosperma gmrile 214 Ptyclwsperma };ospitunt 220 Ptycfwspermti j >1J-dinei 217 Pt.~chosper1llti i\J/i,7n et~ii 220,223 Ptychasperma ,';u;co$pt:dix 207 PtychOSJ-l€.rma t!U1carthurii 26,41. 48, 210-3, 'b"7 PtycllOsperma nornl(ltIbytlll!lIri 230 Ptycll05perma normanbyi 230, 232 Ptychospemj(l seafon/un 2"15,217 I'tychosperma ~ect. /I1exclnltrn 171 PtycilOspcrma ~ect. Set/forI/till 171. 215 Ptycl!ospf'rHn ,ed. SJ.."i.rantilf 215 Ptychospenr:a mbg. Acti1 1Op,'·lloclIs 215 PtydlOspermJJ l'eilchii 217 Ptlf'rhosllf'I"Ina u;-cndll1fldirrrrl1 218 PlydlOs:rxrma wcmUIl/!diQlIU/tf val". spJwertJca'1l!1lfl 217 Plydlosperrnali n<-lc 49,51, 166, 170,214, 216, 224.- 226

Ra m sav, Ed ward PCo fSOIl 138,2-1S Raphii~e 55 Ravenen 159 rclugia 35, 37, 48 Reinhardtieae 52, 1.65 relict1.:alism 33. 49 Re!ispatha 56 Rhapidinae 87 Rhopalostyliilinae 2'J, 166, 170, 233 Rhopaulsty!i5 16, 19,34, 52, lfi6, 233- 4,. L3S Rhopalosty!i5 bi1.l1eri 16,41,233,234-6, 253,258 I<hopalosty!is bi1ueri va r. checsemllnii 234

Rlwpa/ostylig cheesemani! 2'34 Rhopalostyiis sapidr 16,24,233 ribbon fan palm see Uvistol~a c/rearer Rocky River Archontophoen ix Sf:e

ArcluJ!lfopi'lce1!ix / ticker; Roystoneeae 52, 165 Saba leaf' 52, g7 Sagu 14.4 Sl1gU05t~' mpi!;s-:;urEi 217 5aguastrr dmdri 253 Sngmlster elegfll1S 217 Saguastcr macarthurii 220 Saguaster nonr.anb1i 230 Sl1gllasrcr ~ct. Archorltoplloe1lix 171 Saguaster sect. LilCC05pl1di:x 206 Sr.gu(lsfer sect. Nornumbya 228 Sagl/aster sect, Plycl106permn 2 11, Sagucrl!s 144, 14b Saguerll5 11i151rala5icus 147.

u.s, 230 SI!gUCtll5 OIls!mlis 2..~O Sagmnts pimu.lus 144 SC!gIJs blo.ckalli 253 Sa l<1ccinac ::0 ::;<Hld p(l lrn SI'/' J,jui~trJJ1 C1. humilis Satibu_s 88 SnriO!lS Juslrm':s 93 Sa,.ibus .ft llmi!iE 110 Sariblls inermis 112 Snri!Jus filariae 120 SllribllS rotundifo/ius 1)8 ScJerospermcac 52, 165 5er.forthi(l 9, -_0, 11<1,211 Seaforthia wnr:inghc/l11ii 175 Seaforthin eiegnl!s 8,13, '1 76, 178, 214,

21?, 219 Scajorthia /lobiiis 253 Seaforthi_tI rovu ,!a 253 Seaforlltia sect. Spirar<lhe 215 Set/pralill (leilchii Q'L Se(lfor!lria zeelandica 24.30 senh'y pil lm see Howcr. /orsterialln 5mall-fruited waJking-stic k palm

,o;cr LillUspatiix microcarytls S(Jl "1 I1 d~ r, Dan iel 7 So /fin 216 50iilare palm , c-(' Ptychaspc-rmo ele~ans sulitary lawyer v ine see: Cn;t1l11us vifii?ns i~

wuthern la\vyt'r CcI(it! see u,/ann4, "melle;-i southe rn wait-a-whjJ<! see CuJmnlt~ muelleri sp ineless fan palm s~e Ulli~fon() ir:enni3 Spiniwmx9/pitt'S 16, 22, 86

289

Jndex

Spini::ofwcolpitrs /1acllatl/s 24, 30 Spirtizollocolpites cchinatus 24, 30 Spillizonocolpites perspinosws 24/31.." Spinizollocc1pitcs pro'ninati/,' 24,30 Syllgrus 167 Syagrus rOn1aIlZl..ifj"jallwri 253 Ttl/iem sylvcst:'is 155 Tenga see Cams uuc!fem I hrina;: tunicata 232 Tmchyc8.rpcac 38.51, 87,52 Tucker. Robert 140, U:!7 Tucker's Licuala scc Licua!a ram5fiyi var. tilskai

Vritchia 216 'i!eitchia canterburym1l1 238,251 Verschaffcltiin8.c 170 vicarlance 28,37 'iiciou~ hairy Maryspf Calamus mdimfis

Victoria, Queen of Gre8.t Britain 136 Victoria River fan palm see Li7)islonll victorille Voanioaill 167

wait-a"while sce Calamus allslralis .valking-stick palm NC Linospadix 1'1ar/(1~tllClIy0s VY8.llace's line 16,26,27,33,34,35 lValiichia 88, ::'43 Warburg, Otto t)()

'weeping cabbBge palm sec Livi5i,JIW dceam Wendland, Hermann 11. 249 V'.,Iesti1 11, William 8, 9, 10,235 ,vinci ~tress 42, 44 I'\/odyetia 13,34,52,166/214,216,224,225-7,230 fVodye/ia blfu:-mta 5,31, :-!9, 41, 225, 227-8, 257 'wDolly palm Sf!: /,iTJisUmf/ :a,wgiI!iJ9J

yellow \vait-,_-whil" see Cr;iamu;; mofi

lYU