BIOGAS TO MAKE VEHICLE FUEL

7/21/2019 BIOGAS TO MAKE VEHICLE FUEL

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By

Dr.VirendraK.Vijay

CentreforRuralDevelopment&TechnologyIndianInstituteofTechnology,Delhi

HauzKhas,NewDelhi,IndiaE

mail:

[email protected]

IITD

Purification and bottling technology for

biogas to make it vehicular Fuel andpossible collaboration with NUS


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Contents

Introduction

BiogaspotentialinIndia Biogasproductionfromdifferentwastes

StudiesonBiogasgenerationfromdeoiledseed

cakesfromJatrophaandPongamia

Biogaspurificationtechnologies

TechnologydevelopedatIITDelhi Studiesonmembranegasseparation

Collaborationbetween

NUS

and

IITD

conclusion


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Introduction

Go green toomuchofchemicalsandfossilfuels

Waste management and recycling green energya paradigm

shift

Biogasisanimportantrenewableenergyresource

It is produced by anaerobic digestion of bio wastes. You havematerialsaroundforbiogasproduction

Itisanenvironmentfriendly,clean,cheapandversatilefuel.

Biogas generally compriseof 5565%methane, 3545% carbon

dioxide,0.51.0%hydrogensulfideandtracesofwatervapour.


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Biogas like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cannot be liquefiedundernormaltemperatureandpressure.

Critical temperature required for liquefaction of methane is

82.1oCat4.71MPapressure, thereforeuseofbiogas is limitednearbythebiogasplant.

An estimate indicates that India has a potential of generating6.38X1010

m3

ofbiogas from980million tonesof cattledungproducedannually.

Theheatvalueofthisgasamountsto1.3X1012

MJ.Inaddition,350 million tones of manure would also produce along withbiogas.


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OrganicWastes&theirEstimatedAvailabilityinIndia

Sr.

No.Organic

Wastes

Estimated

Quantity

1. MunicipalSolidwaste 30milliontons/year

2. Municipalliquid

waste 12000

million

litres/day

3. Distillery(243units) 8057kilolitres/day

4. Pressmud 9milliontons/year

5. Food&fruitprocessingwastes 4.5milliontons/year

6. Willowdust 30000tons/year

7. Dairyindustrywaste 5060millionlitres/day

8. Paper&pulpindustrywaste(300mills) 1600m3/day

9. Tannery(2000units) 52500m3

wastewater/day

Source: MNES Report, Renewable Energy in India and business opportunities,

MNES. Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2001


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Biogasproductionprocess(Anaerobicdigestion)isamultiplestage

processinwhichthreemainstagesare:

Hydrolysis:

hydrolysisisoneofthemainsteps.Duringhydrolysis,the

complexinsolublesubstratemacromoleculesarehydrolysedinto

simplerandmoresolubleintermediatesbybacteria.

Acidogenesis:

Volatileacid

fermentation,

during

which

the

products

of

hydrolysisareconvertedintoorganicacidsthroughthe

biochemicalprocessesofacidogenesis(wheremonomersare

convertedtofattyacids)andacetogenesis (thefattyacidsare

convertedtoacetic

acid,

carbon

dioxide,

and

hydrogen)

Methanogenesis:

Methaneformation,duringwhichtheorganicacids

producedduringthefermentationstepareconvertedtomethane

andcarbondioxide.

BiogasProductionProcess


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Chemicalreactionsinvolvedinbiogasproduction:

C6

H12

O6

3CO2

+3CH4

CO2

+ 4H2

> CH4

+ 2H2

O

CH3

COOH

>CH4

+CO2


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Thequantity, rate and compositionofbiogas generated

dependson

Thenatureandconcentrationofthesubstrate, Feedrate

CNratio

pHvalue,

Bacterialpopulation,

Temperature


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Biogas

Production

Potential

from

different

Wastes


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Studies

on

Biomethanation

of

Jatropha

and

Pongamia

deoiled

seed

Cakes

A research work on biogas production from jatropha andpongamia deoiled cakes has been carried out at IIT Delhi

This was started due to availability of large amount of delioedseed cakes as by product of biodiesel programme

The experimental study was carried out under batch and continuous

feeding of nonedible deoiled seed cakes with the followingobjectives:
http://prevpage/


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11

Objectives:

1. To characterize the properties of jatropha andpongamia deoiled seed cakes as feed materials forbiomethanation.

2. To study the effect of process parameters onquality and quantity of biogas produced forselection of optimal process parameters.


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Setup for Batch Biomethanation Study

5 L Aspirator Bottle

[DIGESTER]5 L Aspirator Bottle

Filled With Water

Gas Contituents Analysis

(Biogas Analyzer)

Valve Valve

Valve

Cork Cork

Cork

Gas Volume Measurement

(Measuring Cylinder)

1212


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13

Experimental Setup used for Preliminary Batch Study1313


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Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation on SelectedTreatments in Digester of 300 Litre Capacity

Structure of Mini Digester

1414

To Gas Flow Meter

and Gas Sampler

Slurry Level

Effluent Oulet

Influent Inlet

Valve

Partion Plate

Gas Holder

Guide Pipe to Support Gas Holder

Digester

Annular Ring for Supporting

Gas Holder

5 cm 5 cm

75 cm

72.5 cm

17.5 cm

61.5 cm 68.5cm

66.25 cm

PHASE-II


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F

A

B1 B

C

DD

30 30

15ThickPartionWall

C

entralGuideFrame

FlangePlates

30

15

7.523237.5

All dimensions in centimetres

10DiamterASB/CEMPipe

10DiamterASB/CE

MPipe

CCFoundation(1:3:6)

EarthFilling

Ground Level

Gas Holder Supporting Structure

Biogas plant (20 m3/d) capacity available at IIT Delhi forstudy on biomethanation of various substrates

1515


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1. Characterization of Jatropha and Pongamia deoiled Seed

Cakes:

16

Proximate Analysis

1. Moisture content

2. Oil content

3. Total solids

4. Volatile solids, and

5. Non-volatile solids content

Ultimate Analysis

6. Carbon

7. Hydrogen, and

8. Nitrogen

Manurial Value

9. Phosphorus and Potassium


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Feed material

Physiochemical properties

Moisture content

%

Oil content

%

Total solids

%Volatile solids %

Non-volatile

solids %

Cattle dung 81.6 (442.5 db) Nil 18.4 14.4 (78.8 db) 21.2

Jatropha oil seed cake 07.5 (8.1 db) 8.3 92.5 86.4 (93.0 db) 07.0

Pongamia oil seed cake 10.5 (11.7 db) 7.2 89.5 85.3 (94.8 db) 05.2

Ultimate Analysis and carbon-nitrogen ratio of feed materials

Sr. No.Feed material C (%) H (%) N (%) C/N ratio

1 Cattle Dung 35.20 4.60 1.55 22.7

2 Jatropha oil seed cake 48.80 6.20 3.85 12.7

3 Pongamia oil seed cake 47.80 6.50 5.50 8.7

1717

Sr. No.Feed material Phosphorus (%) Potassium (%)

1 Cattle Dung 0.69 1.66

2 Jatropha oil seed cake 2.09 1.68

3 Pongamia oil seed cake 1.00 1.00

Manurial values of feed materials


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Sl. No. Treatment Substrate concentration of the daily feedmaterial

Total solids Volatile solids

kg/d kg/d

Jatropha deoiled seed cake substrates

1 JC (4.0 DR,0 % CD) 9.25 8.64

Pongamia deoiled seed cake substrates

2 PC (3.5 DR,0 % CD) 8.95 8.53

1818

To study the effect of process parameters on quality and quantity of biogas

produced for selection of optimal process parameters


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24 h Soaked Pongamia deoiled Cakes

24 h Soaked Jatropha deoiled seed Cakes


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Biomethanation in Floating Drum Biogas Plant of 20 m3/d Capacity

2020

Biogas Plant Before Feeding

Biogas Plant After Feeding


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Orifice Diameter: 6 mm

Area: 28.27 mm

2

Gas Pressure: 100 mm of water

Gas Flow Rate: 2.38 L/minute

CH4: 65 %, CO2: 32 %

Orifice Diameter: 6 mm

Area: 28.27 mm2

Gas Pressure: 400 mm of water

Gas Flow Rate: 4.75 L/minute

CH4: 53 %, CO2: 43 %

A View of Flame on deoiled seed Cake Derived Biogas

A View of Flame on Cattle Dung Derived Biogas


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0.000.501.001.502.002.50

3.003.504.004.505.00

5.506.006.507.007.508.00

8.509.009.50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HRT, Days

B

iogasProdu

ctionm

3/d

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.029.0

30.0

31.0

32.033.0

34.0

35.0

36.037.0

38.0

39.0

40.0

Sub

strateTemp

erature,

C

Biogas Production

SubstrateTemperature

Pongamia deoiled seed CakeKC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]

Range of ambient temperature variation 30.7 to 36.6 C

Daily Biogas Production


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23

Cumulative Biogas, Methane and

Carbon Dioxide Yield

0.010.020.030.0

40.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0110.0120.0130.0140.0150.0160.0

170.0180.0190.0200.0210.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HRT, Days

YieldatSTP,m

3

Cumulative methane yield

Cumulative carbon dioxide yield

Cumulative biogas yield

2323

Jatropha deoiled seed CakeJC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD]


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24

Cumulative Biogas, Methane and

Carbon Dioxide Yield

2424

0.010.0

20.030.040.0

50.060.070.0

80.090.0

100.0

110.0120.0

130.0

140.0150.0160.0

170.0180.0190.0

200.0210.0220.0

230.0240.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HRT, Days

YieldatSTP,m

3

Cumulative Methane Yield

Cumulative Carbon Dioxide Yield

Cumulative Biogas Yield



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25

Specific Biogas Yield

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HRT, Days

SpecificBiogasYield,

m3

Biogas/kg TS

Biogas/kg VS

2525

Jatropha Oil CakeJC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD]


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26

Specific Biogas Yield

2626

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

0.350

0.400

0.450

0.500

0.550

0.600

0.650

0.700

0.750

0.800

0.850

0.900

0.950

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

HRT, Days

SpecificB

iogasYield,m

3

Biogas/kg TS

Biogas/kg VS



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UtilizationofBiogas

Cooking:

Biogas canbeused in a speciallydesignedburner for

cooking purpose. A biogas plant of 2 cubic metres capacity is

sufficient forproviding cooking fuelneedsof a familyof about

fivepersons.

Lighting:

Biogasisusedinsilkmantlelampsforlightingpurpose.

Therequirementofgasforpoweringa100candlelamp(60W)is

0.13cubicmetreperhour.

Power Generation: Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel

engine to replaceup to80%ofdieseloil.Diesel engineshave

been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG

enginescanalsobemodifiedeasilytousebiogas.

Transport Fuel: After removal of CO2

, H2

S and water vapour,

biogascanbeconvertedtonaturalgasqualityforuseinvehicles.


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4million family sizebiogas plants have been installed in Indiaagainst the potential of 12 million to substitute petroleum,

kerosene and direct burning of biomass used for cooking and

homelighting.

Manyprojects forenergy recovery frommunicipalsolidwastes

withanaggregatecapacityof17.6MWhavealsobeensetupat

Hyderabad,Vijaywadaand otherplacesinIndia.


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Other urban waste projects include a 1 MW project based oncattle dung at Haebowal, Ludhiana; a 0.50 MW project for

generationofpower frombiogas at sewage treatmentplant at

Surat, Gujarat; and a 150 kW plant for vegetable market and

slaughterhousewasteatVijaywada.

Besides,wastetoenergyprojectswithanaggregatecapacityof

about30MWfromavarietyofindustrialwastesalsobeensetup

inIndia.


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Somebigprojects on

Biogas inIndia:


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1.89 MW Power Generation Project Based on Biogas Produced

from Starch Industry Liquid Waste Through 100% Biogas

Engines


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12,000m3

Biogasperdaybiomethanationprojectfrom

StarchIndustryLiquidWasteinSalem,Tamilnadu


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8.25MW biogas based power project in a distillery at

Banur,Dist.Patiala,Punjab


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NeedfortheBiogasPurificationandBottling

Potentialofbiogasisnotfullyutilizedandcommercializedsofar.

For commercialization, its area of applicationmaywiden; fromcookingfueltovehiclefuel.

Foruse

asavehicle

fuel,

itshould

be

bottled

like

CNG.

Beforebottling, itshouldenriched inmethanecontent from55%to95%;similartoCNG.

CO & H S R l P f Bi


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CO2

&H2

SRemovalProcessesfromBiogas:

S.

No. Method Advantages Disadvantages

1.Absorption in

Water

One of the easy and cheap method for

CO2 removal. Recommended for

rural application.

Water pumping load is high.

CO2 can not be recovered

2.Absorption by

Chemicals

The chemical absorbents are moreefficient in low pressure and can

remove CO2 to low partial pressures

in treated gas.

Regeneration of the solvent requires arelatively high energy input. Disposal of

by-product formed due to chemical

reactions is a problem.

3.PressureSwing

Adsorption

By proper choice of the adsorbent,this process can remove CO2, H2S,

moisture and other impurities.

Adsorption is accomplished at high

temperature and pressure. Regeneration is

carried out by vacuum. It is a costly

process.

4.

Membrane

Separation

Modular in nature and separate CO2

and CH4 effectively.

Suitable to Small capacity, cost is high.

Also life of membranes is less.

5.Cryogenic

Separation

Allows recovery of pure component

in the form of liquid, which can be

transported conveniently

High cost involved makes it impractical

for Biogas applications.

6.Chemical

Conversion

Extremely high purity in the product

gas.

Process is extremely expensive and is not

warranted in most Biogas applications.


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Refining

andCompressionofBiogas

Purification iscarriedouttoenrich biogasbyscrubbingofftheunwanted components i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2

) and hydrogen

sulfide(H2

S).

It is essential to have more energy per unit volume ofcompressedbiogasandtogetridofthecorrosiveeffectofH

2

S.

Various purification processes include absorption into water,absorption by chemical, pressure swing adsorption and

membraneseparation.

Oneofthesimple andcheapmethod istheuseofpressurized

waterasanabsorbentliquid.


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DesignofWaterScrubbingSystem

Waterscrubbingmethodisfoundmostsuitablefor

biogas enrichment in India due to economy and

scale

Waterisgood

solvent

for

CO2

.

The solubility of CO2

in water is governed by

variationinpressuresandtemperatures.


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Raw biogas iscompressedupto1.0MPapressuretoenhancesolubilityofCO2

inwater.

Pressurizedbiogasissentintobottomsectionof thescrubber.

Packing material is used to enhance the contact time(interfacialarea)betweengasandwater.

Pressurizedwater issprayed from top toabsorb theCO2

frompressurizedbiogas.

SystemOperation


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Compression

unit

:

Multistage

compressor

:compression

ofmethane

enriched

biogasat20MPaPressureincylinder.

Filters:

formoistureremoval.

Cylinders:Highpressure,seamless,steelcylindersthatarealreadyinbeingusedforCNGapplication.

Pipefittingsandaccessories:G.I.

Process flow chart of biogas enrichment and compression system


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Biogas Digester

Single StageCompressor

Gas Storage Pressure

Vessel

Moisture RemovalBiogas (CH4 CO2)

Biogas

Scrubber

Dissolved CO2in Water

Flow MeterPump

Water Tank

Gas Storage Pressure

Vessel

Moisture Filters

Pressure Reducers

Three Stage Gas

Compressor

High Pressure Cylinders for

Storage of Enriched Gas

Water

Enriched Biogas


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BiogasEnrichmentandBottlingSystem

11

Fig.1: Experimental setup for biogas purification and bottling

5

1

3

2

4

6 7

1-Biogas plant

2-Ball valve

3-Water remover

4-Receiver mounted compressor

5-Pressure gauge

6-Gas Storage Vessel

7-Rotameter8-Supporting stand

9-Reshching rings

10-Scrubber

11-Safety valve

12-Water sprayer

13-Flange

14-View glass

15-Water outlet

16-Water pump

17-Gas filter18-Pressure reducer

19-Three stage gas compressor

20-CNG Cylinder10

9

12

8

15

16

19

18

13

17

14

NOT TO SCALE

20

Pilot level field Case Study of Biogas as


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PilotlevelfieldCaseStudyofBiogasas

AutomotiveFuel

Rajasthan Go Sewa Sangh, Durgapura, Rajasthan, India

Plant started in 2007 and has been running

successfully. A three wheeler runs on biogasdaily about 100 km. and approximate 3 kg

compressed enriched biogas is required.

(First in India)


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Biogas Enrichment and Bottling plant at Durgapura Jaipur


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AutomotiveCarandthreewheelerRunningonEnriched

Biogas


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ExperimentonMembraneforbiogas

enrichment:Enrichment of CH4

in raw biogas by using hollow

fible membrane module at different operationalconditionbyvarying

I.

Feed

gas

flow

rate

II.

Gas

pressureIII.

Water

flow

rate

IV.

Absorbent

medium

(water,

Aq.

KOH

solution,

Aq,

Monoethanolamine

solution)


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Workinprogress

Enrichmentstudyisinprogressunderthe

flowingconditions:Gasflowrate:2LPM

Waterflowrate:10 30LPM

Gaspressure:30 70psi

Water

pressure

:40

80

psi


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N Needle Valve

R RotameterP Pressure gauge

AMT membrane module

P

P

R

P

P

P

R

N

Pump

P

Water Tank

N

Valve

Valve

Recycle Line

Inlet

Outlet

PressureAdjuster

Raw

Biogas

SchematicdiagramofExperimentalsetup


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Experimentalsetupformembranemodule


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RESULTS:

RawBiogascomposition:5964%methane,35

40%Carbondioxide,EnrichedBiogasfromMembrane:85 88mole

percentageofmethaneobservedat

70psigaspressure

80psiwaterpressure

2LPM(at80psi)gasflowrate

30LPMwaterflowrate

Possible Collaborative work with


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PossibleCollaborativeworkwith

NUS Developmentofsuitablenanofibrousmaterialsand

membranesforBiogasenrichment

JointresearchoncleanenergysourcesforCDM

JointReviewpaper/commentaryonrenewable

energysources(Bioenergy)inAsianregion

tobepublishedintheNature

Student&facultyexchange forresearchwork

CollaborativeworkonenergysecurityinAsianregion

usingrenewableenergy


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Conclusions

Biogas is a potential renewable energy source for India and other

countries for energy security and capturing carbon emission

There is need to develop a sustainable renewable energy program on

biogas technology for replacing petroleum products by enriched biogas.

Biogas system can work as a decentralize source of gas supply for

automobiles and power generation for different kinds of bio wastesavailable in the vicinity.

There is great possibility of joint research and collaboration between IIT

Delhi and NUS.

The two leading universities in Asian region should join hands together on

development of green energy sources for energy security in the region


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Documents

BIOGAS TO MAKE VEHICLE FUEL