Biofuels Lec 1: Introduction - eacademic.ju.edu.joeacademic.ju.edu.jo/z.hamamre/Material/Biofuels/Lec 1-Introduction.pdf · Dr.-Eng. Zayed Al-Hamamre Biofuels Lec 1: Introduction

Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan

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Dr.-Eng. Zayed Al-Hamamre

Biofuels

Lec 1: Introduction


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Content

Biomass

Biofuels types

Biofuel Production Technologies


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3Energy security


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“Let’s face it. It’s all about olive oil.”


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Alternatives to fossil fuels: Biomass


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What is meant by Biomass

• Materials produced by metabolic activities of biological systems (plants and animals) and/or products of their decomposition or conversion

• The materials are based on carbon compounds

• The chemical and energetic value of those materials is based on the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond

• Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net heating value

• Biomass is infact collected and stored solar energy


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Sources of Biomass

Agriculture

Residues from forestry, specific

industries (e.g. furniture production,

saw dust), food processing

Solid municipal and industrial wastes

Used wood e.g. from old furniture, used

timber

Marine systems: the oceans of our

world contain much more biomass than

existing on the continents (but they are

not regarded as a source of biomass for

energetic utilization)


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• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.

• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas

• Fertilizers as by product.

Sources of Biomass


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• Coal

• Tyres

• Sugar Cane Bagasse

• Oil sludge/waste

• Energy crops

• Oil seed rape husks

• Rice and Corn husks

• Packaging Waste

• Chicken Waste

• Wood chips / waste

• Straw

• MSW-RDF

• Nut shells

• Sewage sludge

• Olive pips

• Bone meal

• Leather waste

• Animal litter

Biomass


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Carbon Neutral

• Energy is produced from biomass by basically burning organicmatter to release its stored chemical energy that it has accumulatedthrough the process of photosynthesis.

• Using biomass contributes very little to the build-up of greenhousegases.

• Although plants will release their stored carbon dioxide (CO2) whenburned, that CO2 is recaptured and used by other plants as theygrow.

• Therefore, theoretically there is no net gain of carbon dioxidebecause of a cycle of usage


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Some Definitions

• Bioenergy is energy of biological origin, derived from biomass, such as fuelwood, livestock manure, municipal waste, energy crops

• Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, usually of agricultural origin– Bioethanol– Biodiesel– Biogas

• Energy crops are crops specifically cultivated to provide bioenergy, mainly biofuels but also (miscanthus, short rotation coppice, eucalyptus) other forms of energy


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• BIOFUELS are liquid or gaseous fuels produced

from biomass resources and used in place of, or in

addition to, diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for

transport, stationary, portable and other applications.

• CATEGORIES• First generation biofuels (Bioalcohols,

Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Bioethers, Biogas)

• Second generation biofuels (advanced biofuels like biohydrogen, biomethanol)

• Third generation biofuels (micro-organisms like algae)

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Biofuels Types


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Biofuel made from sugar, starchy crops, vegetable oil or animal fat using conventional technology.

The starch from the basic feedstocks is fermented into bioethanol, or the vegetable oil through chemical process to biodiesel.

These feedstocks could instead enter the animal or human food chain.

They don’t seem to be more environment friendly than the fossil fuels.

First generation biofuels:

Biofuels Types


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First generation biofuels production scheme

PLANTS

ENZYMESSUGARS BiofuelsBIOFUELS

Sunlight



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Problems

1. Competition with food usage (supplies and costs)

2. Bumper crops or poor harvest → instability

3. Can be real energy production? → Life Cycle Analysis is necessary



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Second generation biofuels: use a

variety of non food crops,

including agricultural waste, wood

and grasses (lignocellulosic)

Second generation biofuels:


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Advantages vs 1st generation:

Increase quantitative potential for biofuel generation per hectare

Grow on poor, degradated soils where food crop production is not optimal

(Jatropha).

Less effects on commodity markets

Disadvantages:

More of these species can be invasive and have negative impacts on water

resources, biodiversity and agriculture

At the moment they are still more expensive than fossil fuels

Still under research and development for a significant commercial scale

Second generation biofuels:


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The third generation biofuels come from algae, that are low-input,

high-yield feedstock to produce Biofuels

Third generation biofuels:



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30 - 100 times more energy productive and effective

The Biomass leftover from oil pressing can be used for

animal feeding and ethanol production

Processing Biofuel from algae can capture large amount of

CO2

They are relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard and

expensive to extract



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Colorado’s Solix Biofuels harvests algae with a field of bioreactors



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Marine algae:

10 times the oil content of oil palm

(Botryococcus braunii produce 75%

of their dry weight as hydrocarbons)


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Biofuels Types


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Biochemical Platform (Sugar)

Thermochemical Platform

• Pyrolysis • Gasification

Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass

Feedstock

Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)

Combined Heat & Power,

Fuels, Chemicals,

and Materials

Biochemical Platform (Sugar)

Thermochemical Platform

• Pyrolysis • Gasification

Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass

Feedstock

Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)

Combined Heat & Power,

Fuels, Chemicals,

and Materials

Biomass to Energy


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Oil bearing plants

Agricultural crops

and residues

Woody biomass

Industrial and

municipal waste

Biomass resources

Harvesting,

collection,

handling,

and storage

Supply systems Conversion

Biochemical

(fermentation)

Thermochemical

(gasification)

Chemical

(transesterification)

End products

Transportation fuels(biodiesel, bioethanol)

Heat

Electricity

Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)

High added-value

chemicals(pharmaceuticals,

polymers)

Physical chemical

(extraction)

byproducts

Biomass to Energy


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Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies

Pure vegetable oil Pure plant oil (PPO),

Straight vegetable oil (SVO)

Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha,

castor, …)

Cold pressing extraction

Biodiesel - Biodiesel from energy crops: methyl

and ethyl esters of fatty acids

- Biodiesel from waste

- Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha,

castor, …)

- Waste cooking/frying oil

- Cold and warm pressing extraction, purification, and

transesterification

- Hydrogenation

Bioethanol Conventional bio-ethanol

Sugar beet, sugar cane, grain Hydrolysis and fermentation

Biogas Upgraded biogas Biomass (wet) Anaerobic digestion

Bio-ETBE Bioethanol Chemical Synthesis

Overview of Biofuel Production Technologies: 1st Generation of Biofuels


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Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies

Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic biomass and biowaste

Advanced hydrolysis & fermentaion

Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic biomass

and residues

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Biodiesel Biomass to Liquid (BTL), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel, synthetic (bio)diesel

Lignocellulosic biomass and residues

Pyrolysis/Gasification & synthesis

Other biofuels Biomethanol, heavier (mixed) alcohols, biodimethylether (Bio-DME)

Lignocellulosic biomass

and residues

Gasification & synthesis

Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic biomass and biowaste

Gasification & synthesis or biological process

Overview of Biofuel Production Technologies: 2nd Generation of Biofuels


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Biofuel Transformation Processes

First generation

Second generation


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Electric Power, Heat, and Vehicle Fuels• Anaerobic digestion

• Gasification

• Pyrolysis

Electric Power and Heat• Direct combustion

Ethanol Fuel• Cellulosic ethanol

• Dilute acid hydrolysis

Biodiesel Fuel• Transesterification

Technologies for Converting Biomass to Energy


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Techn . Efforta

Overall efficiency c

[%]Expected plant

capacity b

[MWbf]

Current stage of development

a regarding system complexity (+ less promising….++++ very promising)b related to biomass feedstockc according state of development (many different concepts) only theoretical values d suitability for current distribution and use (+ less promising….++++ very promising)

Distri-bution d

Use d

Comparison of technologies

Many different concepts for biofuel options of

the 2nd generation; associated with

appropriate benefits and bottlenecks along the

pathway.


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Comparison of technologies Economic versus environmentalaspects

Source: IEE Leipzig, 2007


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Biochemical Conversion

• Plant matter – hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

• Pretreatment

• Hydrolysis

• Sugar Fermentation


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In Brazil, sugarcane

fields lose up to 30

tons of topsoil per

ha per year

Burning of sugarcane fields before

harvesting emits carbon

Sugarcane produces the most

ethanol per hectare

One million jobs, mostly low-paying

How can smallholders work with large processors?


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Thermochemical Conversion

• Gasification, Pyrolysis, Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction

• Carbon monoxide and Syngas (Hydrogen)


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Pyrolysis

• Absence of oxygen

• Thermal degradation

• Liquid pyrolysis oil


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Anaerobic Digestion

• Biogas Platform -Methane

• Decomposition -microorganisms

• Anaerobic Digesters• Four Main Processes• Uses wastes and turns

into valuable compost


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Transesterification

• “Biodiesel” Platform

• Takes vegetable oil, animal fat, or grease into biodiesel – fatty acid methyl ester

• Base catalyzed of the oil with alcohol, direct acid catalyzed, and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and then to alkyl esters with acid catalysts


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Biodiesel

Produced from seeds such as palm, jatropha, canola, sunflower and soy


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Rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the trains run on

15-20% biodiesel

Biodiesel


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Biofuel Yields of Selected Feedstock

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Barley Wheat Corn Sugar beet Sugarcane

Soybean Castorbeans

Sunflowerseed

Rapeseed Jatropha Palm oil

Lit

ers

pe

r H

ec

tare

Source: Fulton et al.

Ethanol Feedstock

Biodiesel Feedstock


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Some Market Information

• Biofuel market development during the last 5 years: now ~3% global gasoline consumption

• Biofuels may share ~10% of world fuel use for transport by 2025

• Less than 10% of global biofuels production is internationally traded

• But important expansion in global trade: key consumers (EU, US, and Japan) will not have the domestic capacity to meet internal demand


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Biomass Today

• Construction of large-scale Biorefineries


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Biomass Today

• Improved Catalysis Technology– High Selectivity– Less Energy Intensive Conditions– Reduction of Unit Operations

• Combined Government and Industry Efforts


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Environmental Concerns Air Pollution

• Biomass processing technologies have the potential to

increase emissions of ozone precursors (Increase in Nox

emissions)

• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter


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• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients

• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow

• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing

• Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops

contaminate ground and surface water

o Affects fish and wildlife

Soil Deterioration

Environmental Concerns


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Environmental Benefits

• Reduction of waste

• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to

fossil fuels

• Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle

• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity


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Present Status

• USA & Brazil account for 80% of total Biofuel

production, mainly bio-ethanol

• EU accounts for about 90% of world’s biodiesel output.

• USA is the world’s largest consumer of Biofuels

• Biofuels provide 2.7% of worlds’ fuels for road transport

• 31 countries mandate blending biofuels

International Scenario


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Estimate

• IEA –potential to meet 5% of total road transport fuel demand by 2030

• IEA – to meet 13% of total transport fuel demand and contributes to about 6% of global emission reductions by 2050.

• Emerging markets – India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Argentina

Biodiesel growth by region 2010-20Biofuel demand by regions 2011-20

Brazil Biofuel Policy: 1975

USA Biofuel Policy: 1992

Indonesia Biofuel Policy: 2009

International Scenario


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Converting food crops into biofuel “is a crime against humanity.”

Jean Zeigler, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, October 2007

Documents

Biofuels Lec 1: Introduction - eacademic.ju.edu.joeacademic.ju.edu.jo/z.hamamre/Material/Biofuels/Lec 1-Introduction.pdf · Dr.-Eng. Zayed Al-Hamamre Biofuels Lec 1: Introduction