Biofuels intro and production outlines

8/14/2019 Biofuels intro and production outlines

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Biodiesel - the new-age fuelBiodiesel - the new-age fuel

Kamaljot kaurKamaljot kaur

Khushpreet singhKhushpreet singh


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel enginesBiodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines Biodiesel can be used easily because it can be mixed at anyBiodiesel can be used easily because it can be mixed at any

proportion with diesel oil, hence enabling us to apply itproportion with diesel oil, hence enabling us to apply itimmediately for diesel engines without much modificationimmediately for diesel engines without much modification

easy biodegradabilityeasy biodegradability 10 times less poisonous compared to the ordinary diesel oil,10 times less poisonous compared to the ordinary diesel oil,

the waste product is not blackthe waste product is not black less sulphur and other aromatic contents, hence theless sulphur and other aromatic contents, hence the

combustion emission produced is safe for environment andcombustion emission produced is safe for environment andperform less accumulation of carbon dioxide gas inperform less accumulation of carbon dioxide gas inatmosphere thus lessen further global heating effect (Chairil A.atmosphere thus lessen further global heating effect (Chairil A.et al.,et al., 2004).2004).


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Biodiesel is very important alternatives energyBiodiesel is very important alternatives energy

because the pollution of environment arebecause the pollution of environment are

increased, plus the depletion of conservativesincreased, plus the depletion of conservativespetro-diesel.petro-diesel.

The biodiesel also contribute to greenerThe biodiesel also contribute to greener

environment where the emitted gasesenvironment where the emitted gasescontained higher concentration of oxygencontained higher concentration of oxygen

compared to petro-diesel.compared to petro-diesel.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES


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TheThe Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels


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12.12. The Renewable FuelsThe Renewable Fuels

COCO22


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Ethanol vs. GasolineEthanol vs. Gasoline

Source: Prof. Dan Kammen (UC Berkley, Michael Chang (Argonne)Source: Prof. Dan Kammen (UC Berkley, Michael Chang (Argonne)


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Soya beanSunflowerLinseed

JatrophaPongamia

Natural Oils

Biodiesel


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Technology ProgressionTechnology Progression

CornCorn

Cellulosic BioethanolCellulosic Bioethanol

AlgaeAlgae

Synthetic BiorefinerySynthetic Biorefinery

GasificationGasification

Direct Synthesis?Direct Synthesis?


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Jatropha curcasJatropha curcas

Found in Tanzania, Venezuela andFound in Tanzania, Venezuela and India.India.

Grown on marginal lands.Grown on marginal lands.


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Jatropha Oil extractionJatropha Oil extraction


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Jatropha Oil - Composition

44.7Oleic acid

31.4Linoleic acid

7.1Stearic acid

15.1Palmitic acid

weight %Fatty acid


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COOMe

COOMe

Stearic acid methyl ester

Palmitic acid methyl ester

Linoleic acid methyl ester

Oleic acid methyl ester

COOMe

COOMe


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Transesterification of oilsTransesterification of oils

Chemical methods Acid or BaseChemical methods Acid or Basecatalysedcatalysed

Biochemical methods EnzymeBiochemical methods Enzymecatalysedcatalysed


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Acid Catalyzed Transesterification

Commonly used acids:H2SO4/ HCl


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Base catalyzed transesterification


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ComparisonsComparisons

Base catalysis is preferred:Base catalysis is preferred:

2)2) 4000 times as fast.4000 times as fast.

3)3) Use of KOH gives useful side product.Use of KOH gives useful side product.4)4) Acids are corrosive.Acids are corrosive.


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Limitations of chemicalLimitations of chemicalmethodsmethods

Require more energy.Require more energy. Formation of soap inhibitsFormation of soap inhibits

transesterification.transesterification.

Disposal of waste water.Disposal of waste water.


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Enzyme catalysed methodsEnzyme catalysed methods


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LipasesLipases

Biocatalysts areBiocatalysts are

biodegradable.biodegradable.

Consume less energy.Consume less energy.

No soap formation.No soap formation.

Further purification ofFurther purification of

biodiesel not required.biodiesel not required.

Can be used for oilsCan be used for oilswith high free fatty acidwith high free fatty acid

content.content.


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Optimum Molar Ratio (Oil: Methanol)


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Optimum temperatureOptimum temperature

Maximum % yield at 50Maximum % yield at 50CC

Time taken : 92 hrs.Time taken : 92 hrs.


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Summary of results

80%Conversion

92hTime

5% w.r.t wt ofoil

Enzyme wt.

50Optimum

temperature

1:3Optimum molar ratio


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PRODUCTION OUTLINEPRODUCTION OUTLINE


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Cellulosic Ethanol ProductionCellulosic Ethanol Production

Convert hemi-cellulose into pentoses (5 carbon sugars)Convert hemi-cellulose into pentoses (5 carbon sugars)and partial breakdown of celluloseand partial breakdown of cellulose

Each type of cellulosic feedstock requires a uniqueEach type of cellulosic feedstock requires a unique

combination of pretreatments.combination of pretreatments. Physical methods:Physical methods:

steam explosionsteam explosion Chemical methods:Chemical methods:

dilute acid, alkaline, organic solvent, ammonia,dilute acid, alkaline, organic solvent, ammonia,

sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxidesulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide Biological methods: enzymatic breakdownBiological methods: enzymatic breakdown

1st Pretreatment


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Convert cellulose into hexoses (6 carbonConvert cellulose into hexoses (6 carbon

sugars)sugars)

The cellulose fraction isThe cellulose fraction is hydrolyzed byhydrolyzed byacidsacids ororenzymesenzymes to produce glucoseto produce glucose Enzymatic hydrolysis biological conversion ofEnzymatic hydrolysis biological conversion of

cellulose to sugarscellulose to sugars

Acid hydrolysis acid concentrations to convertAcid hydrolysis acid concentrations to convertcellulose to sugarscellulose to sugars

2nd Pretreatment


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The solids remaining after the hemi-The solids remaining after the hemi-

cellulose and cellulose are converted tocellulose and cellulose are converted to

sugars are washed, dried and used as fuelsugars are washed, dried and used as fuelsource for power production.source for power production.

Lignin (By-product)


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Hydrolysis breaks down the hydrogenHydrolysis breaks down the hydrogenbonds in the hemi-cellulose and cellulosebonds in the hemi-cellulose and cellulosefractions into their sugar components:fractions into their sugar components:

pentoses and hexoses.pentoses and hexoses. The yeast contains an enzyme calledThe yeast contains an enzyme called

invertase, which acts as a catalyst andinvertase, which acts as a catalyst and

helps to convert the sucrose sugars intohelps to convert the sucrose sugars intoglucose and fructose (both C6H12O6)glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6)

Hydrolysis

(saccharification)


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The fructose and glucose sugars reacts with anThe fructose and glucose sugars reacts with an

enzyme called zymase, which is also containedenzyme called zymase, which is also contained

in the yeast, to produce ethanol and carbonin the yeast, to produce ethanol and carbon

dioxide.dioxide. The fermented mash, called beer, containsThe fermented mash, called beer, contains

about 10% alcohol plus all the non-fermentableabout 10% alcohol plus all the non-fermentable

solids from the corn and yeast cells.solids from the corn and yeast cells.

The mash and solids are separatedThe mash and solids are separated

Fermentation

(After fermentation

the cellulosic and

grain ethanol

production processes

are based on similar

methodology.)


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol Production

Dry Milling ProcessDry Milling Process

Ethanol

Saccharify

Liquify & Cook

Grain

Grind

Fermentation

Distillation Dehydration

Centrification

Evaporation Dryer

Distillers Solubles DistillersGrains

w/Solubles

Dried

DistillersGrains

Enzymes

Saccharify

Liquify & Cook

Grain Fermentation

Distillation Dehydration

Centrification

Evaporation Dryer

Distillers Solubles

DenaturingCO2

Beer

Whole Stillage

Thin Stillage

190

Proof

Syrup

Wet Grains

200

Proof


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionGrindingGrinding

The grain passes through a hammer millThe grain passes through a hammer mill

which grinds it into a fine powder calledwhich grinds it into a fine powder called

meal.meal.


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionLiquify and CookingLiquify and Cooking

The meal is mixed with water andThe meal is mixed with water and

cooked to liquify the starch. Heat iscooked to liquify the starch. Heat is

applied to enhance liquefaction resultingapplied to enhance liquefaction resulting

in a mash.in a mash. Enzymes are added to facilitate starchEnzymes are added to facilitate starch

breakdownbreakdown


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionSaccharifySaccharify

An enzyme is added to the mash toAn enzyme is added to the mash to

convert the liquefied starch toconvert the liquefied starch to

fermentable sugarsfermentable sugars


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionFermentationFermentation

Yeast is added to the mash to ferment theYeast is added to the mash to ferment the

sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide.sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

In a batch process, the mash stays in oneIn a batch process, the mash stays in onefermenter for about 48 hours before thefermenter for about 48 hours before the

distillation process is started.distillation process is started.


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Ethanol ProductionEthanol Production

The distillation involves boiling theThe distillation involves boiling the

water and ethanol mixture. Since ethanolwater and ethanol mixture. Since ethanol

has a lower boiling point (78.3C) thanhas a lower boiling point (78.3C) thanwater (100C), ethanol vaporizes beforewater (100C), ethanol vaporizes before

water and can be condensed andwater and can be condensed and

separatedseparated

The distilled alcohol is about 96%The distilled alcohol is about 96%

strength.strength.

Distillation (Cellulosic or Grain)


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Ethanol ProductionEthanol ProductionDrying & Denaturing

(Cellulosic or Grain)

Most ethanol plants use aMost ethanol plants use a

molecular sieve to water from themolecular sieve to water from thedistilled ethanol.distilled ethanol.

Fuel ethanol must be denatured, orFuel ethanol must be denatured, or

made unfit for humanmade unfit for humanconsumption, with a small amountconsumption, with a small amount

of gasoline (2-5%)of gasoline (2-5%)


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionDried Distillers Grains (DDG)

DDG is a by-product of grain ethanolDDG is a by-product of grain ethanol

production.production. Drying the distillers grain increases itsDrying the distillers grain increases its

shelf life and reduces transportationshelf life and reduces transportation

costscosts

A bushel of corn (56 lbs) yields aboutA bushel of corn (56 lbs) yields about

2.8 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of2.8 gallons of ethanol and 17 pounds of

distillers graindistillers grain


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Grain Ethanol ProductionGrain Ethanol ProductionDried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

DDGS is a by-product of grainDDGS is a by-product of grain

ethanol production.ethanol production. The liquid that is separated fromThe liquid that is separated from

the mash during the distillingthe mash during the distillingprocess is partially dehydrated intoprocess is partially dehydrated intoa syrup, then added back onto thea syrup, then added back onto thedried distillers grain to createdried distillers grain to createDDGSDDGS


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Ethanol ProductionEthanol Production(Cellulosic or Grain)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

CO2CO2 is given off duringis given off during

fermentationfermentation Ethanol production plants collect,Ethanol production plants collect,

compress, and sell it for use incompress, and sell it for use in

other industriesother industries


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Companies & TechnologiesCompanies & Technologies

BCIBCI ClearfuelsClearfuels Full CircleFull Circle EdenspaceEdenspace AgrivadaAgrivada MascomaMascoma Synthetic GenomicsSynthetic Genomics Unannounced.Unannounced.

Novazyme

Genencor

Diversa

Iogen

Ceres

Corn Ethanol Cos.

Coal to Liquids

MSW to Ethanol


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CASE STUDY:CASE STUDY:

Ceres: What one company is doingCeres: What one company is doing

Ceress Traits Address all Parts ofCeress Traits Address all Parts of


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Ceress Traits Address all Parts ofCeress Traits Address all Parts of

EquationEquation

AcresAcres

Tolerance to chronic and acute drought Drought recovery High salt tolerance Tolerance to heat shock 50% improvement in seedling growth under cold conditions

Parts of the Equation Ceres Traits & Technologies

Tons per acre 500% increase in biomass in arabidopsis in the greenhouse 300% increase in rice in the field 30% increase in CO2 uptake (a measure of photosynthetic effic.)

Dollars per acre Significant reduction in required nitrogen 20% improvement in photosynthetic efficiency on low nitrogen 5% increase in root biomass

Gallons per ton Decreased lignin Increased cellulose

Capital & Vari. cost Proprietary gene expression system Strong constitutive promoters Tissue specific and inducible promoters

Co-products Up to 80-fold increase in desired plant metabolites Ability to express entire metabolic pathways in plants

Source: Company PresentationsSource: Company Presentations


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Expanding Usable AcreageExpanding Usable Acreage

Heat toleranceDrought tolerance

Cold germination

Drought recovery

Salt toleranceDrought Inducible Promoters



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Increasing Tons per AcreIncreasing Tons per Acre

Increased biomass

Shade tolerance

CO2uptake

Light density

Flowering time

Photosynthetic Efficiency

Stature control

Herbicide tolerance



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Reducing Dollars per AcreReducing Dollars per Acre

Nitrogen uptake

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1 2

Time Point

N(ng/mgDW)

p < 0.001

Increased root biomassPhotosynthetic efficiency

under low nitrogen

Nitrogen partitioning



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Reducing Cost Through Enzyme ProductionReducing Cost Through Enzyme Production

Activation Line

X

Target Line

UASn Trait UASx Sterility UAS Marker TP1

Protein

Transcription

factor

Promoter

Sterility

Factor Fluorescent

marker

Root

Leaf

Stem

Seed

Flower

Tissue-specific promoters

Ceres proprietary gene expression system

Cerespromoter

Industrystandard

promoterSource: Company PresentationsSource: Company Presentations


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Ceres : Developing Commercial Energy CropsCeres : Developing Commercial Energy Crops

Generating Plant Material for DNA Libraries

to be Used in Molecular Assisted Breeding

Transformation with Ceres Traits

Ceres expects to have proprietary commercial varieties ready for

market in 2-3 years and transgenic varieties in 5-7

1 day after trimming

Re-growth after 15 days

Embryogenic

callus

Shoot

regenerated

from callus

Plantregeneration



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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Documents

Biofuels intro and production outlines