Biofuels in spark-ignited engines Jesper Schramm

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Gasoline

Diesel

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Gasoline Diesel

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

CI – Compression Ignition

SI – Spark Ignition

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Diesel HFO HVO, SVO, FAME DME

Gasoline MeOH, EtOH Hydrogen LPG CNG, LNG

Drop-in

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Global Energy Consumption

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Is it straight forward to change the fuel?

Example: Ethanol (Methanol)

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

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SI Engine Fuel

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

“Leaner” operation is possible

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Increased efficiency due to: •  Leaner operation •  Increased CR •  Charge cooling

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Emissions from ethanol vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles: •  CO and HC emissions are generally reduced •  (up to 60-70%) •  NOx emission results were mixed. Some stated

reductions of about 60 percent, while others stated increases of about 30 percent. FFVs and dedicated vehicles for high‐level ethanol blends or neat ethanol showed tolerance for higher EGR ratios, reducing NOx.

•  PM??? (not much evidence) •  CO2 emissions were found to be about 5

percent less per kilometer •  Aldehydes generally increased dramatically •  Many other organic compounds decreased

Emissions

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Nothing bad about ethanol?

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

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Increased Fuel Tank Volume

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

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Evaporative Emissions

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

* Safety Issues

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

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Cold Start Problems

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Water Miscibility

E0 . . . E100

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Water Miscibility Water Miscibility

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Copper Corrosion Water Miscibility

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Miscellaneous: •  Interaction with Lubricant •  Copper corrosion •  Etc.

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Road Vehicle Application Overall

FFV’s

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FFV’s: •  Running on combinations of ethanol and gasoline

•  E0-E85 •  Other materials •  Fuel sensor •  Fuel injection system (handle higher amount of fuel flow) •  Fuel tank and evaporative system •  ECU

•  AF ratio adjustment •  Ignition timing (utilizing high octane number)

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

FFV’s

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Is it straight forward to change the fuel?

Example: NGV’s (BGV’s)

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

NGV’s

Engine Storage Refueling

SI (Dual Fuel) Low regulated emissions High efficiency Unburned methane L

Excess space Not a liquid fuel

→  BGV’s

CNG LNG

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Unburned methane:

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Storage:

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark www.iangv.org

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

BGV’s

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Conclusions: •  Alcohols and biogas are the most obvious

biofuels for SI engines (and drop-in) •  Vehicles are available •  Some issues still need to be adressed

•  FFV sale in Sweden is going down •  NGV/BGV’s and unburned methane

•  Car owner experience is an issue

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark