Bioenergy

About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels,

with coal accounting for 40% of India's total energy consumption

followed by crude oil and natural gas at 24% and 6% respectively.

In India 37% of the country's total imports are oil imports.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN ‘INDIA’

Year of import Quantity (lakh tones)

Value(Rs. in Crores)

2002-03 819.89 76195

2003-04 904.34 83528

2004-05 958.61 117003

2005-06 994.09 171702

2006-07 1115.02 264084

2007-08 1216.72 272699

2008-09 1281.5 340732

2009-10 1592 381845

2010-11 1635.9 455276

2011-12 1721.1 672220

2012-13 1825 784652

• Transport (Petrol, Diesel, CNG, Aviation Fuel) : 51%

• Industry (Petrol, Diesel, Fuel Oil, Naphtha, Natural Gas): 14%

• Commercial and Others: 13%

• Domestic (LPG and Kerosene): 18%

• Agriculture (Diesel): 4%

Problems with burning fossil fuels

• Huge amounts of carbon dioxide are given off into the atmosphere

• Carbon dioxide causes global warming or the greenhouse effect

• coal-burning power stations also give off sulphur dioxidegas which leads to acid rain

What is the greenhouse effect?

• Carbon dioxide gas acts like the glass in a greenhouse

• Infrared radiation from the Sun is usually reflected back into space

• Greenhouse gases stop this, and heat is reflected back to the Earth again

What are the problems with global

warming?

– The average

temperature of the

Earth will rise

– This can lead to

droughts

– The increase in

temperature will

speed up the melting

of the polar ice caps

ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ENERGY TO SOLVE THE

PROBLEM OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming – challenge ahead

Bio-DieselHydro Power

Bioethanol

Solar PowerWind Energy Cellulose

BIOENERGY is the energy derived from biological mass(biomass).

It is classified into 3 groups:

1. Biomass from cultivated fields, crops, forests etc (treechips, paper, plant matter like corn, soybean, sorghum,sunflower, oats, barley, wheat and hay (DRY BIOMASS).

2. Biomass derived from wastes like municipal waste, animaldung, etc (SEWAGE BIOMASS).

3. Biomass converted into liquid fuels (water plants, animalwastes and biodiesel oil) (WET BIOMASS).

Bioenergy Optionso Biomass Combustion / Co-generation

o Improved solid fuels (Pellet, Briquettes, Char)

o Gaseous Fuels- Bio-chemical / Bio-methanation (Biogas)

- Thermo-chemical (Producer Gas)

o Liquid Fuels

- Extraction (Trans esterification / biodiesel)

- Thermo-Chemical (Pyrolysis Oil)

- Bio-chemical (Ethanol, Butanol)

Biomass feed stocks

Agricultural/Energy crops Waste/Opportunity fuels

Corn Biogas, Landfills

Rapeseeds Biosolids

Sorghum Crop residue/Mill residue

Soybean Food processing waste

Sugarcane Forest residues/Wood waste

Switchgrass Municipal solid waste

Microalgae Forest thinning

Restaurant waste

Improved Solid fuels

• Alternative fuel: Cooking, Steam generation, melting

metal, Space heating, gasification & other applications

• Employment generation

Fuel Calorific Value

(kCal/Kg)

Ash Content

(%)

Coal 3800-5300 20-40

Biomass Briquettes from

Saw dust 4600 0.7

Ground nut Shell 4750 2.0

Rice Husk 3700 18.00

Saw dust+Cotton stocks 4300 8.0

Economics of 1200-1800 kg/hr unit

(1 hour calculation)

Sr.No Particular Per Hour Cost Rs.

1 Electricity 35-40 units 175-250 rs.

2 Labour Charges (4

Unskilled Labourers

to feed raw material)

4 80-100

3 Operater charges 1 30-40

4 Maintenance Charges 70-85

5 Miscellaneous 55-65

Total 410-540

Raw material

Crusher DryerBiomass briquette Machine

CoolingFinished Product

Pellets

Basic Process Chemistry• Conversion of solid fuels into combustible gas

mixture called producer gas (CO + H2 + CH4)• Involves partial combustion of biomass• Four distinct process in the gassifier viz.

• Drying • Pyrolysis• Combustion• Reduction

Biomass Gasification for Dry Biomass

Gasification –Basic Process Chemistry

Schematic

Potential in India

India with its strong agriculturalbase, holds significant potential for bio-energy development.

Agriculture produces more than 500million metric tonnes of biomass everyyear, it could generate more than 23 GWof power.

According to March, 2015: Only 24 % ofthe available potential of the capacity isinstalled to produce 5453 MW of energy.

In 2014, around 2.5 billion litres of ethanolwas produced against the demand of 6.5billion litres.

Fuel Heat value (kCal/kg)

Mustard husk 3,100

Cotton stalk 2,600

Coconut frounds 2,200

Waste wood 2,500

Paddy husk 2,500

Wood bark 2,200

Paddy straw 3,000

Municipal solid waste 2,000

Casuarina 2,800

Maize waste 3,000

Poultry waste 2,000

Source: India Biomass Power Association

Heat values of various bio-energy fuels

Rice husk based 350 kWe, Dual Fuel Power Plant in West

Bengal, India

Fuel• A fuel is any material that can be made to react

so that it releases chemical or nuclear energy as heat or to be used for work

Primary Secondary

Solid fuels Wood, coal, dung,

etc

Coke, charcoal

Liquid fuels Petroleum diesel, gasoline, k

erosene, LPG, co

al

tar, naptha, ethan

ol

Gaseous fuels Natural gas hydrogen, propan

e, coal gas, water

gas, blast

furnace gas, coke

oven gas, CNG

Petroleum

A naturally occurring oil that contains mainly hydrocarbons with some other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen

Gasoline: A mixture of hydrocarbons containing 5-8 carbon atoms, boiling point 40-180oC

Kerosine (paraffin oil): A mixture of hydrocarbons containing 11-12 carbon atoms, boiling point 160-250oC

Diesel oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons containing 13-25 carbon atoms, boiling point 220-350oC

Petroleum Diesel

A fuel derived from the distillation of crude oil It is heavier than gasoline but lighter than engine oil

and heavy oils. Diesel fuel is generally separated into two fuels:

diesel number 1 and diesel number 2. Diesel number 1 is similar to kerosene and is lighter than diesel number 2. While diesel number 2 is sold most of the time, diesel number 1 is sold during winter in very cold climates because it doesn’t cloud or gel as easily as diesel number 2.Diesel fuel is ignited in an internal combustion

engine cylinder by the heat of air under high compression in contrast to motor gasoline, which is ignited by electrical spark.

Biofuels

• Biofuels refers to energy derived from biological

sources – plants, animals and micro organisms

• Renewable source of energy – available plenty

in nature

• Biofuels are– Biogas

– Bioethanol

– Biodiesel

Why biofuels are beneficial?

Carbon neutral

Petroleum vs Biofuel

Biogas

• Biogas is an important renewable energyresource for rural, urban areas in India.

• It is produced by anaerobic digestion ofbiological wastes.

• It is an environment friendly, clean, cheap andversatile fuel.

Biogas

• Produced by using green wastes –

Agricultural wastes, kitchen wastes,

organic wastes, etc along with cow dung

for first time

• 1:1 raw materials and water

• Takes 45 days to produce biogas initially

• The slurry can be used as a manure

• Alternative for Natural gas

What is it used for?

• Biogas is a fuel used as an

energy source for light, heat or

movement

Biogas Technology Status

• The government of India has been runningNational Biogas and Manure ManagementProgram (NBMMP) for the welfare of the weakersection of the society.

• 100% Biogas engines are in operation in thecountry.

• 95% methane to make it suitable to be used as atransport fuel and for blending with natural gaswhere the gas grid is available.

• High density polyethylene (HDPE) basedcomplete and portable family size biogas plantssuitable for rural and semi urban area.

Bio-ethanol

Switchgrass

Sugar cane bagasse

Corn stover

Hybrid poplar

Ethanol can be

produced using:

Bio-ethanol

• Alternative for petrol

• The process involves conversion of the

material into sugars through enzymatic

process involving a variety of

microorganisms

• It can be used directly or can be blended

with petrol

Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is produced by a chemical

reaction using non-edible oils/animal fats

by transesterification process.

• Transesterification is a chemical reaction

where triglyceride is reacted with alcohol

in the presence of catalyst to produce alkyl

esters

Transesterification unit

Name Common Name Oil Percentage

Aphanamixis polystachya Amoora 40-45%

Buchanaria lanzan Mukuri Mara 20-35%

Caryota urens Bagani mara 20-30%

Chrysophyllum lanceolatum Wild sapota 30-40%

Holigarna arnottiana Hole geru 25-35%

Holigarna grahamii Doddele Holegara 25-35%

Jatropha curcas Kaadu haralu 30-45%

Madhuca neriifolia Hole hippe 20-30%

Mimusops elengi Pagade 25-30%

Palaquirum elliptium Hadasale 25-35%

Pterygota alata Koolugida 30-40%

Seleropyrum pentandrum Kaadu gandha 40-50%

Saraca asoca Ashoka mara 40-45%

Sterculia guttata Kotte mara 30-45%

Mesua ferrea Naga sampige 40-50%

Naturally available oil yielding species

The Pongamia trees yield after 4-5 year of plantation, it yields 15-20 kg of podsduring 10th year and after 20 years it will be 30 to 40 kg. Pongamia is resistant toabiotic and biotic stress conditions, it grows on follow or barren land and has lifespan of 90-100 years. The Pongamia seeds contains about 30-40 % of oil.

Pongamia pinnata (Honge)

Jatropha grows well in marginal/poor soil, it grows quickly when compared to othertrees. The life of the tree will be 50 years. Jatropha seeds contain 30-35 % of oil.

Jatropha curcas (Jatropha)

Azadirachta indica (Neem)

Neem trees are fast-growing and can grow up to 35 meters tall, evergreen, they willlose their leaves in times of severe drought. A tree can produce millions of flowers,and in one flowering cycle, a mature tree may produce many thousands of seeds.Seeds are small and round to oval in shape, with oil content ranging from 28-36%,depending on the variety.

Simarouba glauca

Simarouba seeds have oil content of 55-65 %. It is used for medicinal purpose.

The tree 6-7 years for flowering and yields apporoximately 6-8 kg of seeds.

Madhuca indica (Hippe)

This tree begins to bear fruit after 10 years and becomes fully productive in 15

years. A mature tree produce 5-10 kgs fruit every year. The seeds has 30 - 35% of

oil content in it.

Aphanamixis polystachya (Amoora)

Mesua ferrea (Naga Sampige)

Calophyllum inophyllum (Surahonne)

Name of the Plant No. of plants

grown per

hectare

(spacing)

seeds

production

per hectare

(tonnes)

Oil

content

(%)

Harvesting

period

Year

of

yield

Minimum

support price

(Rs/kg)

Neem

(Azadirachta indica)

150-200

(8X8m)

2.5 - 3 35-40 May-July 6th 08/-

Surrahonne

(Calcophyllum inophyllum)

400-425

(8X8m)

5 - 6 50-55 April-June 7th 12/-

Jatropha

(Jatropha curcas)

1500-2500

(3m-5m)

3 - 5 35-40 August -

October

3rd 12/-

Simarouba

(Simarouba glauca)

400-500

(8X8m)

3 - 5 45-50 February -

April

6th 12/-

Hippe

(Madhuca indica)

1200-1500

(5x5m)

3 -3.5 30-35 June - August 10th 14/-

Honge

(Pongamia pinnata)

350-400

(6-8m)

5 - 6 35-40 February -

May

4th 18/-

Nagasampige

(Mesua ferrea)

800-1000

(6X-6m)

2 -2.5 30-35 August -

October

7th 14/-

Amoora

(Aphanamixis polystachya)

250-300

(5X5 m)

3-4 40-45 October-April 6th 14/-

POTENTIAL OF BIOFUELSIndia total land area – 328 million hectares

Cultivated land – 142 million hectares

Cultivable waste land – 30 million hectares

The entire waste land used for growing biofuel will produce about 30 million tons of bio-oil (10 % demand by 2031).

Increase yield of sugarcane using drip irrigation & fertigation

Present average yield ~ 80 tons per ha

Using drip irrigation & fertigation ~ 150 tons per ha

Sweet sorghum:

Less water intensive than sugarcane

Two crops a year

Cellulosic ethanol from agro-forest residues such as bagasse, rice husk, wood chips, crop residues.

Technology needs to be developed

Models of growing plants

• Growing plants along the bunds, borders, back yards

• Growing plants along road sides, barren lands, community lands, degraded forest land, uncultivable land

• Multispecies, mixed plantation, yielding in different seasons of the year to ensure supply of feed stock all through the year for sustainable production of bio fuels

• Agroforestry system

Utilization and value addition to byproducts

Value addition to byproducts:

cake, glycerin etc

Waste from ethanol industry

Biogas production from wasteSpecies Nitroge

n(N)

Phosphor

us(P)

Potassiu

m(K)

Pongamia 3.9 - 4.0 0.9 - 1.0 1.3 - 1.4

Neem 5.2 - 5.3 0.5-1.0 1.4 - 1.5

Mahua 2.5 - 2.6 0.8 - 0.9 1.8 - 1.9

Jatropha 5.7-6.48 2.6 – 3.1 9 - 1.0

Simarouba 7-8 1.07 1.24

Amoora 1.8 0.63 0.27

Table3: Manurel value of different oilcake

National policy on bio-energy

• Bio-diesel production is to be taken up from non-edible oil

seeds in waste, degraded or marginal lands.

• An indicative target of 20% blending of biofuels by 2017 has

been proposed.

• Minimum Support Price (MSP) for non-edible oil seeds is to be

announced with periodic revision to provide fair price to the

growers.

• Minimum Purchase Price (MPP) for purchase of bio-ethanol and

bio-diesel is to be announced with periodic revision.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation refers to efforts made toreduce energy consumption.

Energy conservation can be achieved throughincreased efficient energy use or reducedconsumption from non-renewable energysources.

Energy conservation is often the mosteconomical solution to energy shortages.

WHY TO CONSERVE

We have limited fuels available on earth.

Our demand for energy is increasing day-by-day.

It is possible that someday, most of fuels will be exhausted , and we will have to switch to alternate energy.

What we can do ?

Always switch off light and fans while going out of room.

We should not open fridge frequently.

While going to purchase new products eg. Geysers, television, CFL, etc. insist for ratings ranging from 4-5 .

Increase everyone's understanding of the benefits of energy efficiency.

RECYCLE waste materials into new products to preventwaste of potentially useful materials.

REPLACE old light bulbs with energy saving fluorescentbulbs/LEDs. They may cost more, but will save you muchmore in the long run.

RECYCLING IS AN EXCELLENT WAY OF SAVING ENERGY AND CONSERVING

THE ENVIRONMENT.

THREE R’s

The slogan reduce, reuse, recycle is widely used to raise awareness against the use of non-renewable source of energy.

• Reduce consumption

• Reuse manufactured products

• Recycle raw materials

Thank you