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BIOE 220/rad 220 Review session. January 30, 2011. Comments on HW 1. Problem 46-48 (the first set) were actually supposed to refer to a different picture, so don’t think that it’s a representative problem Can tell it’s T1 since CSF is dark - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BIOE 220/RAD 220 REVIEW SESSIONJanuary 30, 2011
Comments on HW 1• Problem 46-48 (the first set) were actually supposed to refer
to a different picture, so don’t think that it’s a representative problem• Can tell it’s T1 since CSF is dark• You can tell it’s spin echo since edges are well define and there aren’t
susceptibility artifacts near the tissue-air boundaries
• Remember to label left/right whenever it can be identified in the image
• Other problems should have the correct solution written on your hw if you made a mistake. We can review any problems you’re interested in now
• The homeworks and exams in this class will generally test whether you properly understand the concepts of the physics, rather than just solving equations
How to Identify Modality - ReviewAre the bones
bright?
Are we seeing a projection, or
a slice?
CT Radiograph
MRIAre CSF and Gray Matter the Same
Brightness?
Is gray matter brighter than white matter?
Proton Density
ProjectionSlice
yes
no
yes
yes
Is CSF very bright?
T2 Spin Echo
yes
no
T1 Weighting
CSF is dark
FLAIR (T2 contrast,
dark CSF)
no
X-Ray Overview: Radiography, CT• X-ray medical imaging measures x-rays that pass through
the body to generate images• X-rays are electromagnetic energy in a band of energies
much higher than visible light• X-rays that pass through the body can do one of several
things• Pass through – These get detected properly• Get absorbed – These aren’t detected• Scattered – These can get detected improperly
• Photoelectric effect – occurs more in high Z (atomic number) materials• Compton scattering – dominant effect in soft tissue
Radiograph schematic
Probability of interactions
Linear attenuation coefficient
Film convention
X-ray source properties
X-ray absorption
Image properties• Contrast is determined by the energy of the photons (keV)
and the tissue properties• SNR is determined by the number of photons that
transmit (SNR = sqrt(N) ), which is a function of the transmission properties and the number of photons transmitted (mAs)
• Scatter degrades SNR by adding detected events where there shouldn’t be any
Magnification in radiography• Objects closer to source get magnified relative to farther
objects
CT takes a series of radiographs to reconstruct 3 dimensional object
CT units are normalized to water attenuation (Hounsfield units)
Contrast is the difference in Hounsfield units: C = A - B
CT colormaps are windowed• The dynamic range in CT is too large to capture
everything with a single colormap• The center (“level”) and extent (“window”) are varied to be
able to see the type of tissue being imaged• Bone window has a high level and wide window• Soft tissue or brain window is close to 0 (water) and much smaller
in extent
White Matter Tracts• Crossing Structures
• Corpus Callosum• Anterior commissure• Posterior commissure
• Connections within brain• Optical radiation
• Connections between brain and the rest of the body• Corticospinal tracts