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BiodiversityBiodiversity• Bio - Life• Diversity - Variety
Biodiversity describes the variety of biological organisms in a given habitat,
area, or ecosystem.
Levels of BiodiversityLevels of Biodiversity• Ecosystem Diversity• Species Diversity• Genetic Diversity
EcosystemEcosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms, such as plants and animals, along with their environment, that is all interrelated.
SpeciesSpeciesA species is a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics, such as shape or behavior, that distinguishes them from all other organisms.
InsectsHigher PlantsArthropods (non-insect)Fungi and Algae
Sea InvertebratesProtozoa and BacteriaWormsBirds
FishReptilesMammalsAmphibians
Worldwide Biodiversity
Birds9800
Higher Plants250000
Reptiles 6500
Worms36200
Sea Invertebrates70100
Arthropods (non insect)190000
Fungi and Algae109000
Amphibians4200
Mammals4327
Protozoa and Bacteria44800
Insects1000000
Fish8500
Birds Higher Plants Reptiles Worms
Sea Invertebrates Arthropods (non insect) Fungi and Algae Amphibians
Mammals Protozoa and Bacteria Fish Insects
Species diversitySpecies diversity• To measure stability to determine if
an environment is degrading• To compare two or more
environments
Species EvennessThe relative quantities or
proportions of individuals belonging to the different species.
Species EvennessThe relative quantities or
proportions of individuals belonging to the different species.
• The number of species in the area (numerator)• The total number of individuals in the area
(denominator )
4 = .33
12
Is the community comprised of mainly one species or is a mix of several DIVERSE species?
2 = .17
12
5 = 1
5
Results closer to 1 are an indicator of greater species evenness.
Simpson’s IndexSimpson’s Index
• Many diversity indices have been developed that combine different measures of biodiversity. One is called the Simpson’s Index.
• The Simpson’s Index includes BOTH species richness and species evenness in a single number.
How to Calculate Simpson’s IndexHow to Calculate Simpson’s Index
• D is the Simpson’s Index
• n is the total number of organisms of a particular species
• N is the total number of organisms of all species
• ∑ means “add up”!
D =∑ n(n - 1)N(N - 1)
Let’s Try an ExampleLet’s Try an Example
• You have studied a specific site, and have counted the individuals of five different species.
• n is the total number of organisms of a particular species.
Species A 12
Species B 3
Species C 7
Species D 4
Species E 9
n
Simpson’s IndexSimpson’s Index
∑ n(n - 1) = 264
D = ∑ n(n - 1)
N(N - 1) Species A 12 11 132
Species B 3 2 6
Species C 7 6 42
Species D 4 3 12
Species E 9 8 72
∑ n(n - 1) 264
n - 1 n(n - 1)n
Simpson’s IndexSimpson’s Index
D = ∑ n(n - 1)N(N - 1)
N - 1 = 34 N(N - 1) = 1190N = total number of all individuals = 35
=264
N(N - 1)
D =264
1190= 0.22184
This area would score 0.22184 on the Simpson’s Index. The scale ranges from 0–1, with 1 representing the lowest biodiversity. Therefore, the score for this area indicates a high level of biodiversity.
Our DiversityOur DiversityTrait Frequency Frequency
Gender Female – 50% Male – 50%
Earlobes Unattached – 71% Attached – 29%
Thumb extension Straight – 64-75% Hitchhikers – 25 – 36%
Tongue Rolling Can roll - 65% Can’t roll – 35%
Cheek Dimples Dimples – 35% None – 65%
Handedness Right – 90% Left – 10%
Hand clasping Left over right – 55% Right over left – 45%
Hair Curl Curly – 65% Straight – 35%
Hairline Widow’s – 70% Straight – 30%
Color Vision Normal – females 100%, Males 92%
Color blind – Males 8%
• (L) Loose lobes
• (tt) Straight hair
• (C) Can curl• (mm) No hair• (E) Dark eyes• (ww) No peak• (B) bent finger•Number
Why Is Biodiversity Important?Why Is Biodiversity Important?1. For medical and
economic reasons.
2. Biodiversity helps maintain important ecological processes that help support life on earth.
3. Our lives would not be as rich if we lost species.
4. All species have a right to exist.
5. No generation has the right to destroy resources that future generations will depend on.
6. Is important for inspiring inventors and artists and for spurring curiosity and imagination.
7. Is important for recreational activities.
8. Other?
Risks for Loss of Biodiversity
Risks for Loss of Biodiversity
• Habitat Loss• Invasive Species• Pollution• Population Growth• Overcomsumption
Extinct - ExtirpatedExtinct - Extirpated
A species is considered extinct if it has not been seen in the wild for at least fifty years.
10,000 years ago 1681
Species which are at a high risk of
becoming extinct in the near future, if nothing is done to
improve their situation.
Endangered Endangered
Selkirk Mountain Caribou
Sockeye salmon
Threatened SpeciesThreatened SpeciesSpecies which are likely to become endangered within the next 25 years, if nothing is done to improve their situation.
Canada Lynx Northern Idaho ground squirrel
Grizzly Bear
Sensitive SpeciesSensitive SpeciesSpecies for which population viability is a concern.
Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Northern Leopard Frog
Townsend's Big-eared Bat
Pygmy Rabbit
Canada Lynx(Threatened)
Canada Lynx(Threatened)
The lynx requires large areas of forest to hunt, and those areas are getting smaller due to development.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo(Candidate)
Yellow-billed Cuckoo(Candidate)
Logging, cattle grazing, dams, water diversions, water pumping and pollution have destroyed the West's rivers and riparian forests.
Ute’s Ladies TressesUte’s Ladies Tresses
Spiranthes diluvialis
Perennial orchid. Grows in moist soils along streams or springs.
Threatened
Pygmy Rabbit (Globally Imperiled)
Pygmy Rabbit (Globally Imperiled)
• Pygmy Rabbits are sagebrush obligates.
Greater Sage-Grouse(Candidate)
Greater Sage-Grouse(Candidate)
• Throughout their lives, sage grouse are found in or near sagebrush.
Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat(State sensitive)
Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat(State sensitive)
• Habitat loss• Sensitive to human
disturbance• Pesticides and other
environmental contaminants destroy the prey base.
Northern Leopard Frog(Rangewide Impaired Species)
Northern Leopard Frog(Rangewide Impaired Species)
Water pollution (herbicide, fertilizer, and mosquito control), bull frogs and predatory fish like bass (introduced), Red-leg Disease
Meadow Frog