BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMISTRY

vocabulary• 42. carbohydrate • protein • lipid • energy • activation energy • enzymes • substrate• active site

• polarity • cohesion• 52. adhesion

Not in 2011• hydrolysis • 54. condensation

reactionRead 27-33

I ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• Properties of elements are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus.

• The number of protons in a nucleus is called the atomic number

• What is the name of this element?

Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8 and 1

1 P


8P 8N 1 P


8P 8N

1 P

1 P Don’t draw this b/c it reappears 2 slides later

Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons

C would like to N would like toO would like to

Gain 4 electronsGain 3 electronsGain 2 electrons

Diagram the Polarity of the Water molecule

Oxygen

hydrogen

hydrogen

Electrons tend to spend more time near the oxygen because the large positive nucleus attracts the negative electrons

II PROPERTIES OF WATER

• 1. polarity• results in :

–temperature stabilizing effect (high heat capacity)

–surface tension–cohesive properties

Properties of water cont’

• 2. excellent solvent• Solute- material

dissolved in a solvent

• Adhesion- sticks to other materials

• Cohesion- sticks to materials like itself

• 3. Expands when frozen

• opposite of all other known materials

III FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION

• Diagram a still w/ corn, yeast, and water– hydrogen bonds in

water raises the boiling point

• Emphasis on boiling points

• yeast is a fungus• drinking addiction

Diagram this process

Draw results of fermentation demo(in your notes)

IV IMPORTANCE OF WATER

• 1. Source of H and O for chemical reactions

• 2. a medium for transporting foods, minerals and other substances in a living system

• 3. medium in which soluble materials are absorbed from the environment

• (“medium” means: method, material or way)

• 4. support (by water pressure) in plant cells and invertebrates (worms)

• 5. high percentage of the body weight• *blood composition is almost identical to sea

water* • EVIDENCE OF LIFE

ORIGINATING IN THE SEA

V ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS • O 100.1• C 27.72• H 15.4 • Ca 2.31 • P 1.54• N 1.48• K .54• S .35

• Na .23• Cl .23 • Mg .077• Fe .006• I .006 • Mn .0045• Trace

–Si, F, Cu, Zn

composition of the human body

Pounds of each element in a 150 pound person

Where do these elements come from?

atmospheresoil,

water

VI CARBON COMPOUNDS IN CELLS

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- the study of carbon compounds and their reactions. Carbon is unique because it can form long chains and rings

• Diagram carbon atomic structure and write short hand for chemical bonds

Carbon Atom A.N. 6

6 P 6 N

Four outer level or “valence electrons”

C

Carbon Atom A.N. 6

6 P 6 N

Four outer level or “valence electrons”

C

Carbon Atom A.N. 6

6 P 6 N

Short hand version

Bar = one shared pair of electrons

C C

Cells need fuel to function: especially CHO and fats

CARBOHYDRATES

I. FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)

• ENERGY• STORED ENERGY (more so in plants)• IMMUNITY • MEMBRANE FUNCTION • STRUCTURE (common in plants and

fungi)

V. FOODS

• ALL PLANTS -sugars are in fruits, vegetables, lactose in milk

• starch in potatoes

Food categories that provide CHO:

Fruits Vegetables Grains Milk Meat alternates NOT meat or oil

Plants create CHO via photosynthesis

LIPIDS (categories) notes in binder

• Triglycerides• Phospholipids• Sterols • More commonly to

you– Oils, fats,

waxes, steroids

I FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)

• STORED ENERGY • STRUCTURAL MATERIAL 1. Protection of vital organs2. Insulation

3. Membranes

• CARRIES ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

Examples of triglyceridesFats Oils

IV. EXAMPLES

• NEUTRAL FATS (triglycerides) - butter, lard, oil

• WAXES - cutin on leaf surfaces, ears, honey comb

• STEROLS- cholesterol, hormones, steroids, vitamin D precursor– LDL low density bad– HDL high density good

V. FOODS

• meats • seeds • nuts • milk

Protein

• Watch video on the next slide

I. FUNCTIONS

• ENZYMES "speeds up reactions“ (more later)

• STRUCTURE (muscle) • TRANSPORT• HORMONES • IMMUNITY• ENERGY (last energy source used by

humans)

II COMPOSITION

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

• Monomer amino acid BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS• 20 amino acids in the world of life

III STRUCTURE• amino group + acid group

Draw this in your notes

• amino group + acid group• a peptide bond links amino acids• dipeptide- two amino acids bonded • polypeptide- 3 or more amino acids

• Remember how the simple sugars “monosaccharides” were joined to form a “polysaccharide”

H and OH are removed to form

water

Draw this in your notes

IV EXAMPLES

• amino acids alanine tyrosine arginine (notice the endings)

• fibrous proteins- single chains keratin collagen

• globular proteins- several chains linked together enzymes, hemoglobin,

antibodies, insulin• lipoprotein lipid and protein bonded• glycoprotein sugar and protein bonded

V FOOD

• milk, eggs, seeds, legumes, fish, meat

enzymes

• - ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE AN ADDITION OF ENERGY TO GET STARTED, "ACTIVATION ENERGY"

• -BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS THAT "SPEED UP" THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED

1. Enzymes as biological catalyst

• Major properties– All are globular proteins– They increase the rate of a reaction

without themselves being used up– Their presence does not alter the

nature or properties of the end product(s) of the reaction

– A very small amount of catalyst can work on a large amount of substrate

Lactose =

• Principle CHO found in milk» carbohydrate

• Lactose intolerance = insufficient production of enzyme lactase

ENZYME ACTIVITYTHE LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS

OF ENZYME ACTIVITY

Kiwi fruit and gelatin demo (draw in your notes)

• ‘Lock and key’ hypothesis – Enzyme has a particular shape into which the

substrate(s) fit exactly – Key = substrate– Lock = enzyme

Link to comp lab pages

Enzymes are…

• SPECIFIC FOR A SUBSTRATE• UNCHANGED DURING THE REACTION• PROTEINS• REUSEABLE

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME ACTIVITY

• TEMPERATURE• pH• AMOUNT OF PRODUCT OR

SUBSTRATE PRESENT• PRESENCE OF OTHER ENZYMES

Link to BEANO lab pages

COMMERCIAL USES OF ENZYMES

• DETERGENTS• LACTASE• DRAIN CLEANERS• SEPTIC TANK CLEANERS• CONTACT LENS CLEANERS

Biochemistry TEST THURSDAYTHURSDAY• Topics (especially notes)

– properties and importance of water, elements– Organic chemistry, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates– Enzymes

• Vocabulary 42-54, text 27-42• Biochem Crossword, Chemistry of Life, enzyme

activity worksheets• DEMONSTRATIONS

– fermentation, salivary enzyme– Kiwi and gelatin

• Beano Lab (background and activity)

Lucy

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BIOCHEMISTRY