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Joginder SinghVineet MeshramMahiti Gupta Editors
Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discovery
Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discovery
Joginder Singh • Vineet Meshram •Mahiti GuptaEditors
Bioactive Natural Productsin Drug Discovery
EditorsJoginder SinghDepartment of MicrobiologyLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India
Vineet MeshramDepartment of Plant Pathologyand Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization,The Volcani CentreRishon Lezion, Israel
Mahiti GuptaDepartment of BiotechnologyLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, Punjab, India
ISBN 978-981-15-1393-0 ISBN 978-981-15-1394-7 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1394-7
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors orthe editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for anyerrors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore
Preface
Natural products are small organic molecules produced naturally by any organismincluding primary and secondary metabolites. Natural products offer colossal struc-tural diversity and unique biological activities which are the result of biosyntheticprocesses that have been modulated over millions of years due to natural selectionsand evolutionary process substantiating their superiority over chemicallysynthesized compounds. Thus, natural products have been used in both traditionaland modern medicines as a panacea for various diseases. Furthermore, naturalproducts also provide template for the synthesis of various drugs followed bysynthetic modifications to increase the bioavailability and reduce the side effectsof the drugs. Traditional methods used for screening and isolation of natural productswere ineffective, cost-intensive, and cumbersome; however, with the advent ofmodern analytical and high-throughput techniques, isolation and characterizationof the natural products can be done rapidly which open up exciting opportunities forthe pharmaceutical industries in the field of drug discovery and development.
The endeavor of the book entitled Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discoveryis to present details of cutting-edge research in the field of drug discovery anddevelopment from bioactive natural products and helps its reader to understandhow natural product research continues to make significant contributions in thediscovery and development of novel medicinal entities. With 27 chapters contributedby an elite group of researchers working in the forefront of bioprospecting naturalproducts, the book is divided into three modules; the first two modules respectivelyelaborates the significance and applications of plant and microbial natural products,whereas the third module highlights the important biotechnological applications ofthe natural products with an intention to unravel their pharmaceutical applicability inmodern drug discovery processes. The book covers the biosynthesis, bioactivities,pharmacology, chemical profiling, and structure–activity relationships of variousbioactive natural products. Modern emerging areas such as metabolomics, proteo-mics, nutraceuticals, and drug targeting are also covered. It also includes interestingchapter that deals with the economics, consumers’ attitudes, and intentions in
v
purchasing natural products. It therefore serves as a useful reference book forstudents and researchers in a wide variety of research fields, including analyticalchemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, ethnobotany, microbiology, pharmacy, andphytochemistry.
Phagwara, India Joginder SinghRishon LeZion, Israel Vineet MeshramPhagwara, India Mahiti Gupta2020
vi Preface
Contents
Part I Plants Natural Products: Fountainheads for Drug Discoveryand Development
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Bhupendra Koul and Taslimahemad Khatri
2 Bacopa monnieri: The Neuroprotective Elixir fromthe East—Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and BiotechnologicalImprovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Samapika Nandy, Anuradha Mukherjee, Devendra Kumar Pandey,and Abhijit Dey
3 Current Knowledge of Cinnamomum Species: A Reviewon the Bioactive Components, Pharmacological Properties,Analytical and Biotechnological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Devendra Kumar Pandey, Ronni Chaudhary, Abhijit Dey,Samapika Nandy, R. M. Banik, Tabarak Malik,and Padmanabh Dwivedi
4 Swertia spp.: A Potential Source of High-Value BioactiveComponents, Pharmacology, and Analytical Techniques . . . . . . . . . 165Prabhjot Kaur, Devendra Kumar Pandey, Abhijit Dey,Padmanabh Dwivedi, Tabarak Malik, and R. C. Gupta
5 The Genus Calophyllum: Review of Ethnomedicinal Uses,Phytochemistry and Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Shiv Gupta and Pawan Gupta
Part II Plant Derived Natural Products as Leads for Drug Discovery
6 Plant-Derived Quinones as a Source of Antibacterialand Anticancer Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Surbhi Goel, Preeti Singh Parihar, and Vineet Meshram
7 Drugging Protein-Protein Interaction Interfacewith Natural Products: A Computational Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Ria Biswas and Angshuman Bagchi
vii
8 CQDs Derived from Natural Sources: ExcellentBioimaging Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Ranjana Singh, Jyoti Goutam, and Ranjan K. Singh
Part III Microbial Natural Products: A Quintessential Sourcefor Drug Discovery and Development
9 Microbial Natural Products: Recent Insightsinto Novel Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Rajnish Kumar Verma and Amita Sharma
10 Bioactive Peptides and Carbohydrates from Natural Products:A Source of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Gurseen Rakhra, Sumit Kumar Jaiswal, and Gurmeen Rakhra
11 Metabolites of Fluorescent Pseudomonadsand Their Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Kranti Tanguturu, Moumita Mondal, Ankit Banik, Gurusamy Raman,and Natarajan Sakthivel
12 Ganoderma: A Propitious Medicinal Poroid Mushroom . . . . . . . . . 379Ranjeet Singh, Avneet Pal Singh, Gurpaul Singh Dhingra,and Richa Shri
13 Pharmaceutically Important Metabolites from Marine Fungi . . . . . 411Vijayalakshmi Selvakumar, Satyender Singh, Karthik Kannan,and Panneerselvam Annamalai
14 Endophytic Fungi: A Treasure Trove of NovelBioactive Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Mahiti Gupta and Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
15 Novel Products from Microalgae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451G. Subashini and S. Bhuvaneswari
16 Lactic Acid Production and Its Application in Pharmaceuticals . . . 467Ajay Kumar, Joginder Singh, and Chinnappan Baskar
17 Microbial Clot Busters: An Overview of Source, Production,Properties and Fibrinolytic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Mahiti Gupta, Sanjai Saxena, and Vineet Meshram
18 Carbohydrate Biopolymers: Diversity, Applications,and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Taranpreet Kaur and Raman Preet Singh
viii Contents
Part IV Important Biotechnological Applications of Natural Products
19 Biotechnological Aspects of Nanoparticles Driven from NaturalProducts for Drug Delivery System and Other Applications . . . . . . 549Simranjeet Singh, Vijay Kumar, Satyender Singh, Shivika Datta,Sanjay Kumar, Pooja Bhadrecha, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal,and Joginder Singh
20 Methods and Techniques for the Chemical Profilingand Quality Control of Natural Products and NaturalProduct-Derived Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Vijay Kumar, Simranjeet Singh, Satyender Singh, Shivika Datta,Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, and Joginder Singh
21 Characterization of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of FungalEndophytes from Melghat Forest in Maharashtra, India . . . . . . . . 599Kishor Suradkar and Dillip Hande
22 Modulation of Cellular Protein Quality Control PathwaysUsing Small Natural Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Rahul Badhwar and Arun Upadhyay
23 Elaborating on the Potential for Mushroom-Based ProductMarket Expansion: Consumers’ Attitudes and PurchasingIntentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643Sonja Veljović and Jelena Krstić
24 The Role of Algae in Nutraceutical and PharmaceuticalProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Shristy Gautam and M. Amin-ul Mannan
25 Microbial Interventions to Induce Secondary MetaboliteBiosynthesis in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, and Rakesh Pandey
26 Peptaibols: Antimicrobial Peptides from Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713V. N. Ramachander Turaga
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Contents ix
About the Editors
Joginder Singh is presently working as a Professor at the Department of Microbi-ology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India. His training and researchexperience prepared him to work with microbial consortium formulation and studyits ecology. His particular areas of competence include planning and execution ofR&D facilities at scientist level. He is an active member of various scientificsocieties and organizations, including Indian Science Congress Association, theAssociation of Microbiologists of India, K. K. Nanda Foundation for Advancementof Plant Sciences, Indian Society of Salinity Research Scientists, Indian Society forRadiation Biology, Hong Kong Chemical, Biological & Environmental EngineeringSociety, and European Federation of Biotechnology. The Academy of PlantSciences, India (2016) conferred him certificate of excellence in the field of Micro-bial Technology. He serves as a reviewer for many prestigious journals and haspublished more than 60 research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals,edited 4 books, and authored/co-authored 25 book chapters.
Vineet Meshram is currently working as a Visiting Scientist at the Department ofPlant Pathology and Weed Research, the Volcani Centre, Agricultural ResearchOrganization, Israel. He previously served as an Assistant Professor at the Depart-ment of Biochemistry, DAV University, India (2016–2017). He has over 10 yearsof research experience in microbial secondary metabolites, microbial biochemistry,biological control, mycology, and drug discovery. His research work has resultedin over 15 referred journal articles, 21 abstracts and, 3 book chapters. He is also afounder member of the International Society for Fungal Conservation. In recogni-tion of his contributions, the Mycological Society of India (2012) and EuropeanMycological Society (2015) selected him for a Young Scientist Award. Recently,he has been awarded Karsons’s award (2019) by The Ministry of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Organization, Israel, for his studies on plant-microbeinteractions.
Mahiti Gupta is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Biotechnology,Lovely Professional University, India. Her research interests are in natural productsand drug discovery, enzyme inhibitors, protein purification, and characterization.
xi
She is currently working on endophytes and Stevia. She has been honored with aUGC Meritorious Fellowship and a Young Scientist Award. She has publishedseven research articles in peer-reviewed international and national journals and hasauthored and co-authored several book chapters. She is a member of numerousscientific societies, including the Indian Science Congress.
xii About the Editors
Part I
Plants Natural Products: Fountainheads forDrug Discovery and Development
The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to SeveralMaladies 1Bhupendra Koul and Taslimahemad Khatri
AbstractThe genus Artemisia belongs to the family Asteraceae which has now become thesubject of great attraction because of its rich species diversity and phytochemicalcomposition. This genus has a very long history of use in the treatment of humandiseases in different parts of the world. This medicinally important genus haspromising therapeutic potential which includes antimalarial, anti-parasitic,hepato-protective, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, antimi-crobial, antitumour, antioxidant, anticancer, anticonvulsant, anti-leishmanial,anti-diabetic, anti-promastigote, antidepressant and anticonvulsant. A total of839 chemical compounds (volatile and non-volatile) have been reported indifferent species of this genus. These chemical compounds can be categorisedinto major classes such as flavonoids, lignans, terpenes, fatty acids,phenylpropanoids, sterols, fatty esters, phenolics, hydrocarbons and miscella-neous compounds. Strategic conservation of Artemisia species shall continue toprovide molecules of pharmaceutical importance in future.
KeywordsSecondary metabolites · Herbal drugs · Antimalarial · Artemisinin · Mugwort
B. Koul (*)School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab,Indiae-mail: [email protected]
T. KhatriDepartment of Chemistry, Government Science College, Chikhli, Gujarat, India
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020J. Singh et al. (eds.), Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discovery,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1394-7_1
3
Abbreviations
2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acidAA ascorbic acidAIDS acquired immune deficiency syndromeBAP 6-benzylaminopurineBC before the Christ’s birthcm centimetreDPPH 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activityFRAP ferric reducing antioxidant powerg grammeHCl hydrochloric acidHPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyHPTLC high-performance thin-layer chromatographyIAA indole 3-acetic acidKN kinetinmg milligramsml millilitreMS Murashige and SkoogMTCC Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene BankNAA α-naphthalene acetic acidTCM traditional Chinese medicineμM micromolar
1.1 Introduction
Plants are being used from ancient times as a source of food, fuel and fodder and formedicinal purposes. Thus, they act as a supporting system for the existence of all theliving organisms on Earth. The plant kingdom is a reservoir of medicinally importantplants which are used to produce effective and non-toxic medicines for humanhealthcare (Liu et al. 2013). India contributes its maximum income for the produc-tion of herbal medicines and thus it is known as the ‘botanical garden of the world’.Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats of India arethe major hotspots which constitute nearly 45,000 species of medicinally importantflora (Mohanty et al. 2018). The applications of herbs for various purposes have alsobeen mentioned in ancient Hindu scripts of India such as Sushruta Samhita(800–700 BC), Samhita (1000–800 BC), Rigveda (4500–1600 BC) and others (Paland Jain 1998; Chan et al. 2010; Leonti and Casu 2013; Kapur 2016).
During the ancient times, the knowledge regarding the medicinal properties ofplants was limited to local people, tribal communities, priests, etc. but in the presenttime the power of herbal remedies has become widespread (Koul et al. 2017). With
4 B. Koul and T. Khatri
the advancements of medical and chemical sciences several synthetic drugs are nowavailable in the market for the treatment of various disorders. As a result, the demandof herbal medicines is continuously increasing day by day among the people becauseherbal medicines are safe, cost effective and eco-friendly. It has been reported thatmore than 60% of the commercially important drugs are obtained from plant sources(Cubukcu et al. 1990; WHO 2003).
Artemisia is a medicinally important genus belonging to Asteraceae family whichis also known as ‘Compositae family’, ‘thistle family’ or ‘daisy family’ and ‘sun-flower family’. This genus consists of 474 species which are generally known as‘mugwort’, ‘tarragon’, ‘worm wood’ or ‘sagebrush’ (Tajadod et al. 2012; Obistioiuet al. 2014). These species are either biannual, annual, perennial, herbs or shrubs.The word ‘Artemisia’ comes from the ancient Greek word ‘Artemis’¼ The Goddess(the Greek Queen Artemisia) and ‘absinthium’¼Unenjoyable or without sweetness.The plants possess peculiar bitter taste and pungent smell due to the presence ofsesquiterpene lactones and terpenoids (Abad et al. 2012). Some species of this genusare used for the preparations of herbal tea, alcoholic beverages, tonic and medicineswhile some are cultivated as crops.
As the Artemisia spp. are a rich source of volatile and non-volatile bioactivephytoconstituents, these species have been reported to possess numerous therapeuticpotential such as the following: antimalarial (Sarab et al. 2011; Mojarrab et al. 2016),antibacterial (Altunkaya et al. 2014; Saxena 2015; Kumar et al. 2017; Wani et al.2017), anti-diabetic (Ashok and Upadhyaya 2013; Nathar and Yatoo 2014), antican-cer (Taherkhani 2014; Martínez-Díaz et al. 2015), antifungal (Obistioiu et al. 2014;Saxena 2015), anti-helminthic (Rajeshkumar and Hosagoudar 2012), hepato-protective (Mohammadian et al. 2016), trichomonacidal (Nibret and Wink 2010),antiviral (Rajeshkumar and Hosagoudar 2012; Sharma et al. 2014), antispasmodic(Sarab et al. 2011; Joshi et al. 2016), anti-parasitic (Yildiz et al. 2011), anti-arthritis(Kim et al. 2015), anti-rheumatic (Saxena 2015), antihypertensive (Tigno et al. 2000;Sharopov et al. 2012), anti-inflammatory (Sarab et al. 2011; Nikhat et al. 2013),neuroprotective (Lachenmeier 2010), antitumour (Shafi et al. 2012; Mojarrab et al.2013), antipyretic (Hailu et al. 2013), antioxidant (Bora and Sharma 2011; Mojarrabet al. 2013; Msaada et al. 2015; Mohammadian et al. 2016), anti-fertility (Ashok andUpadhyaya 2013; Singh et al. 2019d), deobstruent (Nikhat et al. 2013), wormicidal(Bizhani 2015), trypanocidal, emmenagogue, diuretic, abortive (Kader and Delseny2011; Singh et al. 2016; Mishra et al. 2016; Kumar et al. 2016), analgesic (Saxena2015), acaricidal (Godara et al. 2014), vermifuge, febrifuge, antibiotic, urine stimu-lant (Saxena 2015), premenstrual syndrome, menopause, dysmenorrhoea andattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Adams et al. 2012), immunomodulatory(Zamanai et al. 2015), anti-ulcerogenic (Kim et al. 2017), anti-coccidal(Kostadinovic et al. 2012), diuretic, anti-cholesterolemic, cholagogue, febrifugeand vasodilator (Sajid et al. 2016), anti-plasmodial (Ramazani et al. 2010), bilestimulant (Saxena 2015), anti-hyperlipidaemic (Daradka et al. 2014; Khan 2015),anti-epileptic and anticonvulsant (de Almeida et al. 2013), disinfectant, choleretic,balsamic, depurative, digestive, emmenagogue, anti-leukaemia and anti-sclerosis(Ali and Abbasi 2014), abortifacient (Zadoks 2013), anti-nociceptive (Shoaib et al.2016), antifeedant (Barrero et al. 2013), insecticidal (Bouzenna and Krichen 2012),
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 5
anti-leishmanial (Tariku et al. 2010; Jafroodi et al. 2015), antivenom (Nalbantsoyet al. 2013), anti-herpes virus (Gavanji et al. 2015; Kumar et al. 2015), antidote toinsect poison (Mckenna and Hughe 2014) and anti-migraine (Gohari et al. 2013;Kumar et al. 2014). In this chapter we have compiled the information regardingphytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, commercialised productsand conservation of Artemisia species.
1.2 Phytochemistry
Artemisia genus is a source of numerous secondary metabolites which can becategorised into different classes such as oxygenated sesquiterpenes, oxygenatedmonoterpenes, phenylpropanoids, diterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenehydrocarbons, monoterpene hydrocarbons, saturated fatty acids, azulenes, acyclicalkanes, norisoprenoids, saturated fatty aldehydes, oxygenated diterpenes, unsatu-rated ketone, unsaturated fatty alcohol, fatty esters, oxygenated hemiterpene, alkylketones, saturated fatty alcohol, unsaturated fatty aldehydes, lignan, phenolic acids,aromatic hydrocarbon, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, hydroxylcinnamic acids, phenolic glycosides, oxygenated triterpenes, butenolides,pyrethroids, benzenoids, alkyne, cyclic hydrocarbons, coumarins (expectedflavonoids), ester of caffeic acid and unsaturated fatty acids. Artemisinin is one ofthe important phytochemicals which has been isolated from two spp. of Artemisia:A. annua L. and A. vulgaris L. (Hussain et al. 2010). A total of 839 phytochemicalshave been isolated from 14 different species of Artemisia, viz. A. arborescens(Vaill.) L., A. abrotanum L., A. carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb., A. dracunculusL., A. absinthium L., A. indica Willd., A. afra Jacq. ex Willd., A. capillaris Thunb.,A. cina Berg ex Poljakov, A. annua L., A. japonica Thunb., A. chamaemelifoliaVill.,A. vulgaris L. and A. herba-alba Asso (Brown 2010; Altunkaya et al. 2014;Martínez-Díaz et al. 2015) as shown in Table 1.1. These phytochemicals havebeen isolated using different techniques such as HPLC-MS, GC-MS, HPLC, X-raycrystallography and 1D and 2D NMR. Oxygenated terpenes and hydrocarbons arethe most abundant phytoconstituents found in this genera.
1.3 Conservation of Artemisia Species
All the medicinally important species of this genus have been reported to be in usesince ancient times for culinary preparations as well as therapeutic uses as mentionedin Table 1.2. Besides that, various commercialised products of these species in theform of tablets, syrups, oils, creams, etc. are also available in the market for humanhealthcare (Table 1.3). The species of Artemisia are also reported to accumulate heavymetals (Bhati et al. 2019; Kapoor et al. 2019). Thus they provide a solution toremediate the environment contaminants (Singh et al. 2019a, Kumar et al. 2019a;Singh et al. 2019b; Singh et al. 2019c). They work by the process of eitherphytoremediation or phytoaccumulation and transformed them into usefulby-products (Kumar et al. 2019b; Sidhu et al. 2019; Kumar et al. 2019c; Kumar and
6 B. Koul and T. Khatri
Table
1.1
Phy
tochem
icalsandmedicinalprop
ertiesof
selected
Artem
isia
species
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
Artem
isia
abrotanu
mL.
(Sou
thernw
ood,
oldman,
boys
love,o
ldman’sworm
woo
d,lover’splant,
Europ
eansage,lem
onplant,
appleringie,garderob
e,maid’sruin,g
arden
sagebrush,
ourlord’swoo
d)
A.a
brotan
umisasm
allb
ush
andgainsaheightof
1.2m.It
grow
swild
oriscultivatedas
ornamentalplantin
gardens
intemperateregion
ofEurasiaandAfricaandsome
places
ofNorth
America
becauseitbearsflow
erswith
arom
a
Usedas
cond
iment;
tea/anthelmintic;
antiseptic;cholagog
ue;
deob
struent;
emmenagog
ue;
stom
achic;tonic/yello
wdy
eisob
tained
from
branches;hairtonic;
incense;po
t-po
urri;
insectrepellent
Who
leherb
Abadetal.(20
12),Ben-N
asr
etal.(20
13),Obistioiu
etal.
(201
4),O
zeketal.(20
14),Suresh
etal.(20
10),Sureshetal.(20
11)
Bioactiv
ecompo
unds
presentin
Artem
isia
abrotanu
mL.
Artedou
glasiaox
ideA(1)a�
Artedou
glasiaox
ideB(2)a�
Artedou
glasiaox
ideC(3)a�
Artedou
glasiaox
ideD(4)a�
Artem
isinin
(5)a�
cis-Arbusculone
(6)b�
cis-Davanon
e(7)a�
cis-β-Terpineol
(8)b�
Davanaether(9)a�
Estrago
le(10)
c�
Lavenderlacton
e(11)
b�
Nordavano
ne(12)
a�
o-Cym
ene(13)
f
Piperito
ne(14)
b�
Silp
hiperfol-5-en-3-ol
A(15)
a�
tran
s-Arbusculone
(16)
b�
tran
s-Piperito
l(17)
b�
α-Terpineol
(18)
b�
1,8-Cineole(19)
b
Artem
isia
absinthium
L.
(Absinthium,w
orm
woo
d,greenging
er,absintheworm
woo
d,common
worm
woo
dor
grandwormwoo
d,louisianaartemisia,cud
weed,
western
mug
wort,white
sage)
A.a
bsinthiumissilver
green,
perenn
ial,herbaceous
plant
grow
ingin
thetemperate
region
sof
Eurasia,N
orthern
AfricaandNorth
America.It
grow
sin
naturalhabitaton
uncultivated-grou
nd,rocky
slop
es,sides
offootpaths,
foot
ofhills
andfields.S
tem
iserect,4–12
in.tall
branched,fi
rm,leafy,
sometim
esalmosthard
Usedas
cond
iment/
anthelmintic;antiseptic;
antispasm
odic;appetizer;
carm
inative;cholagog
ue;
emmenagog
ue;
febrifug
e;ho
meopathy;
hypn
otic;stim
ulant;
stom
achic;tonic;
verm
ifug
e/repellent;
strewing
Who
leHerb
Abadetal.(20
12),Altu
nkaya
etal.(20
14)Ereletal.(20
12),
Lee
etal.(20
13),Obistioiu
etal.
(201
4),O
zeketal.(20
14),
Sharopo
vetal.(20
12),Wani
etal.(20
14)
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 7
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
woo
dyatthebase.T
heleaves
oftheplantare
white
silver-green
incolour
having
bitter,strong
arom
adu
eto
presence
ofcompo
und
thujon
e.Asing
leplantcan
prod
uce50
,000
seeds.
Fibrous
rootsof
plantpossess
arom
atictaste.
Itisused
asherbal
medicationin
Ayu
rveda,
Unani,h
omeopathyand
Siddh
a.Ithaslong
been
used
asan
anti-helm
inthic
(wormwoo
d)andalso
asan
ingredient
intheliq
uor
Absinthe.Artem
isia
absinthium
iscommon
lycalledas
wormwoo
d.The
namewormwoo
dim
plies
thatitisapo
werfulw
orming
agent,becauseof
itsusage
forh
undredsof
yearstoexpel
tapeworms,threadwormsand
especially
roun
dwormsfrom
dogs,catsandhu
mans.
Absinth
wormwoo
disused
incompanion
plantin
gto
supp
ress
weeds,b
ecause
its
8 B. Koul and T. Khatri
rootssecreteasubstance
calledabsinthin
(sesqu
iterpenelacton
e)that
inhibitsthegrow
thof
surrou
ndingplants.Itcan
repelinsectlarvae
when
plantedon
theedge
ofthe
cultivatedarea.Ithasalso
been
used
torepelfleasand
moths
indo
ors.Studies
ofits
effecton
thegerm
inationof
otherplantsareinconclusive
Bioactiv
ecompo
unds
presentin
Artem
isia
absinthium
L.
Artem
isiaketone
(20)
b�
Aromadendrene(21)
e�
Bicyclogerm
acrene
(22)
e�
Borneol
(23)
b�
Cam
phene(24)
f�
Carvacrol
(25)
b�
Carvo
ne(26)
b�
Caryo
phyllene
oxide(27)
a�
Chamazulene(28)
h�
Chrysanthenyl
acetate(29)
b�
cis-Chrysanthenol
(30)
b�
cis-Epo
xyocim
ene(31)
b�
cis-Piperito
neepox
ide(32)
b�
cis-Sabinol
(33)
b�
cis-Verbeno
l(34)
b�
Cub
enol
(35)
a�
Curcumene(36)
e�
Decanoicacid
(37)
g�
(E)-Nerolidol
(43)
a�
(E)-Nuciferolisob
utyrate
(44)
a�
(E)-Sabinyl
acetate(45)
b�
(E)-Sabinenehy
drate(46)
b�
(E)-3-Hexenyl
butyrate
(47)
b�
Farnesol(48
)a�
Germacrene
B(49)
e�
Germacrene
D(50)
e�
Geranial(51)
b�
Geraniol(52)
b�
Geranyl
acetate(53)
b�
Geranyl
butano
ate(54)
b�
Geranyl
isob
utanoate(55)
b�
Geranyl
isov
alerate(56)
b�
Geranyl
prop
ionate(57)
b�
Geranyl,2
-methy
lbutanoate
Linaloo
l(66)
b�
Myrtenal(67)
b�
Myrteno
l(68)
b�
n-Heneicosane
(69)
i�
n-Heptadecane
(70)
i�
n-Non
adecane(71)
i�
Nerol
(72)
b�
Neral(73)
b�
Neryl
acetate(74)
b�
Neryl
butano
ate(75)
b�
Neryl
isob
utanoate(76)
b�
Neryl
isov
alerate(77)
b�
Neryl
2-methy
lbutanoate
(78)
b�
Neryl-3-m
ethy
lbutanoate
(79)
b�
Neryl
prop
ionate(80)
b�
p-Cym
ene(81)
f
tran
s-Caryo
phyllene
(89)
e
tran
s-Epo
xyocim
ene
(90)
b�
tran
s-Pinocarveol
(91)
b�
tran
s-Sabinol
(92)
b�
tran
s-Verbeno
l(93)
b�
Terpinen-4-ol
(94)
b�
Terpino
lene
(95)
f
Terpiny
lpropion
ate
(96)
b�
Thy
mol
(97)
b�
Tricyclene(98)
f
tran
s-Muu
rolol(99)
a�
Valerenicacid
(100
)a�
Verbeno
ne(101
)b�
Viridiflorol
(102
)a�
(Z)-Anethole(103
)c�
α-Muu
rolene
(112
)e
α-Phelland
rene
(113
)f
α-Pinene(114
)f
α-Terpinene
(115
)f
α-Terpineol
(18)
b�
α-Terpiny
lacetate(116
)b�
α-Thu
jene
(117
)f
α-Thu
jone
(118
)b�
β-Bou
rbon
ene(119
)e
β-Citron
ellol(120
)b�
β-Elemene(121
)e�
β-Iono
ne(122
)j�
β-Pinene(123
)f�
β-Selinene(124
)e�
β-Thu
jone
(125
)b�
γ-Muu
rolene
(126
)e�
γ-Cadinene(127
)e�
γ-Dehyd
ro-A
r-himachalene
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 9
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
Dihyd
ro-chamazulene(38)
h�
(E)-Anethole(39)
c�
(E)-Caryo
phyllene
(40)
�
(E)-Crysantenyl
acetate
(41)
b�
(E)-Linaloo
lox
ide(42)
b�
(58)
b�
Iso-3-thujanol
(59)
b�
Lavandu
lylacetate(60)
b�
Lavandu
lylisob
utanoate
(61)
b�
Lavandu
lyl2-methy
lbutyrate
(62)
b�
Ledol
(63)
a�
Lim
onene(64)
f
Linalyl
acetate(65)
b�
Perillaldehy
de(82)
b�
Piperiteno
neox
ide(83)
b�
Pog
ostol(84)
a�
Pulegon
e(85)
b�
Sabinene(86)
f�
Santolin
aalcoho
l(87
)b�
Spathylenol
(88)
a�
(Z)-Linaloo
lox
ide
(104
)b�
(Z)-Nuciferolisobutyrate
(105)a�
(Z)-Sabinylacetate
(106)b�
α-Copaene
(107)e
α-Bisabolol
(108)a�
α-Dehydro-ar-
himachalene
(109)e
α-Hum
ulene(110)e
α-Ionone
(111)j
(128
)e�
γ-Isog
eraniol(129
)b
γ-Terpinene
(130
)f
δ-Cadinene(131
)e�
1,8-Cineole(19)
b�
3,6-Dihyd
rocham
azulene(132
)h�
9-Geranyl-p-cym
ene(133
)d�
Artem
isia
afra
Jacq.ex
Willd(W
ildwormwoo
d,African
wormwoo
d,wild
e-als,um
hlon
yane,m
hlon
yane,
leng
ana,zeng
ana,ny
umba)
A.a
fraisacommon
species
which
iswidelygrow
nin
Africainclud
ingno
rthto
east
areasof
Africa,Ethiopiaand
Sou
thAfrica.A.a
fraisdark
greenin
colour
having
woo
dystem
reaching
from
0.5–2m
inheight,w
hile
leaves
aresimilarto
fern.
A.a
fraisawell-kn
own
medicinalplantinAfrica,
andisstill
used
bypeop
leof
manycultu
res.The
who
leplantp
artinclud
ingstem
,rootsandleaves
isused
inmothrepellent,lotions,
smok
ingandinsecticideor
as
Non
ekn
own.
The
roots,
stem
sandleaves
areused
asenem
as,p
oultices,
infusion
s,lotio
ns,
inhaled(e.g.smok
edor
snuffed),o
ras
anessentialoil/m
oth
repellent/organic
insecticidalspray
Roo
t,stem
andleaves
Abadetal.(20
12),Maggioetal.
(201
2),O
zek(201
4)
10 B. Koul and T. Khatri
essentialoils.A
.afra
possessesstrong
,sticky
sweetfragrancethat
emanates
whencuto
rtouched.
The
othercommon
names
ofA.a
fraareAfrican
wormwoo
d,wild
wormwoo
d,wild
e-als
(Afrikaans),um
hlon
yane,
mhlon
yane,lengana,
zeng
anaandny
umba.T
heleaves
areused
totreat
fevers,chestinfections,
digestivedisturbances,
coug
hs,fl
u,em
physem
aand
asthma-lik
edisorders
Bioactiv
ecompo
unds
presentin
Artem
isia
afra
Jacq.exW
illd
Artem
isiaalcoho
l(13
4)b�
Artem
isiaketone
(20)
b�
Artedou
glasiaox
ideD(4)a
Allo
-aromadendrene(135
)e
Allo
-aromadendreneox
ide
(136
)a
Borneol
(23)
b�
Bicyclogerm
acrene
(22)
e
Borny
lacetate(137
)b�
Cam
phene(24)
f
Cam
phor
(138
)b�
Carvacrol
(25)
b�
Carvo
ne(26)
b�
Caryo
phyllene
oxide(27)
a�
cis-Carveol
(146
)b�
cis-Lanceol
(147
)a
cis-Muu
rola-4(14,5diene)
(148
)a
Decanal(149
)k
Dihyd
ronerolid
ol(150
)a
Davanon
eD(151
)a
Davanaether(9)a
(E)-β-Farnesene
(152
)e�
(E)-Nerolidol
(43)
a�
phytol
(153
)l
Guaiol(154
)a�
Geranial(51)
b�
Germacrene
B(49)
e�
Methy
leugeno
l(159
)c�
Myrtenal(67)
b
Myrteno
l(68)
b�
Myrteny
lacetate(160
)b�
Neolyratol(161
)b�
Nordavano
ne(12)
a�
Neral(73)
b�
Neryl
acetate(74)
b�
p-Cym
ene(81)
f
p-Cym
en-8-ol(162
)b�
Pinocarvo
ne(163
)b�
Piperito
ne(14)
b�
Spathulenol
(164
)a�
Santolin
aalcoho
l(87
)b�
tran
s-Chrysanthenyl
acetate(169
)b�
Terpinen-4-ol
(94)
b�
tran
s-Carveol
(170
)b�
Thy
mol
(97)
b�
tran
s-Cadinol
(171
)a�
tran
s-Muu
rolol(99)
a�
Viridiflorol
(102
)a�
(Z)-α-Bisabolene
epox
ide(172
)a�
α-Thu
jene
(117
)f
α-Pinene(114
)f
α-Cam
pholenal(173
)b�
α-Terpineol
(18)
b�
α-Cop
aene
(107
)e
β-Thu
jone
(125
)b�
β-Eud
esmene(β-Selinene)
(124
)e�
β-Guaiene
(181
)e�
β-Bisabolene(182
)e�
β-Pinene(123
)f
β-Bou
rbon
ene(119
)e�
β-Elemene(121
)e�
γ-Terpinene
(130
)f�
γ-Gurjunene
(183
)e�
γ-Muu
rolene
(126
)e�
γ-Cadinene(127
)e�
(2Z,6E)-Farnesylacetate(184
)a�
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 11
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
Cabreuv
aox
ideB(139
)a
Chrysanthenon
e(140
)b�
cis-Sabinenehy
drate(46)
b�
cis-(Z)-α-Bisabolene(141
)e�
cis-Jasm
one(142
)b�
cis-Piperito
l(143
)b�
cis-Pinocam
phon
e(144
)b�
cis-Chrysanthenyl
acetate
(145
)b�
Germacrene
D(50)
e�
Hotrienol
(155
)b�
Isop
horone
(156
)m
Isospathulenol
(157
)a�
Ledol
(63)
a�
Linaloo
l(66)
b�
Lim
onene(64)
f
Linalylform
ate(158
)b
Santolin
atriene(165
)f
Sabinene(86)
f�
Safranal(166
)b�
tran
s-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol
(167
)b�
tran
s-Pinocarveol
(91)
b�
tran
s-Verbeno
l(93)
b�
tran
s-Chrysanthenol
(168
)b�
α-Bisabolol
(108
)a�
α-Bisabolol
oxideB
(174
)a�
α-Bisabolon
eox
ideA
(175
)a�
α-Eud
esmol
(176
)a�
α-Selinene(177
)e
α-Amorph
ene(178
)e
α-Hum
ulene(110
)e
α-Guaiene
(179
)e
α-Cub
ebene(180
)e
1-Octen-3-ol(185
)n
1-S-cis-Calam
enene(186
)e
1,3,8-p-Menthatriene(187
)f
1,8-Cineole(19)
b�
8-Cedren-13
-ol(188
)a�
(2Z,6E)-Farnesol(189
)b�
Artem
isia
annu
aL.
(QingHao,sweetworm
woo
d,sw
eetannie,sw
eet
sagewort,annu
almug
wort,
annu
alwormwoo
d)
A.a
nnua
isalso
know
nas
annu
almug
wort,sw
eet
sagewort,sw
eetannie,sw
eet
wormwoo
dor
annu
alwormwoo
d,belong
ingto
the
family
ofAsteraceae,which
isgrow
nnaturally
inAsia
(China,Ind
ia,P
akistan,
Japan,
Russia,Serbia,
Turkey),E
urop
e(A
lbania,
Bulgaria,Mon
tenegro,
Rom
ania,A
ustria,F
rance,
Germany,
Hun
gary,Italy,
Poland,
Slovakia,Spain,
Switzerland
),Sou
thAmerica
(Argentin
a)andNorth
America(U
SA).A.a
nnua
isan
annu
al,h
airless,sw
eetly
Usedas
cond
iment/
antib
acterial;anti-
period
ic;antiseptic;
carm
inative;digestive;
febrifug
e;essentialoil;
herbicide;flavou
ring
spirits
Leaves
Brown(201
0),T
zenk
ovaetal.
(201
0),A
badetal.(20
12),Ozek
etal.(20
14)
12 B. Koul and T. Khatri
arom
aticplantg
rowth,fern-
likeleaves
andflow
ersare
bright
yello
wwith
strong
fragrancedu
eto
presence
ofbioactivecompo
und
camph
or.A
rtem
isinin
(antim
alarial)isabioactive
compo
undwhich
isextracted
from
A.a
nnua
,which
cures
infectionof
Plasm
odium
Bioactiv
ecompo
unds
presentin
Artem
isia
annu
aL.
Abscisicacid
(190
)a�
Abscisicacid
methy
lester
(191
)a�
Acetone
(192
)m�
Acetoph
enon
e,2-4-
dihy
drox
y-6-metho
xy(193
)af�
Aesculetin
(194
)y
allo-O
cimene(195
)f
Amorph
-4-en-7-ol
(196
)a�
Amyl
2-methy
lbutyrate
(197
)o�
Amyrenon
e,alph
a(198
)ac�
Amyrin,alpha
(α-A
myrin)
(199
)ac�
Amyrin,b
eta(β-A
myrin)
(200
)ac�
Amyrin,b
eta(β-A
myrin):
acetate(201
)ac�
Anethole(202
)c�
Cyclohexanecarbox
ylicacid,
3-[[3-(3,4-dihyd
roxy
phenyl)-
1-ox
o-2-prop
enyl]oxy
]-4,5-
dihy
drox
y-1-[[3-(4-hyd
roxy
-3-metho
xyph
enyl)-1-ox
o-2-
prop
enyl]oxy
](309
)c
Cyclooctane,1
,4-dipropy
l(310
)ah
Cyclopentanecarbo
xylic
acid,3
-methy
lene,1
,7,7-
trim
ethy
lbicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-
2-yl
ester(311
)b
Cycloprop
[7,8]azuleno
[3a,4-
b]ox
irene,decahy
dro-
1,4a,7,7-tetramethy
l-,
(1R,6aR
,7aR
,7bS
)(312
)a
Cycloprop
ane,(1-m
ethy
l-1,2-prop
adien-1-yl)(313
)ah
Cycloprop
ene,3-etheny
l-3-
methy
l(31
4)ah
Myrcene
alfa
hydrop
erox
ide(426
)b
Myrceno
l(427
)b
Myrtenal(67)
b�
Myrteno
l(68)
b�
Nerol
(72)
b
Nerolidol
(43)
a�
Neryl
acetate(74)
b
n-Hexanol
(428
)r
n-Hexyl
isov
alerate
(429
)o
n-Hexyl
tiglate(430
)o
n-Non
ylalcoho
l(431
)r
Non
acosan-1-ol(432
)r
Non
acosane,n(433
)i
Non
adecane(434
)i
Non
adecanoicacid
(435
)g
Norannu
icacid
(436
)a
Norannu
icacid
form
yl
Xanthox
ylin
(538
)af
Ylang
ene(539
)e
Yom
ogialcoho
l(54
0)b
Zeatin
(541
)w
Zeatin
,dihyd
ro:riboside
(542
)w
α-Aromadendrene
(135
)e
α-Bisabolol
(108
)a
α-Bou
rbon
ene(543
)e�
α-Cadinene(544
)e
α-Cadinol
(545
)a
α-Cedrene
(546
)e�
α-Cop
aene
(107
)e�
α-Elemene(547
)e�
α-Epo
xyartemisinicacid
(548
)a
α-Epo
xy-
dihy
droartem
isinic
(549
)a
2,6-Octadien-1-ol,2
,6-dim
ethy
l-8-[(tetrahyd
ro-2H-pyran-2-yl)
oxy]
(632
)b
2,7,10
-Bisabolatriene(633
)e
20,4
0 -Dim
ethy
lether(634
)af
20,4
0 ,60 -T
rihy
drox
yacetoph
enon
e20-m
ethy
lether(635
)af
20-M
ethy
lether4’-O
-β-D-
Glucopy
rano
sde(636
)af
20,4
0 ,60 -T
rihy
drox
yacetoph
enon
e40-m
ethy
lether2-O-β-D-
Glucopy
rano
side
(637
)af
2-Benzyloctanal(638
)s
2-Butenoicacid,3
-methy
l-(1S,2R,4S)-1,7,7-
trim
ethy
lbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl
ester(639
)b
2-Butyl-2-octenal(640
)s
2-Cyclohexen-1-on
e,2-Methy
l-5-(1-m
ethy
lcycloprop
yl)(641
)b
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 13
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
Anisole(203
)af�
Ann
phenon
e(204
)af�
Ann
uadiepox
ide(205
)ag
Ann
uicacid,n
or(206
)a
Ann
ulide(207
)a
Ann
ulide,iso(208
)a
Apigenin(209
)y
Aromadendreneepox
ide
(210
)a
Arteann
uicacid
(211
)a
Arteann
uinA(212
)a
Arteann
uinB(213
)a
Arteann
uinB,d
eoxy
EPI
(214
)a
Arteann
uinB,d
ihyd
roEPI:
deox
y(215
)a
Arteann
uinB,dihyd
ro(216
)a
Arteann
uinC(217
)a
Arteann
uinD(218
)a
Arteann
uinE(219
)a
Arteann
uinF(220
)a
Arteann
uinG(221
)a
Arteann
uinH(222
)a
Arteann
uinI(223
)a
Arteann
uinJ(224
)a
Arteann
uinK(225
)a
Arteann
uinL(226
)a
Arteann
uinM
(227
)a
Arteann
uinN(228
)a
Cym
ol(p
-Cym
ene)
(81)
f
Cyn
aroside(315
)z
Cyn
eol(31
6)b�
Daucosterol
(317
)x
Decan-2-one
(318
)q
Decanoicacid
(37)
g
Deoxy
arteannu
inB(319
)a
Deoxy
artemisinin
(320
)a
Dihyd
roarteannu
inB(321
)a
Dihyd
roartemisinicacid
(322
)a
Dihyd
roartemisinicacid
hydrop
erox
ide(323
)a
Dihyd
roartemisinicalcoho
l(324
)a
Dihyd
roartemisinicaldehy
de(325
)a
Dihyd
ro-deoxy
arteannu
inB
(326
)a
Dihyd
ro-epi-
deox
yarteann
uinB(327
)a
Dihyd
ro-seco-cadinane
(328
)a
Dihyd
roxy
cadinano
lide
(329
)a
Docosan-2-one
(330
)q
Docosanoicacid
(331
)g
Dod
ecane(332
)i
Dod
ecanoicacid
(333
)g
ester(437
)a
Occidentalol(438
)a
Occidentalolacetate
(439
)a
Occidol
(440
)a
Octacosan-1-ol(441
)r
Octadecane(422
)i
Octadecanoicacid
(443
)g
Octadecanoicacid,
methy
lester(444
)o
Octan-1-ol(445
)r
Octanal(446
)k
Oleanolicacid
(447
)x
Oleicacid
(448
)ak
Pachy
podo
l(449
)y
p-Ally
lanisole(450
)c
Patuletin
(451
)y
Patuletin-3-O
-β-D-
glucoside(452
)z
p-Cym
en-8-ol(162
)b
Pendu
letin
(453
)y
Pentacosane,n
(454
)i
Pentadecano
icacid
(455
)g
Pentane
(456
)i
Pentano
icacid
(457
)g
Pentano
icacid,tert-bu
tyl
ester(458
)o
Perillaldehy
de(82)
b
α-Farnesene
(550
)e
α-Guaiene
(179
)e�
α-Gurjunene
(551
)e
α-Hum
ulene(110
)e�
α-Hyd
roxy
santon
in(552
)a
α-Linolenicacid
(553
)ak
α-Phelland
rene
(113
)f
α-Pinene(114
)f
α-Selinene(177
)e�
α-Terpinene
(115
)f
α-Terpineol
(18)
b�
α-Thu
jene
(117
)f
α-Thu
jone
(118
)b�
β-Bisabolene(182
)e�
β-Cadinene(554
)e
β-Caryo
phyllene
(555
)e
β-Cub
ebene(556
)e�
β-Elemene(121
)e
β-Eud
esmol
(557
)a
β-Farnesene
(152
)e
β-Guaiene
(181
)e
β-Phelland
rene
(558
)f
β-Pinene(123
)f
β-Pineneox
ide(559
)b
β-Sabinenehy
drate
(560
)b
β-Selinene(124
)e�
γ-Cadinene(127
)e
2-Decenal(642
)s
2-Ethylbu
tano
icacid,m
ethy
lester(643
)o
2-Ethylfuran(644
)al
2-Heptano
ne(645
)q
2-Heptenal(646
)s
2-Hexenal(647
)s
2-Hyd
roxy
benzoicacid,
3-methy
lbutyl
ester(648
)o
2-Metho
xy-3-(2-prop
enyl)
phenol
(649
)af
2-Methy
lbu
tano
icacid,ethyl
ester(650
)o
2-Methy
l-2-hexano
l(651
)r
2-Methy
l-2-pentanol
(652
)r
2-Methy
lbutanoicacid
(653
)g
2-Methy
lbutanoicacid
anhy
dride
(654
)al
2-Methy
l-bu
tano
icacid,
2-methy
lbutyl
ester(655
)o
2-Methy
lprop
ylprop
ionate
(656
)o
2-Naphthaleno
l,decahy
dro-1-
methy
l-6-methy
lene-4-
(1-m
ethy
lethenyl)(657
)a
2-Non
ynoicacid,m
ethy
lester
(658
)o
2-α-Hyd
roxy
-1,8-cineole(659
)b
3,3-Dim
ethy
l-1-bu
tene
(660
)i
14 B. Koul and T. Khatri
Arteann
uinO(229
)a
Arteanu
icacid,1
1(R)-
dihy
dro(230
)a
Artem
etin
(231
)y
Artem
isiaalcoho
l(13
4)b�
Artem
isia
dihy
drox
ycadinolide2-A
(232
)a
Artem
isiaketone
(20)
b�
Artem
isiasecocadinane
(233
)a
Artem
isiatriene
(234
)f
Artem
isin
(235
)a
Artem
isinicacid
(236
)a
Artem
isinicacid,m
ethy
lester(237
)a
Artem
isinicacid,6,7-dehyd
ro(238
)a
Artem
isinicacid
epox
y(239
)a
Artem
isinicaldehy
de(240
)a
Artem
isinin
(5)a
Artem
isinin
B(241
)a
Artem
isinin
deox
y(242
)a
Artem
isinin,d
ehyd
ro(243
)a
Artem
isinol
(244
)a
Artem
isitene
(245
)a
Artem
isyl
acetate(246
)b
Ascaridole(247
)b
Astragalin
(Kaempferol-3-O
-glucoside)
(248
)z
Aurantin
amideacetate
Dod
ecanoicacid,ethyl
ester
(334
)o
Eicosane(335
)i
Eicosanoicacid
(336
)g
Elemol
(337
)a
Elemyl
acetate(338
)a
Eleutheroside
B-1
(339
)ai
Elix
ene(340
)e�
endo
-Dehyd
rono
rborneol
(341
)b
epi-Cub
enol
(342
)a
epi-Deoxy
arteannu
inB
(343
)a
epi-Globu
lol(344
)a
Ethyl
form
ate(345
)k
Eud
esma-4(15)-11-diene,
5-alph
ahyd
roxy
(346
)a
Eug
enol
(347
)c�
Eug
enyl
isov
alerate(348
)c
Eup
alitin(349
)y
Eup
atin
(350
)y
Eup
atorin
(351
)y
Farnesal(352
)a
Farnesol(48
)a
Farnesylp
yrop
hosphate
(353
)a
Fenchol
(354
)b�
Fenchon
e(355
)b
Flavo
ne,2
0 -40 -5
-trihy
drox
y-50-6-7-trimetho
xy(356
)y
Flavo
ne,3
0 -5-7-8-
tetrahyd
roxy
-3-4
0 -dim
etho
xy
Perillene(459
)b
Phelland
ral(460
)b
Pheny
lacetic
acid
(461
)af
Pheny
lpropano
icacid
(462
)af
Phthalate,b
is-(hyd
roxy
-2-methy
lpropy
l)(463
)af
Phy
tene-1,2-diol(464
)l
Phy
tene-1-ol-2-
hydrop
erox
ide(465
)l
Phy
tol(153
)l
Phy
tone
(466
)m
Pinocam
phon
e(144
)b�
Pinocarveol,trans
(91)
b
Pinocarvo
ne(163
)b�
Pinocarvy
lacetate(467
)b
Piperito
ne(14)
b
p-Menth-1-en-5-ol(468
)b
p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol
(469
)b
p-Menth-3-ene
(470
)f
p-Mentha-1(7),5-dien-2-
ol(471
)b
p-Mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-
ol(472
)b
p-Mentha-1,4(8)-dien-3-
ol(473
)b
p-Mentha-2,4-diene
(474
)f
Pon
ticaepo
xide
(475
)ag
Pregeijerene
(476
)e
Propano
icacid,ethyl
γ-Cadinol
(561
)a
γ-Caryo
phyllene
(562
)e
γ-Elemene(563
)e
γ-Eud
esmol
(564
)a
γ-Gurjunene
(565
)e
γ-Muu
rolene
(126
)e
γ-Selinene(566
)e
γ-Terpinene
(130
)f
δ-Cadinene(131
)e
δ-Elemene(567
)e
δ-Muu
rolene
(568
)e
δ-Terpineol
(569
)b
(�)-Amorph
a-4,11
-diene(570
)e
(�)-Myrteny
lacetate
(160
)b
(�)-Spathulenol
(164
)a
(�)-tran
s-Pinocarveol
(91)
b
(�)-α-Thu
jone
(118
)b
(+)-Germacrene
A(571
)e
(1R,3Z,9S)-Bicyclo
[7.2.0]und
ec-3ene,
4,11
,11-trim
ethy
l-8-
methy
lene
(572
)e
(2E)-Hexadecene(573
)i
(2E,4E)-Non
adienal
(574
)s
(E)-3,7-Dim
ethy
l-1,3,6-
octatriene
(575
)f
(E)-2-Butenoicacid,
3,40,5,6,7-Pentahy
drox
yflavon
e3,40,6,7-Tetramethy
lether(661
)y
3,4-Diferuo
ylqu
inicacid
(662
)aj
3,4-Dihyd
roxy
benzoicacid
(663
)af
3,5-Cycloheptadieno
ne(664
)al
3,5-Diferuo
ylqu
inicacid
(665
)aj
3,7-Dim
ethy
l-1,5,7-octatrien-3-ol
(666
)b
3,7-Dim
ethy
l-2,6-octadienyl,
isob
utyricacid,ester
(667
)b
3,7-Octadien-2-ol,2
,6-dim
ethy
l(668
)b
3,7-Octadien-2-ol,2
-methy
l-6-
methy
lene
(669
)b
30,5,7,8-Tetrahy
drox
y-3,40-dim
etho
xyflavon
e(670
)y
3-Ally
l-6-metho
xyph
enol
(671
)c
3-Caffeoy
l-4-feruloylqu
inic
acid
(672
)aj
3-Cedren-12
-ol(673
)a
3-Cyclohexene-1-m
ethano
l2-hy
drox
y-α,α,4-trim
ethy
l-,
1-acetate(674
)b
3-Feruloy
l-5-caffeoylqu
inic
acid
(675
)aj
3-Hexenyl
butano
ate(676
)o
3-Hexenyl
hexano
ate(677
)o
3-Methy
l-1-bu
tano
l,acetate
(678
)o
3-Methy
lbutanal(679
)k
3-Methy
lbutanoicacid,3-m
ethy
l-
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 15
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
(249
)w
Axillarin(250
)y
Baureno
l(251
)ac
Benzeneprop
anoicacid,3-
cyanop
heny
lester(252
)o
Benzoicacid
(253
)af
Benzyl2-methy
lbu
tyrate
(254
)o
Benzylcinn
amate(255
)o
Benzylisov
alerate(256
)o�
Benzylph
enylacetate(257
)o
Benzylvalerate(258
)o
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-
diene,1,2,3,6-tetram
ethy
l(259
)ah
Bicyclo[3.1.1.]hept-2ene,
3,7,7-trim
ethy
l(260
)ah
Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-on
e,2,6,6-trim
ethy
l-4-methy
lene
(261
)m
Bon
anzin(262
)y
Borneol
(23)
b�
Borneol
acetate(263
)b�
Borneol
isob
utyrate(264
)b
Borny
lvalerate(265
)b
But-2-en-1-al,3-m
ethy
l(266
)p
Butanal(267
)k
Cadin-4-en-11
-ol-3-iso-
(357
)y
Flavo
ne,3
-30 -5
-trihy
drox
y-40-6-7-trimetho
xy(358
)y
Flavo
ne,3
-5-dihyd
roxy
-30-4
0 -6-7-tetrametho
xy(359
)y
Flavo
ne,5
-hyd
roxy
-3-4
0 -6-
7-tetram
etho
xy(360
)y
Flavo
ne,5
-hyd
roxy
-3-4
0 -6-
7-tetram
enthox
y(361
)y
Flavo
ne,4-5-5
0 -trihy
drox
y-3-
5-6-7-tetram
etho
xy(362
)y
Fraxidin,
iso(363
)ai
Friedelan-3-β-ol(36
4)x
Friedelin
(365
)x
Geraniol(52)
b
Geranyl
acetate(53)
b
Germacrene
B(49)
e
Germacrene
D(50)
e�
Globu
lol(36
6)a
Glucoluteolin
(367
)z
Guaiazulene
(368
)e
Heneicosane
(69)
i
Hentriacontayl
triacontanoate(369
)o
Hepta-3-trans-5-diene-2-
one,6-methy
l(37
0)m
Heptadecane
(70)
i�
Heptadecano
icacid
(371
)g
ester(477
)o
Protocatechuicacid
4-glucoside(478
)af
Pseud
opinene(479
)f
Purine,7-8-dihy
dro:
6-(3
0 -methy
l-bu
tylamino)-2-hyd
roxy
(480
)w
Quercetagetin
3-methy
lether(481
)y
Quercetagetin-
3,40-dim
ethy
lether
(482
)y
Quercetagetin-3
0 -40 -6
-7-
tetram
ethy
lether(483
)y
Quercetagetin-4
0 -6-7-
trim
ethy
lether(484
)y
Quercetagetin-4
0 -methy
lether(485
)y
Quercetin
(486
)y
Quercetin
30-glucoside
(487
)z
Quercetin
3-rutin
oside
(488
)z
Quercetin-3’-O-beta-
D-
glucoside(489
)z
Quercetin-3-m
ethy
lether
(490
)y
Quercim
eritrin
(491
)z
2-methy
l-,
2,2-dimethy
l-1-
(2-m
ethy
l-1-prop
enyl)-
3-bu
teny
lester(576
)b
(E)-2-Hexenol
(577
)n
(E)-3-Hexen-1-ol(57
8)n
(E)-3-Hexen-1-ol,
acetate(579
)o
(E)-Nerolidyl
acetate
(580
)a
(Z)-1,3(15
),6,10
-Farnesatetraene
(581
)e
(Z)-2-Non
enal(582
)s
(Z)-3,7-Dim
ethy
l-1,3,6-
octatriene
(583
)f
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol(58
4)n
(Z)-3-Hexenyl
isov
alerate(585
)o
(Z)-3-Hexenyl
prop
anoate(586
)o
(Z)-3-Hexenyl
tiglate
(587
)o
1,10
-Oxy
-α-m
yrcene
hydrox
ide(588
)b
1,10
-Oxy
-β-m
yrcene
hydrox
ide(589
)b
1,10-Bicycloprop
yl,
2,20-dim
ethy
l(590
)ah
1,1-
3-bu
teny
lester(680
)o
3-Methy
lbutanoicacid,b
utyl
ester(681
)o
3-Methy
lbutanoicacid,ethyl
ester(682
)o
3-Methy
lfuran
(683
)al
3-Methy
lpentanal(684
)k
3-Non
en-2-one
(685
)q
3-Octen-5-yne,2
,7-dim
ethy
l-(686
)ag
3-Pinanol
(687
)b
3-Thu
jen-10
-al(688
)b
3-Thu
jen-2-ol
(689
)b
3-Und
ecen-1-yne
(690
)ag
3α,15-Dihyd
roxy
cedrane(691
)a
3α-H
ydroxy
-4α,5α
-epo
xy-7-oxo
-(8[7
!6]-abeo-am
orph
ane
(692
)a
4(15
),11
-Amorph
adien-9-on
e(693
)a
4(15
),5,11
-Cadinatriene(694
)e
4,5-Diferuo
ylqu
inicacid
(695
)aj
4,7(11
)-Amorph
adien-12
-al
(696
)a
4-Amorph
en,3,11-diol
(697
)a
4-Amorph
en,3,11-diol
3-(2-m
ethy
lpropano
yl)(698
)a
4-Amorph
ene-3,7-diol
(3α,7α
)(699
)a
16 B. Koul and T. Khatri
butyryl(268
)a
Cadin-4-ene,3-alpha-7-
alhp
a-diyh
ydroxy
(269
)a
Cadina-4(15)-11-dien-9-one
(270
)a
Cadina-4(7)-11
-dien-12
-al
(271
)a
Cam
phene(24)
f
Cam
phenehy
drate(272
)b�
Cam
phor
(138
)b�
Capillene(273
)ag
Carvacrol
(25)
b
Carvo
ne(26)
b
Caryo
phylladienol
I(274
)a
Caryo
phylladienol
II(275
)a
Caryo
phyllene
oxide(27)
a�
Casticin
(276
)y
Cedra-8(15)-en-9α
-ol(277
)a
Cedra-8(15)-en-9α
-ol,acetate
(278
)a
Cedra-8-en-13
-ol,acetate
(279
)a
Cedrol(280
)a�
Cedrylacetate(281
)a
Chlorog
enicacid
(282
)aa
Chrom
ene,2-2-6-trihyd
roxy
(283
)ai
Chrom
ene,2-2-dihy
drox
y-6-
metho
xy(284
)ai
Chrysanthenon
e(140
)b�
Chrysoeriol
(285
)y
Chrysosplenetin
Hex-2-en-al(372
)s
Hexacosan-1-ol(373
)r
Hexacosane(374
)i
Hexadecane(375
)i
Hexadecanoicacid
(376
)g�
Hexadecanoicacid,ethyl
ester(377
)o
Hexadecanoicacid,m
ethy
lester(378
)o
Hexan-1-olacetate(379
)o�
Hexan-1-ol,2-ethy
l(38
0)r
Hexanal(381
)k
Hexane(382
)i
Hex-cis-3-en-1-ol
(383
)n
Hex-trans-2-en-1-ol
(384
)n
Hexylcycloh
exane(385
)ah
Hum
uleneepox
ideI(386
)a
Hum
uleneepox
ideII(387
)a
Ipsdieno
l(38
8)a
Isoann
ulide(389
)a
Isoaromadendrene(390
)a�
Isob
orny
lacetate(391
)b
Isochlorog
enicacid
A(392
)aj
Isochlorog
enicacid
B(393
)aj
Isochlorog
enicacid
C(394
)aj
Isocom
ene(395
)e
Isofraxidin(396
)ai
Iso-menthon
e(397
)b
Isop
hytol(398
)l
Isoq
uercitrin
(399
)z
Isorhamnetin
(400
)y
Isorhamnetin
3-glucoside
Quercitrin,iso
(492
)z
Resorcino
l,5-no
nadecyl:3
-O-m
ethy
lether
(493
)al
Retusin
(494
)y
Rhamnentin
(495
)y
Rhamno
citrin
(496
)y
Rutin
(497
)z
Sabinaketone
(498
)b
Sabinene(86)
f�
Sabinene,cishy
drate
(46)
b
Sabinol
(499
)b
Salicylicacid
(500
)af
Santolin
aalcoho
l(87
)b
Santolin
atriene(165
)f
Scoparone
(501
)ai
Scopo
letin
(502
)ai
Scopo
lin(503
)ai
seco-Cadinane(233
)a
Selina-4,11
-diene
(504
)e
Silp
hinene
(505
)e�
Sito
sterol,b
eta(506
)x
Spathulenol
(164
)a�
Stig
masterol(507
)x
Sylvestrene
(508
)f
Tam
arixetin
(509
)y
Taraxasterone
(510
)x
Taraxerol
acetate(511
)x
Terpinen-4-ol
(94)
b�
Terpino
lene
(95)
f
Tetracosane
(512
)i
Dicycloprop
ylethy
lene
(591
)ah
1,3-Pentadiene(592
)i
1,4-Cineol(593
)b
1,6-Octadien-4-on
e,7-methy
l-3-methy
lene-
(594
)b
1,7-Octadien-3-on
e,2-methy
l-6-methy
lene-
(595
)b
1,7-Octadiene
(596
)i
1,8-Cineol(19)
b�
10-D
odecyn
-1-ol
(597
)ag
10-Epi-γ-Eud
esmol
(598
)a
10-U
ndecenal(599
)s
11R-(�)
-Dihyd
roartemisinicacid
(600
)a
14-
Hyd
roxy
-α-hum
ulene
(601
)a
14-H
ydroxy
-δ-cadinene
(602
)a
15-N
or-10-Hyd
roxy
-op
lopan-4-oicacid
(603
)a
1-Caffeoy
l-5-
feruoy
lquinicacid
(604
)aj
1-Dod
ecyn
e(605
)ag
4-Amorph
ene-3,7-diol
(3α,7α
),acetate-
(700
)4-Caffeoy
l-5-feruloylqu
inic
acid
(701
)aj
4-Feruloy
l-5-caffeoylqu
inic
acid
(702
)aj
4H-1-Benzopy
ran-4-on
e5-hy
drox
y-2-(2-hyd
roxy
-3,4-di-
metho
xyph
enyl)-3,7-dimetho
xy(703
)y
4H-1-Benzopy
ran-4-on
e,2-(2,4-dihyd
roxy
phenyl)-5-
hydrox
y-6,7-dimetho
xy(704
)y
4H-1-Benzopy
ran-4-on
e,2-(3,5-dihyd
roxy
-4-
metho
xyph
enyl)-3-(β-D-
glucop
yranosylox
y)-5,7-
dihy
drox
y(705
)y
4H-1-Benzopy
ran-4-on
e,3-hy
drox
y-6,7-dimetho
xy-2-
(4-m
etho
xyph
enyl)(706
)y
4-Hyd
roxy
-2-isoprop
enyl-5-
methy
lene-hexan-1-ol(707
)b
4-Methy
l-2,3-dihy
drofuran
(708
)al
4-Methy
l-2-pentanon
e(709
)q
4-Muu
rolen-10
-ol(710
)a
4-Penten-1-ol,p
ropion
ate(711
)o
4-Pentenal(712
)s
4-Pentene-2-ol(713
)n
4-Terpiny
lacetate(714
)b
4α,5α-Epo
xy-6α-hy
drox
y
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 17
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
(Chrysosplenol
B)(286
)y
Chrysosplenol
D(287
)y
Chrysosplenol
E(288
)y
Chrysosplenol,3
0 -metho
xy(289
)y
Cirsilin
eol(290
)y
Cirsilio
l(291
)y
Cirsimaritin(292
)y
cis-Arteann
uicalcoho
l(293
)a�
cis-Calam
enene(186
)e
cis-Carveol
(146
)b
cis-Carvy
lacetate(294
)b
cis-Caryo
phyllene
oxide
(295
)a
cis-Chrysanthenyl
acetate
(145
)b
cis-Epo
xyocim
ene(31)
b
cis-Lanceol
(147
)a�
cis-Pinocarveol
(296
)b
cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol
(297
)b
cis-Sabinene(298
)f
Citron
ellal(299
)b
Citron
ellol(300
)b
Corym
bolone
(301
)a�
Cou
maricacid
(302
)aa
Cou
marin
(303
)ai
Cub
enol
(35)
a
Cum
inal(724
)c�
(401
)z
Jasm
one(402
)b
Kaempferide,Iso(403
)y
Kaempferol
(404
)y
Kaempferol,6
-metho
xy:
3-O-beta-
D-glucoside
(405
)z
Kon
gol(40
6)a
Lavandu
lylacetate(60)
b
Ledeneox
ide(407
)a�
Ledol
(63)
a
Lim
onene(64)
f
Lim
onene-1,2-epox
ide
(408
)b
Linaloo
l(66)
b�
Linaloo
lacetate(67)
b�
Linoleicacid
(409
)ak
Lon
gipinene
(410
)e
Luteolin
(411
)y
Luteolin
-7-m
ethy
lether
(412
)y
Maaliene
(413
)r
Mearnsetin
(414
)y
Menthen-4-ol,para
(415
)b
Menthol
(416
)b�
Menthol,2
-hyd
roxy
(417
)b
Methy
l9-octadeceno
ate
(418
)o
Methy
lcinn
amate(419
)c
Methy
lcyclop
entane
(420
)ah
Tetracosano
icacid(513
)g
Tetradecane,
2,5-dimethy
l(514
)i
Tetradecano
icacid
(515
)g
Tetratriacontane(516
)i
Thu
jone,iso
(517
)b
Thy
mol
(97)
b
t-Muu
rolol(99)
a
Tom
entin
(518
)y
tran
s,tran
s-1,3,5-
Heptatriene
(519
)i
tran
s,tran
s-2,4-
Hexadiene
(520
)i
tran
s-1,5,9-Decatriene
(521
)i
tran
s-4-Methy
l-2-hexene
(522
)i
tran
s-5-Hyd
roxy
-2-
isop
ropeny
l-5-
methy
lhex-3-en-1-ol
(523
)n
tran
s-Arteann
uicalcoho
l(524
)a
tran
s-Carveol
(170
)b
tran
s-Carvy
lacetate
(525
)b
tran
s-Caryo
phyllene
(89)
e
1-Hepten-3-ol
(606
)n
1-Hepten-6-yn
e(607
)ag
1-Metho
xy-2-butyn
e(608
)ag
1-Octanol
(609
)g
1-Octen-3-ol(185
)n
1-Oxo
-2β-[3-butanon
e]-
3α-m
ethy
l-6β-[2-prop
anoicacid]-
cycloh
exane(610
)a
1-Oxo
-2β-[3-butanon
e]-
3α-m
ethy
l-6β-[2-prop
anol
form
ylester]-
cycloh
exane(611
)a
1-Pentano
l(612
)r
1α-A
ldehyd
e-2β-[3-bu
tano
ne]-
3α-m
ethy
l-6β-[2-prop
anoicacid]-
cycloh
exane(613
)a
1α-A
ldehyd
e-2β-[3-bu
tano
ne]-
3α-m
ethy
l-6β-[2-prop
enoicacid]-
cycloh
exane(614
)a
1β,6α-Dihyd
roxy
-4(15)-
eudesm
ane(615
)a
1β-H
ydroxy
-4(15),5
amorph
an-12-oicacid
(715
)a
5,30-D
ihyd
roxy
,3,6,7,50-tetrametho
xyflavon
e(716
)y
5-Hyd
roxy
-30 ,4
0 ,6,7-
tetram
etho
xyflavon
e(717
)y
5-Methy
l-1-hexano
l(718
)5-Methy
l-2-
furancarbo
xyaldehy
de(719
)al
5-Non
adecylresorcinol-3-O
-methy
lether(720
)al
5α-H
ydroperoxy
-eud
esma-4
(15),11-diene(721
)a
5α-H
ydroxy
-eud
esma-4(15
),11
-diene(722
)a
6,7-Dim
etho
xydihy
drocou
marin
(723
)ai
6-Methy
l-3,5-heptadien-2-on
e(724
)m
7-Oxabicyclo[4.1.0]
heptane,
4-(1,5-dim
ethy
l-4-hexen-1-
ylidene)-1-m
ethy
l-,(1R
,4Z,6S)-
(725
)a
8-Tricosano
ne,2
3-hy
drox
y-2-
methy
l-(726)r
9-Decen-1-ol(727
)r
9-Octadecenoicacid,
2,3-dihy
drox
ypropy
lester(728
)o
18 B. Koul and T. Khatri
Cum
inicalcoho
l(30
4)c
Cyclocoloreno
ne(305
)a
Cyclohexanecarbox
ylicacid,
1,3,4-trihyd
roxy
-5-
[[3-(4-hyd
roxy
-3-
metho
xyph
enyl)-1-ox
o-2-
prop
enyl]oxy
],(306
)c
Cyclohexanecarbox
ylicacid,
3,4,5-tris
[[3-(3,4-dihyd
roxy
phenyl)-1-
oxo-2-prop
enyl]oxy
]-1-
hydrox
y(307
)c
Cyclohexanecarbox
ylicacid,
3-[[3-(3,4-dihyd
roxy
phenyl)-
1-ox
o-2-prop
enyl]oxy
]-1,4,5-trihyd
roxy
(308
)c
Methy
leugeno
l(15
9)c
Methy
lhexadecano
ate
(421
)o�
Methy
lsalicylate(422
)af
Mikanin
(423
)y
MycereneBeta
Hyd
roperoxide
(424
)b
Myrcene
(425
)f
tran
s-Chrysanthenol
(168
)b
tran
s-Nerolidol
(43)
a
tran
s-Ocimene(526
)f
tran
s-Pinocarveol
(91)
b�
tran
s-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol
(167
)b
tran
s-Sabinyl
acetate
(45)
b
tran
s-α-Ocimene(527
)f
tran
s-β-Farnesene
(152
)e
Triacon
tane
(528
)i
Triacon
tane,-2-29
-dimethy
l(529
)i
Triacosan-8-on-23
-ol,2
-methy
l(530
)r
Tricosane
(531
)i
Tricyclene(98)
f
Tridecanal(532
)k
Tridecane
(533
)i�
Tridecane,5
-methy
l(534
)i
Tridecano
icacid
(535
)g
Verbeno
ne(101
)b
Verbeny
lacetate(536
)b
Verbo
ccidentene
(537
)e
(E),10
(14)-
germ
acratriene
(616
)a
1β-H
ydroxy
-4(15),5-
eudesm
adiene
(617
)a
1β-H
ydroxy
-4(15),7-
eudesm
adiene
(618
)a
2,2,3-Trimethy
lbutane
(619
)i
2,2,6-
Trihy
drox
ychrom
ene
(620
)ai
2,2-Dihyd
roxy
-6-
metho
xy-2H-1-
benzop
yran
(621
)ai
2,3-Dihyd
ro-1,8-cineole
(622
)b
2,3-Epo
xy-7,10-
bisabo
ladiene(623
)b
2,40,5
0 -Trihydroxy-
506,7-
trim
ethoxyflavone
(624)y
2,4-Decadienal(625)
s
2,4-Dim
ethyl-2-pentene
(626)i
2,5-Dihydro-3-
methylfuran
(627)al
2,6,10-Farnesatrien-1-ol
acetate(628)a
2,6-Dim
ethyl-1,3,5,7-
octatetraene
(629)f
2,6-Dim
ethyl-1,5,7-
octatrien-3-ol
(630)b
2,6-Dim
ethyl-3,5,7-
octatrien-2-ol
(631)b
(con
tinued)
1 The Artemisia Genus: Panacea to Several Maladies 19
Table
1.1
(con
tinued)
Botanicalname/common
name
Botanicaldescription
Medicinalprop
erties/
otheruses
Partu
sed
References
Artem
isia
arbo
rescens
(Vaill.)L.(Treewormwoo
d)A.a
rborescens
(arborescens
means
’woo
dy’or
’tree-
like’),isalso
know
nas
tree
wormwoo
d,oldwom
anor
silvery.
Itiscommon
lygrow
nin
temperateregion
sof
Mediterraneanregion
.The
plantisperenn
ialor
annu
al,
silverygreen-leaved
bushy
shrubwith
yello
wdaisy-lik
eflow
erswhich
blossom
inlatesummer
Non
ekn
own.
Essential
oilismedicinal
Who
leplant
Abadetal.(20
12),Abd
errahim
etal.(20
10)Aranitietal.(20
13),
Dhibi
etal.(20
15),Ereletal.
(201
2),M
ilitello
etal.(20
11),
Ozeketal.(20
14),You
nesetal.
(201
2)
Bioactiv
ecompo
unds
presentin
Artem
isia
arbo
rescens(V
aill.)L
Allo
-aromadendrene(135
)e�
Arborescin(729
)a�
Alcoh
olperriliqu
e(730
)n
Aldehyd
eperriliqu
e(731
)s
Borneol
(23)
b�
Borny
lbutyrate(732
)b�
Bicyclogerm
acrene
(22)
e�
Bicyclo
[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol,
1,7,7-trim
ethy
l-acetate,
(1S-end
o){B
orny
lacetate}
(137
)b�
Cum
inaldehy
de(733
)c�
Catalpo
nol(734
)a�
Cam
phene(24)
f
Cam
phor
(138
)b�
Carvo
tanacetone
(735
)b�
(�)Canfene
(736
)f
Carvacrol
(25)
b�
Chamazulene(28)
h�
cis-Salvene
(738
)f
cis-Sabinenehy
drate(46)
b�
Dehyd
ro-sesqu
icineole
(739
)a�
Diethyl
phthalate(740
)o�
Borneol
(23)
b�
Elemol
(337
)a�
Eug
enol
(347
)c�
Fargesin(741
)t
Germacrene
D(50)
e�
Germacrene-D
-4-ol(742
)a�
Geranyl
isov
alerate(56)
b�
Hexadecanoicacid
(376
)g�
Him
achalol(743
)b�
Iso-3-thujanol
(59)
b�
Isochavicolisob
utyrate
(744
)c�
Isob
utyl
2-methy
lbutyrate
(745
)o�
Linaloo
l(66)
b�
Lim
onene(64)
f
Myrteno
l(68)
b�
Methy
lbenzoate(751
)af�
(7-Epi)-silphiperfol-5-
ene(752
)e�
Methyljasmonate(753)b�
Methylsalicylate(421)af�
Neryl
isovalerate(77)
b�
Neophytadiene
(754)d�
Norcalamenene(755)a
p-Cym
ene(81)
f
Perillaldehyde
(82)
b�
Phenylh
ydroquinone
(756)u
Pulegone(85)
b�
Terpinolene
(95)
f
Terpinen-4-ol
(94)
b�
Thymol
(97)
b�
tran
s-Sabinol
(92)
b�
Toluene
(758
)af�
Und
ecan-2-one
(759
)q
α-Bisabolol
(108
)a�
α-Cop
aene
(107
)e
α-Thu
jene
(117
)f
α-Pinene(114
)f
α-Phelland
rene
(113
)f
α-Terpinene
(115
)f
α-Thu
jone
(118
)b�
α-Terpineol
(18)
b
α-Hum
ulene(110
)e
β-Eud
esmol
(557
)a�
β-Selinene(124
)e
β-Pinene(123)f
β-Phelland
rene
(558
)f
β-Thu
jone
(125
)b�
β-Bou
rbon
ene(119
)e
β-Cop
aene
(760
)e
γ-Terpinene
(130
)f
1,8-Cineole(19)
b�
1,4-Dihyd
ro-p-m
enth-2-ene
(762
)b�
2-Methy
lbutyl-2-m
ethy
lbutyrate
(763
)o�
2,3-Dim
etho
xytoluene(764
)af�
6-Methy
l-5-hepten-2-one
(765
)m
3,4-Dim
ethy
lcinn
oline(766
)w�
2,2,3-Trimethy
lnaphtalen-1(2H)-
one(767
)m
2.alph
a./2.beta-Hyd
roxy
cholest-
4-en-3-one
(768
)x
3,30-D
imethy
ldipheny
l(769
)v�
(3Z)-Hexenyl
2-methy
lbutanoate
(770
)o�
9,12
-Octadecadieno
icacid,
methy
lester(771
)o�
(E,E)-9,12
,15-octadecatrieno
ic
20 B. Koul and T. Khatri