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Bio-solvent

Group :8

Instructor : Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong

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SolventAsolvent is a substance

that dissolves a solute,resulting in a solution . Asolvent is usually a liquid

but can also be a solid or agas. The maximumquantity of solute that candissolve in a specific

volume of solvent varieswith temperature .

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Uses of organic solvents

In dry cleaning

(e.g., tetrachloroethylene )

As paint thinners

(e.g., toluene, turpentine)

As nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate,

ethyl acetate)

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In spot removers(e.g., hexane, petrol ether)

In detergents

(citrus terpenes)

In perfumes (ethanol)

Nail polish and in chemical synthesis.

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Bio-solvent

Bio-solvent is solvent derived from biological materials.

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+

D-limone

etyl lactat

alkyl este offatty acids

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Properties

Chemically inert

Very soluble

Easy to evaporate (volatile)

Non-flammable, non-toxic or of low toxicity

Do not affect health

Not involved in the photochemical ozone creation process

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Comparison of biosolvent and petro-chemical solvent

Biosolvent

petroleum-solvent

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Biosolvent Petro-chemical solvent

Advantages

1.not do harm to human health

2. Capable of biodegradation

3. easy to decompose.4. higher Flash point and boiling

point than petroleum-solvent.

High active detergent

Disadvantages

1.not popular2.High costs

3.scarce feedstock

1.explosive2.Toxic

3.causing environmental

pollution

4.feedstock resources are

limited

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Trend of use of solvent

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Composition

+ +Bio-

solvent

alkyl

ester

alkyl

lactate additives

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Ethyl ester

RCOOC2H5Ethyl esters of fatty acids

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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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Ethyl lactate

- FORMULA : C5H10O3

- SYNONYMS : ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoat

Advantages:Ethyl acetate is used primarily as a solvent and diluent,

being favored because of its low cost, low toxicity, and agreeable

odor

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Physical and Chemical properties

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applications

Printing

Modified asphalt

Paint industryIndustrial surface

cleaners

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Ethyl ester synthesis

Feedstock

First generation : from food crops, e.g: sunflower oil,rapeseed oil, soybean oil.

Second generation : from agricultural waste or wasteproducts of the food processing industry, e.g: waste oil,animal tallow

Third generation : from non-food crops oils, biomass, e.g :jatropha, algae oil, linseed oil, rubberseed

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Methods of synthesis1. Transesterification in supercritical environment.

2. Stiring and heating.

3. Supersonic method.

4. Microwave method.

In Vietnam ,the most common method is Transesterification usingcatalyst combined with stiring and heating.All other methods lead tohigh conversion but they require harsh conditions and high costs.

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Transesterification

Reaction

O = O OO = OO =

Triglyceride

1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol

+3 ROH

Catalyst

catalyst

Glycerol

O O O

Me Me Me

O = O =O =HO

HO

HO

Alkyl estes

glycerol + 3 alkyl ester

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Catalyst

Base : NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3Act %Cnv : high (~100%)Reaction time : 1- 1.5 hour ( low)

Heterogeneous catalyst : NaOH/MgO,

NaOH/y-Al2O3, Na2SiO3/SiO2.

advantages: ,renewable,easy to separate the products andhight conversion reaction ( >90% )

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Catalyst

Acid : H2SO4, HCl.. conversion is highest when temperatures

>100C and reaction time > 6 hour.

Heterogeneous catalyst: USY-292

Advantages: easy to distill, hight conversion reaction, require less

energy

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Catalyst

Enzyme

2 types: intracellular and extracellular lipase

Advantages:very high conversion

shortest reaction time

easy to refine product

Not affected by the amount of water & fatty acids

in feedstockDisadvantages: high cost

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Comparison among different kinds of catalyst

temperature:600C,reaction time:8h

Catalyst Act % CnV (%)

NaOH 100

Enzyme 100

Amberlyst A26 0.1

Amberlyst A27 0.4

NaOH/MgO Max 94

Y-Al2O3 11

USY- 292 0.2

SnCl2 3.0

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Impact of temperature and residence time on

Transesterification reaction

Transesterification reaction proceeds at ambient temperature (30C)

but needs 4-8 hours to reach completion.

Reaction time can be shortened to 2-4 hours at 40C and 1-2 hoursat 60C.

Higher temperature will decrease reaction times but require pressure

vessels because methanol boils at 65C.

Better agitation will accelerate reaction.

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Process diagram

reaction deposition Purifywashing drying

dryingdepositionNeutralization

distilled

Inorganic

acids

Ethanol

vegetable oil,

animal fat

Catalyst

Ethanolrecycle

fatty

acids

Glyxerine

Alkyl este

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Ethyl lactate is a environment friendly solvent which can be

prepared from biological materials

Ethyl lactate has been commercialize and it costs less than

Traditional solvent.

Ethyl lactate could be used single or with other solvent to make

detergents such as:paint detergent,ink detergent.

Ethyl lactate synthesis

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A: Feedstock:1.Lactic acid

- Chemical formula

- Industrial lactic acids color range is from yellow to brown and it hasdiscomfort acid odor. Commercial and pharmaceutical acid haveconcentration > 75%

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2 :Ethanol

- Chemical formula

- In normal condition,Ethanol is a volatile, flammable and

colorless liquid.

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-In industry, ethanol could be produced by hydration of ethylen or

fermenting sugar or cereals.

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Reaction

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