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As the sum total of physical, chemical andbiological factors ,which act upon an organismor an ecological community and determine its

form and nature of survival. CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENT

Natural environment

Man made environment

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COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT

Atmosphereair

Hydrosphere

water

Lithosphere

Soil, rock

Biosphereliving

organisms

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ECOLOGY derived from the Greekwords oikos and logos the study of

nature

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ECOLOGY is the study of the complex web ofinteractions among the different populations ofspecies in a community.

HABITATS is a place where an organism lives-needs to have two things

resources (food ,water ,oxygen)

appropriate conditions

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ECOSYSTEM has interactions of the biota(biotic life) amongst themselves and also withthe abiotic environment.

BIOME is a large ecosystem.are the major regional groupings of plants andanimals and their environment.

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ECOLOGICAL NICHEis the physical place and the biotic system ofmaximising that organisms survival in thegenerally prevailing environmental conditions.

STRUCTURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM

biotic components

abiotic components

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PRODUCERS /AUTOTROPHS

Organisms who are capable of producing theirown food

CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHS

Feed on other organisms for their energyrequirement

Herbivores, Carnivores , Omnivores and

Detrivores

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Primary ,Secondary and Tertiary Consumers

DECOMPOSERS

Organisms that decompose the dead organic

matter that is left over by the consumers. TROPHIC LEVELS

Each level of consumption or feeding positionin the food chain

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FOOD CHAINA chain of sequence of who eats what

Grass

Insect

Frog

Snake

Eagle

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FOOD WEBS

Complex web of multiple food chains

Insect

Grass

Rat

Berries and seeds

Snake

Eagle

Small Bird

Frog

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BIOGEOCHEMICAL / NUTRIENT CYCLESBIOGEOCHEMICAL / NUTRIENT CYCLES

The nutrient atoms, ions, and molecules thatThe nutrient atoms, ions, and molecules thatorganisms need to live, grow, and reproduceorganisms need to live, grow, and reproduceare continuously cycled from the nonlivingare continuously cycled from the nonlivingenvironment to living organisms and then backenvironment to living organisms and then back

again.again.HYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLEHYDROLOGIC OR WATER CYCLE

EvaporationEvaporation conversion of water into waterconversion of water into watervaporvapor

TranspirationTranspiration evaporation from plant leavesevaporation from plant leaves

CondensationCondensation-- conversion of water vapor intoconversion of water vapor intowater dropletswater droplets

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PrecipitationPrecipitation-- rain ,sleet, hail and snowrain ,sleet, hail and snow

InfiltrationInfiltration-- movement of soil into soilmovement of soil into soilPercolationPercolation-- downward flow of water throughdownward flow of water throughsoil to groundwater storage areassoil to groundwater storage areas

RunoffRunoff-- down slope surface movement backdown slope surface movement back

to the sea to resume the cycleto the sea to resume the cycle

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Is the presence of one or more chemicals in theIs the presence of one or more chemicals in theatmosphere in sufficient quantities andatmosphere in sufficient quantities andduration to cause harm to us, other forms ofduration to cause harm to us, other forms of

life, and materials or to alter climatelife, and materials or to alter climateNatural sources (volcanoes, forest fires)Natural sources (volcanoes, forest fires)

Stationary sources(power plants, factories)Stationary sources(power plants, factories)

Mobile sourcesMobile sources

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ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONADVERSE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Green house effectGreen house effect

Global warmingGlobal warming

Climate change resulting into EcologicalClimate change resulting into Ecologicalrefugeesrefugees

Acid rainAcid rain Ozone holeOzone hole

SmogSmog

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EutrophicationEutrophication

Decrease in oxygen contentDecrease in oxygen content Increased siltIncreased silt

Presence of pathogensPresence of pathogens

Increased presence of toxic materialsIncreased presence of toxic materials

SOIL POLLUTIONSOIL POLLUTION

Excessive application of chemical fertilizers,Excessive application of chemical fertilizers,

pesticides and insecticidespesticides and insecticides Salinity of the soilSalinity of the soil