BIO-DATA

Name : DR. UMA SANKAR SARMA Father’s Name : Late Shri. Saligram Sarma Mobile : 7697754266/9051395617 E-mail : uss_2000@yahoo.com Date of Birth : 12th April, 1951.

Permanent Address : Duplex Flat No. 3A, Block F,

Madhuwan Enclave, Alkapuri, Ohadpur Gwalior PIN- 474 006, Madhya Pradesh.

Present Address: Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association (IJIRA) 17, Taratala Road, Kolkata-700 088

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Examination Passed Board/University Year Class/Division Higher Secondary West Bengal Board of Secondary

Education 1968 1st Division

B. Sc. (Chemistry Honours)

Jadavpur University 1971 2nd Class

M. Sc. (Organic Chemistry)

Jadavpur University 1974 1st Class

Ph. D. (Chemistry)

Calcutta University 1982 By Thesis-”Studies on Fibre Hemicelluloses”

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH EXPERIENCE (1975-85) – Worked in the R&D Laboratory of New Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd., Budge Budge, West Bengal on the aspects of bleaching, dyeing and finishing treatments on jute and allied fibres and fabrics. DOCTORAL RESEARCH EXPERIENCE (1978-82) – Got Ph. D. degree on the thesis, “Studies on Fibre Hemicelluloses”, in which worked on the chemistry of natural textile fibres, like Pineapple, Jute and Sansevieria. The work was done at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of

Science [IACS], Kolkata and New Central Jute Mills Co. Ltd., and degree was awarded by the University of Calcutta in the year 1982. POST DOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP IN FRANCE (1984-85) – Worked on the Lignin Carbohydrate Complexes of normal and Mutant Rice Straws at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nantes, France on a one year Post Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of France and published a paper in the International Journal, “Agronomie”. EXPERIENCE AT DRDO (1986-89) – Selected by CSIR for placement in the Scientist’s POOL as a class I officer [A scheme for the scientists who return from abroad] and was posted at the Defence Research and Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, M.P. Worked on the aspect of preparation of semi-permeable protective clothing for highly toxic environment and published research papers in reputed national journals. UNDP PROJECT EXPERIENCE (31st March, 1989-30th April, 1992) Worked on the project, “Chemical Softening of the fibres for better spinnability and production”, at Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association [IJIRA] (UNDP Assisted Project), Kolkata and the process was implemented in the jute industry. (Since 1st May, 1992 – 30th June, 2014) Dr. U. S. Sarma, Director, R.D.T.E. [Research, Development, Training & Extension] has worked as the Executive Head of three institutes namely, Central Coir Research Institute (CCRI), Central Institute of Coir Technology (CICT) and National Coir Training and Design Centre (NCT & DC), since he joined the Coir Board on 1st May, 1992. He had retired on superannuation on 30th April, 2013 and since then he had worked as Advisor (R&D) for the Coir Board till 30th June, 2014. (Since 1st April 2015 onwards) Joined Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association (IJIRA) as Director on 1st April, 2015 and continuing till date. NATIONAL AWARDS

1. 11th May, 2018- Received National Meritorious Invention Award 2017 on ”Low cost compostable jute sanitary napkin with natural jute based absorbent”, instituted by NRDC (National Research Development Corporation), Govt. of India, which was presented by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon’ble Minister of Science & Technology, Earth Sciences, Environment,

Forests and Climate Change. Hon’ble President of India, Shri. Ram Nath Kovind was the Chief Guest of the Function.

2. 23rd March, 2012 - Received NRDC Award, Govt. of India, for the Meritorious Invention of “Mobile Coir Fibre Extraction Machine” which was presented by His Excellency Mr. Kenneth Viagem Marizane, Vice Minister of Trade and Industry, Mozambique at Mumbai.

3. 23rd April, 2012 - PSN Trust National Award for Excellence in Science and Technology, Thirunelvelli, has been conferred to Dr. U. S. Sarma and his team of scientists and technologists for the development of Mobile Coir Fibre Extraction Machine (SWARNA). The award consists of Rs. 50,000, a medal and a shield for the Central Coir Research institute.

4. 29th June 2010 – The Coir Board in its 201st Board Meeting held at Kochi, had given cash award of Rs. 120,000 to Dr. U. S. Sarma and his team of scientists and technologists for developing the Mobile Fibre Extraction Machine (SWARNA) to meet the scarcity of coir fibres and to enhance the utilization of husk in the country.

5. 9th November, 2006 - Received Commemorative Award instituted by Indian

Chapter of IGS [International Geosynthetic Society, USA] that was presented in New Delhi in appreciation of contribution to development and promotion of geosynthetics in India.

6. 29th June, 2004 - Received NRDC Award, Govt. of India, for the Meritorious

Invention of Metallic Handloom-“Anugraha” which was presented by Shri. Kapil Sibal, Hon’ble Minister for Science & Technology, Govt. of India. His Excellency the then President of India Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was the Chief Guest of the function.

7. 5th November 2004 - Received ”Rajabhasha Shri Samman” from Bharatiya

Rajabhasha Vikas Sansthan, Dehradun, at the valedictory function of the Seminar held at Puducherry, which was presented by His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry, Shri. M. M. Lakhera.

8. 11th May 2002 – Received a Meritorious Invention Award instituted by

NRDC, Govt. of India, which was presented by Shri. K. C. Pant, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, on the Technology Day for, “COCOLAWN™ - A Readymade Lawn”.

9. 11th May 1999 - Received a Meritorious Invention Award instituted by

NRDC Govt. of India, which was presented by Dr. Murali Manohar Joshi, Hon’ble Minister for HRD & S&T, Govt. of India, on the first Technology Day for, “Reducing the period of Retting of Coconut Husk and upgrading the quality of unretted green husk fibres by treatment, using bacterial cultures”.

INTERNATIONAL AWARD The W I P O (World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva) GOLD MEDAL has been conferred for the invention of Mobile Fibre Extraction Machine as the best invention of the year 2010. The medal was presented to Dr. U. S. Sarma as team leader on 23rd March, 2012 at Mumbai by His Excellency Mr. Kenneth Viagem Marizane, Vice Minister of Trade and Industry, Mozambique. INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS

Implemented an UNDP project on “Modernisation, Technology Transfer and Capacity Building in /Coir Industry”, at CCRI from January 2000 to December 2002.

Implemented a 3 years’ Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) Project funded by Common Fund for Commodities ([CFC] as National Project Director (N.P.D.) at the CCRI for development of Softening, Bleaching, Dyeing and Printing of coir from 1995 to 1998.

RECOGNIZED RESEARCH GUIDE

1. Cochin University of Science & Technology has recognized Dr. U.S. Sarma as a Research Guide at CCRI for conducting works towards Ph.D. Degree (2006).

2. Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam has recognized Dr. U.S. Sarma as a

Research Guide at CCRI for conducting works towards Ph.D. Degree (2007). MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES

1. Member, Executive Committee, International Natural Fibre Organization [INFO], The Netherlands.

2. Member, International Erosion Control Association [IECA], USA 3. Member, International Geosynthetics Society [IGS], USA 4. Chairman, Coir & Coir products, Sectional Committee, Bureau of Indian

Standards [BIS], TXD 25 5. Member, Geotextiles and Industrial Fabrics, Sectional Committee, Bureau of

Indian Standards [BIS], TXD 30 6. Member, Cordage Sectional Committee, Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS],

TXD 9. 7. 8. Member, Research Advisory Council (RAC), Central Institute of Research on

Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai (2013-2016) 9. Member, RAC, National Institute of Research on Jute and Alied Fibres

Technology (NIRJAFT), Kolkata (2017 onwards)

Editorial Board Member CORD, International R & D Journal published by Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC), Jakarta, Indonesia Deputations abroad Deputed to various International Conferences in USA, Europe, New Zealand, Jamaica Tanzania and Middle East for participation & presentation of papers. (Since 1st May, 1992 – 30th June, 2014) RESEARCH Dr. U. S. Sarma, Director, R.D.T.E. [Research, Development, Training & Extension] has worked as the Executive Head of three institutes namely, Central Coir Research Institute (CCRI), Central Institute of Coir Technology (CICT) and National Coir Training and Design Centre (NCT & DC), since he joined the Coir Board on 1st May, 1992. He had retired on superannuation on 30th April, 2013 and since then he had worked as Advisor (R&D) for the Coir Board till 30th June, 2014. The following achievements are worth mentioning: FULLY AUTOMATIC VERSATILE SPINNING MACHINE- A fully automatic four head spinning machine without using core thread has been developed for the first time using the novel technology of open end spinning by rotor. A single yarn doubling machine has also been developed to produce 2 ply coir yarn. The machine is capable of producing about 200 kgs of yarn of 160 runnage/8 hours by 2 workers. The machine has been demonstrated in the Indian International Coir Fair-2012 at Kochi and at IITF, New Delhi before the public. A new prototype is under development with much higher productivity with least moving parts. PRODUCTION OF COIRRET AND PITHPLUS- The extension of R&D technologies through Pilot Scale Laboratory (PSL) at the CCRI, Alappuzha for COIRRET (a bacterial cocktail to carry out faster retting of husk/fibres), PITHPLUS (a fungal spawn to convert coir pith into an organic manure) and Coir Pith Organic Manure [C-POM] fetches revenue of over Rs. 5lakhs per annum. Production facility has also been created at the regional offices of the Board to meet the local requirements. ZERO EFFLUENT PROCESS FOR BIO-BLEACHING AND SOFTENING- An eco-friendly formulation with zero effluent has been developed to treat the coir fibres and wrapping that for a period of 12 hours by which the fibres become softer and

brighter and are amenable to spinning. The process has been demonstrated in the industry successfully. OIL-IN-WATER EMULSION TECHNOLOGY FOR SPINNING- CCRI has been now popularizing the technology of pollution free oil-in-water emulsion application process among the coir fibre processing units which will no doubt bring about a paradigm change in the fibre processing, saving the water bodies from pollution. The Pollution Control Board has recommended this process. NRDC, a Govt. of India Enterprise has earmarked financial assistance of Rs. 40 lakhs to provide equipments to 150 beneficiaries in the coir producing states to popularize this technology in the coir industry, out of which 50 beneficiaries have already been provided the equipments. ANUGRAHA LOOM -An exporter has established a factory of 30 ANUGRAHA Handlooms [two meter wide] developed earlier by the CCRI, where only women workers are engaged for weaving. 23 machinery manufacturers have procured the technology of Anugraha loom for fabrication. ANUPAM LOOM -CCRI has developed a versatile pneumatic loom, ANUPAM, which is able to weave any type of mat, matting or carpet. Considering the versatility and suitability of this loom for women workers, the National Coir Research & Management Institute [NCRMI], Govt. of Kerala has taken the technology by paying an amount of ₨. 50,000 and NRDC has also come forward to provide funding support of Rs. 20lakhs to provide initially 7 ANUPAM looms to the coir clusters considering its potential. The technology has been recently transferred to 4 machinery manufacturers in the states of Karnataka (1), Kerala (2), and Tripura (1). UDAY LOOM - During the year 2010, the pneumatic system has been applied in the traditional handloom which will reduce the drudgery with enhanced production and uniform quality of mats and matting. There are about 20,000 handlooms in the coir industry, which can be converted into the modern looms by the use of this system for better earning of the workers. The Govt. of India has earmarked conversion of 1000 traditional wooden handlooms into UDAY looms during the current financial year. MOBILE FIBRE EXTRACTION MACHINE- Considering the scarcity of coir fibre in the state of Kerala and low utilization of husk in the country to the level of 25% only, during the year 2009, CCRI has developed a Mobile Coir Fibre Extraction Machine (SWARNA) which costs ₨. 1lakh only. The machine is very popular in the state of Kerala and other coir producing states. The technology has been transferred to 19 machinery manufacturers including NCRMI, Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha Coir Cluster Development Society, (ACCDS), Alappuzha. During the year 2012, three Govt of Kerala undertakings namely, M/s. Kerala Automobiles Ltd., M/s. Autocast and M/s. SILK have taken the technology for producing MFEM in large numbers.

COIR GEOTEXTILES IN RURAL ROADS-The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has published specifications for the coir geotextiles to be applied on rural unpaved roads, based on which, the National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA), Govt. of India has identified CCRI as the nodal institute to implement the project initially in nine states namely, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Tamil Nadu under PMGSY for a total length of 450kms. COIR WOOD- The development of coir polymer composite boards at the CICT at Bengaluru recently named as Coir Wood by the Hon’ble Chairman, Coir Board for disaster management and other purposes of regular household uses such as fruit bowls, trays etc., have opened up newer avenues for environment protection as well as to find an economic wood substitute. Use of other resins like polyester, epoxy led to development of unique molded products requiring no heating thereby saving energy and time. REVISION OF CURRICULAM OF NCT & DC – The National Coir Training and Design Centre (NCT&DC) at Kalavoor is being upgraded to cater to a wider section of artisans, entrepreneurs and middle level executives for incubation and focused training with the modified syllabus incorporating newer technologies developed by the Board during recent past. PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION – Coir fibres have been blended with other natural fibres to produce finer lightweight fabrics which have been used for making UV protective umbrellas, Jackets, Conference bags, foot wares and upholstery etc,

1. The spinning of coir fibres at a runnage of more than 800meters/kg has been

possible through the newly developed six-head automatic spinning machine,

‘NAVEENA’. The machine is able to produce 18,000 meters/8 hours shift. It

has been demonstrated before the Secretary to Govt. of India during his visit

to CCRI and the Exporters’ Associations and Small and Medium Scale

manufacturers in the coir industry.

2. A second hand power loom used for jute weaving has been utilized for

weaving fine fabrics to enhance productivity. The loom has been tuned to

weave cotton yarn as warp and fine coir yarn obtained on “NAVEENA’

spinning machine.

3. The heap composting of coir pith has been demonstrated first time with a

quantity of 250MT at Chirayankeezh and 150MT at CCRI campus using cattle

dung as a source of nitrogen. The composting was complete in 30 days. This

opens up the way to carry out faster composting of coir pith available in large

heaps. Another demonstration was held at Kadinamkulam Society for a heap

of 250MT recently.

4. A conveyor system to feed the fibres in the VAJRA machine has been

developed for maintaining the regularity of coir yarn spun on the machine.

The breakage of yarn on the machine has been reduced considerably and it is

able to produce more than 50 kg of yarn in 8 hours.

5. An indigenous mini tufting machine has been fabricated and installed at CCRI

of Coir Board costing Rs. 20 lakhs (approx) through a machinery

manufacturer under the guidance of Hon’ble Chairman, Coir Board so as to

popularize it in the coir industry among small and medium entrepreneurs.

The imported machines are costing more than Rs. 2 crores. Provisional

application has been filed and allotted application No. is 433/Kol/2014 dt.

03.04.2014.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN PRODUCING DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTS OUT OF COIR

PITH/BIT FIBRES

6. Polyester resin has been used for developing small size of gift articles using

coir pith/bit fibres. The volume ratio is 1: 2::coir pith: resin. A large number

of novelty items have produced by moulding process, which were displayed

at New Delhi before the public.

7. Coir pith has been used for incorporating in the polypropylene matrix to the

extent of 25% by the extrusion process so as to manufacture articles like

chairs, garden pots etc.

8. Hollow pith blocks have been used for sandwiching between plywood sheets

to make the products sound proof which will find use in partitioning.

9. The coir pith has been utilized for making binder less boards, which will find

applications in making wall panels, packaging of explosives, insulators etc.

10. Coffee powder has been used for printing on the fine coir fabrics to produce

various designs.

11. Decatised fine coir fabric was produced in collaboration with IICT, Bhadohi

so as to reduce the hairiness and improve the feel of fabric. Recently coir silk

union fabrics were produced at CCRI in collaboration with Central Silk

Technology Research Institute (CSTRI), Bengaluru which have been sent to

Indian Institute of Carpet Technology (IICT), Bhadohi for decatising.

12. Handmade paper making machinery was procured and installed at the CCRI

of Coir Board. The handmade paper sheets could be produced under the

guidance of Hon’ble Chairman, Coir Board by incorporating coir bit fibres and

coir pith to the extent of 40% on the weight of hosiery/paper waste pulp to

improve the strength and texture of the paper for producing carry bags, egg

baskets, garden articles and other items. Provisional application has been

filed and allotted application No. is 485/Kol/2014 dt. 23.04.2014.

13. Coir skin fabrics (canvas) were produced at CICT, Bengaluru in combination

with phenol formaldehyde resin to produce elegant paintings over it.

14. A spray formulation named as ‘COIR MAGIC”, comprising of a

shampoo/conditioner ingredient, tamarind and hydrogen peroxide was

developed under the guidance of Hon’ble Chairman, Coir Board to improve

the quality of green husk and dry husk coir fibres/yarn to as good as retted

fibres. The same formulation was sprayed over PVC tufted mats to do away

with the effluent and producing high quality bleached and softened product.

Patent application has been filed and allotted application No. is

462/Kol/2014 dt. 16.04.2014.

TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

Pithplus, CocolawnTM, Anugraha, Anupam, Uday, Coir Polymer Composites (Coir Wood) and Swarna Technologies have been successfully transferred to entrepreneurs in India and abroad in Middle East countries RECOGNITION OF CCRI

The Microbiology Laboratory of the CCRI has been recognized by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) to certify the coir pith for its export to Australia (1996)

The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Govt. of India has recognized the CCRI a Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO) (1999).

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has recognized the CCRI as a testing laboratory for coir geotextiles (2004)

The Indian Roads Congress (IRC), New Delhi has given accreditation to CCRI as a Nodal Institute for using coir geotextiles in the roads (2011).

MAJOR ACTIVITIES

A. Coordinated research programmes of following different departments:-

MICROBIOLOGY-Process Improvement in extraction of coir using biotechnological methods.

ENGINEERING-Development of a versatile mechanized spinning machine and improvement of traditional handlooms

CHEMISTRY-Cost effective eco-friendly techniques for bleaching, dyeing, softening and printing.

POLYMER-Development of coir polymer composite boards. PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION- Coir geotextiles and blending with

jute, cotton, banana, sisal & pineapple fibres 1. WASTE UTILISATION

i. Conversion of coir pith into compost ii. Extraction of Lignin from Coir Pith iii. Utilization of tender coconut husk for making particle boards and

compost. iv. Particle boards/Paper from coir bit fibres/diseased coconut wood.

B. The Director also headed the Central Institute for Coir Technology, Bengaluru that concentrates on the development of the Brown Fibre Sector of the Coir Industry. The major research programmes include Coir Polymer Composite Boards, Fuel Briquettes from Coir Pith,

C. Executive Head of the National Coir Training and Design Centre [NCT&DC],

Alleppey, which is imparting incubation/training on various aspects of coir processing to the candidates, selected from all over the country.

D. Extended the research and development achievements at the Central Coir

Research Institute to the Coir Industry by technical consultancy, incubation and field extension service.

Achievements at IJIRA since 2015:

1. A Fermentation lab has been set up at IJIRA to produce microbes for different end uses.

2. Developed a technology of faster retting of jute stems by the use of a bacterial consortium which produces good quality of jute fibres in 7-10 days upon retting against the normal period of retting of about 3 weeks.

3. Developed Sanitary Napkins by the use of jute fibre and sticks pulp instead of wood pulp. The napkins so produced were tested at National Test House and were found to meet the BIS specs. A patent has been filed on the technology. The technology has been recently transferred to a private entrepreneur with the technology transfer fees of Rs. 50 lakhs and royalty payment of 2.5% on sales.

4. Jute-thermoplastic Composites (20:80) have been developed to produce a wide range of smaller items like bottle caps and the bigger items like overhead water

tanks. The work has been done in collaboration with M/s, Patton India Ltd who is engaged in the manufacture of water tanks. A patent has been filed on the technology.

5. Soil Testing labs have been established at North Eastern Regional Centre of IJIRA at Guwahati and at IJIRA, Kolkata for carrying out soil tests on site and off site as per requirements.

6. IJIRA has identified 103 projects in the 4 states of NER pertaining to applications of jute geotextiles against Soil Erosion Control on hill slopes, strengthening of soft soil for construction of roads, and Control of river bank erosion.

7. Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India has sanctioned 7 Projects to IJIRA for carrying out research on different aspects of jute diversification.

Recognitions: 1. IJIRA has been recognized as Centre of Excellence (CoE)

by the Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India (MoT) for jute geotextiles in the North Eastern Region on 3rd July, 2015.

2. IJIRA has been identified to be the Focused Incubation Centre (FIC) by the MoT for Digital Printing Technology and Jute Composites.

3. IJIRA Testing labs (Mechanical and Chemical) have got NABL Accreditation on 16.06.2016.

On Going Research Projects sponsored jointly by Ministry of Textiles (MoT), Govt. of India and Jute Industry (70:30) in April, 2016.

1) Design and Development of 50kgs. Capacity Jute Bags considering Threshold Mechanical Properties and Physical Parameters

Budget 50 Lakhs 2) Faster Retting of Jute plant through Bio-Chemical intervention

Budget 83.16 Lakhs 3) Biochemical softening of Hard Root Cuttings of Jute

Budget 34 Lakhs 4) Development of High Speed Roller Drafting System for Improvement of Jute

Drawing Frame Productivity Budget 48 Lakhs

5) Utilization of Jute Sticks & Jute Waste for Extraction of Value added Chemicals for Industrial uses

Budget 49.40 Lakhs 6) Development of Standards for use of Jute Geotextiles (JGTs) in Rural Roads

Budget 171 Lakhs

7) Jute Thermoplastic Composites for Green Product Development Budget 102.80 Lakhs

New Projects sponsored jointly by MoT, Govt. of India and Jute Industry (70:30) in December 2016

1. Jute based Air Filter media having Anti-Microbial & Odour Absorbing

Properties

Project Objectives:

To develop bio-compostable anti-microbial and odour absorbing Air

Filter for Air Handling Units (AHU) based on Jute textiles.

Standardization of treatment process of Jute textiles and trial for

production in a commercial set-up.

Use of Jute textiles in high-performance application and their evaluation

in comparison with existing products.

Budget: 72.80 Lakh

2. Development of PLA Laminated Jute as Bio-Compostable Packaging

Material

Project Objectives:

To develop completely bio-compostable Jute based packaging material

using PLA and similar other bio products.

Standardization of the production process.

Commercial scale production study.

Budget: 96.00 Lakh

3. Development of Jute based Textile Preforms and Pultruded Composite

Products

To develop and apply coating–cum-compatibilizing polymer for jute

sliver / yarn

To develop Jute-based flat tape type textile preforms by coating with

polymer

Production & performance evaluation of Jute based pultruded profiles

Promotion of Jute Pultruded profiles as wood substitute with improved

performance

Budget: 103.40 Lakh

4. Feasibility Study of Oil-free Processing of Jute Fibres

Objective of the Project (Part-I)

To develop a new oil-free lubricant formulation (JBO and RBO–free) for

jute fibre processing

Spinning of quality jute yarn of (8-10 lb/spy) at IJIRA

Budget 38.70 Lakhs

Objective of the Project (Part-II)

To study of rheological and toxicological behaviour of oil-free lubricant

formulation

To observe spinning performance of jute spinning using oil-free lubricant

formulation at mill shop-floor

Budget 33.50 Lakhs

5. Design and Development of Continuous Damping, Calendaring and

Cutting Machine for Jute Fabric

Design and development of continuous damping, calendering and

cutting/folding machine for jute fabric

Standardization of the process parameters

Budget: 145.20 lakhs

6. Development of New Generation Carding and Drawing Machines for

improved Jute Yarn Quality

To adopt new generation spinning technology for manufacturing jute

yarns with improved yarn quality and productivity through proper

technological intervention

Development of suitable machinery in collaboration with machinery

manufacturer of international repute considering machine performance,

productivity, operational suitability and machine lay-out for allied fibres

Determination of process parameters for each and individual machinery

developed through extensive trials

Transfer of technology to the Indian Jute Sector for its overall benefit

Budget: 1555.78 Lakhs

7. Development of Rotary Card for Jute Processing

Development of Rotary card for processing of jute fibre through proper

technological intervention jointly by the R&D institute, jute industry and

machinery manufacturer for better machine performance, productivity,

operational suitability and machine lay-out.

Development of industrial scale Rotary card for jute to impart gentle

treatment of jute fibre for minimising short fibre generation as well as

better utilisation of jute fibre

Transfer of technology to the Indian jute sector for its overall benefit

Budget 579.84 lakhs

National Jute Board sponsored R&D project:

Process Development, Automation and Pilot Scale Manufacturing of Jute Based

Low Cost Sanitary Napkins

IJIRA in association with the National Jute Board carried out promotional

activity of jute based low cost sanitary napkins at 3 different jute mills

(Gloster Ltd., Bowreah Jute Mills Ltd. and Ludlow Jute and Specialities

Ltd.).

An awareness programme and promotional activity of jute based low

cost sanitary napkins developed by IJIRA has been carried out at

Hukumchand Jute Mills among 52 female participants. The programme

has been covered by Kolkata TV and published in the daily Bengali

newspaper, “Anandabazar Patrika”.

An MoA has been signed among IJIRA, Intech Safety Pvt. Ltd. and Birds

Jute and Exports Ltd. regarding commercialization of jute based low cost

sanitary napkins. Intech Safety Pvt. Ltd. has agreed to pay IJIRA Rs. 50

lakh as technology transfer fees, out of which Rs. 20 lakhs have been

received on signing of MoU.

MoUs have been signed with 4 WSHGs/NGOs regarding hand holding and

training with the aim of Transfer of Technology for commercialization

Jute based pulp has been supplied to ‘Balia Gram Unnayan Samity’,

Hooghly, a self-help group for the manufacturing of IJIRA developed jute

based sanitary napkins for distribution to village women and their

feedback.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS

INTERNATIONAL

1. “Investigation on the structure of the hemicellulose obtained from the fibre of Sansevieria Trifasciata Leaves”, by U.S.Sarma and A.K.Mukherjee, Carbohydrate Research, 95 (1981) 81-86.

2. “Investigations on the fibres of Pineapple (Ananas Comosus (L) Merr.) Leaves”, by

U.S.Sarma, Carbohydrate Research, 97(2) (1982) 323-329. 3. “Investigation on the structure of the hemicellulose obtained from the fibre of Sanservieria

Trifasciata Leaves Part II”, by U.S.Sarma and A.K.Mukherjee, Carbohydrate Research, 105(2) (1982) 247-250.

4. “Investigation on the fibres of Pineapple (Ananas Comosus (L) Merr.) Leaves: Structural

study of the hemicellulose”, by U.S.Sarma, Carbohydrate Research, 111 (1982) 151-155. 5. “Kinetics of oxidation of D-glucose by Hexachloroiridate and Tetrachloroaurate (III)”, by

K.K.Sen Gupta, S.Sen Gupta, U.Chatterjee, A.Tarafdar, T.Samanta and U.S.Sarma, Carbohydrate Research, 117(1983) 81-87.

6. “Studies on a brittle stem mutant of rice,Oriza sativa L., characterisation of Lignin fractions,

associated phenolic acids and, polysaccharides from rice stem”, by U.S.Sarma, J.M.Brillouet, A.Scalbert and B.Monties, “Agronomie”, 6(3), (1986), 265-2271.

7. “Bioinoculants for Coir Retting” by Anita Das Ravindranath and U.S.Sarma, Cord 2 (1) (1995),

34-40. 8. “Retted (White) Coir Fibre Nettings – The Ideal Choice as Geotextiles for Soil Erosion

Control” by K.George Joseph and U.S.Sarma. Presented and published in the Proceedings of the International Erosion Control Association’s 28th Annual Conference, Tennesee, USA held on 25-28, February, 1997, 67-76.

9. “Rural progress through value addition in coir”, by U. S. Sarma, presented on 8 May, 2003,

at the International Coconut Summit 2003, held at Kochi from 7-11 May, 2003. 10. “Effect of random inclusion of fiber in the volume change behaviour of cochin marine clay”,

S. Cyrus, U. S. Sarma, B. T. Jose, 2nd International Conference on Problematic Soils, 3-5 December 2006, Petaling, Selangor, Malaysia.

11. “Determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch absorption of Co (II), Cr

(III) and Ni (II) onto coir pith,” by H. Parab, S. Joshi, N. Shenoy, A. Lali, U. S. Sarma and M. Sudersanan, Process Biochemistry, 41 (2006), 609-615.

12. “Application of eco-friendly coir geotextiles for canal/river bank protection”, A.C. Jose, U. S. Sarma, K.R. Anil, and M. Kumaraswamy Pillai , Poster presentation in the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, 2006 at California, Feb. 21-24.

13. “Versatile Coir geotextiles”, A. C. Jose and U. S. Sarma, Poster presentation in the Annual

Conference of International Erosion Control Association, 2007, at Reno, Nevada. 14. “A novel method for accelerated composting of coir pith- an agro-industrial residue”, P.K.

Ghosh, U. S. Sarma, Anita Das Ravindranath, S. Radhakrishnan and Prasenjeet Ghosh”, Energy & Fuels, 21 (2) (2007), 822-827.

15. “Application of a coir geotextile reinforced mud wall in an area below sea level at Kuttanad,

Kerala”, U. S. Sarma and A. C. Jose, has been presented, which has been published in the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, 2008 held at Orlando, Florida, Feb. 18-22.

16. “Esterified oir pith as an adsorbent for the removal of Co (II) from aqueous solution,” H.

Parab, S. Joshi, N. Shenoy, A. Lali, U. S. Sarma and M. Sudersanan, Bioresource Technology, 99 (2008), 2083-2086.

17. “Coir based soil less natural grass-instant lawn for soil erosion control”, U. S. Sarma and

Sesh Kumar Pulipaka. Presented and published in the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, held at Reno, Nevada, USA, February, 9-12, 2009.

18. “Prevention of soil erosion through vegetation of mine dumps using coir geotextiles”, U. S.

Sarma, Sesh Kumar Pulipaka and V. S. Vijayaraghavan. Presented and published in the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, held at Dallas, Texas, February, 16-20, 2010.

19. “Metal coated coir fiber for smart textile applications”, Melvi Chandy, M. S. Latha, K.

Shreekrishna Kumar, and U. S. Sarma, Cord, 26 (1) (2010) 30-38. 20. “Phytosanitation of coir pith by irradiation with 60Co”, M. S. Lata, K. Sheekrishnakumar,

Anita Das Ravindranath, Arun Sharma and U. S. Sarma, presented as an invited Speaker at the International Conference organized by National Association for Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation in Industry (NAARRI) at Hotel Renaissance, Powai, Mumbai, December, 13-15, 2010 and published in the proceedings of NAARRI International Conference-2010 (NIC-2010), Vol. I, INVITEDTALKS, (2010), 158-165.

21. “Prospects and problems of use of coir geo-textiles for soil conservation work in forest

area”, U. S. Sarma, A. K. Bisaria, Sesh Kumar Pulipaka, and V. S. Vijayaraghavan, presented and published in the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, held at Orlando, Florida, February, 20-23, 2011.

22. “Enhancement of properties of coir geotextiles by natural rubber latex coating,” Lekshmi

Nair, P. K. Ravi and U. S. Sarma, Cord, 27 (1), (2011), 1-8.

23. “Azolla & Soya Hulls-Substitutes for urea in coir pith composting using Pleurotus Sajor Caju,” Radhakrishnan S., Anita Das Ravindranath, Sarma U. S., Jayakumaran Nair A., Cord, 27 (2), (2011), 46-55.

24. “Application of coir geotextiles in rural roads”, U. S. Sarma and Anita Das Ravindranath,

presented and published in the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of International Erosion Control Association, held at Las Vegas, February, 26-29, 2012.

25. “Quantitative Evaluation of the Production of Lignolytic Enzymes-Lignin Peroxidase and

manganese Peroxidase by P. Sajor Caju During Coir Pith Composting”, S. Radhakrishnan, Anita Das Ravindranath, M. S. Hanosh, U. S. Sarma and A. jayakumaran Nair, Cord, 28(1), (2012), 24-32.

26. “Nanocellulose from diseased coconut wood biomass,” Jayaraj A. P., Anita Das ravindranath,

and Sarma U. S., Cord, 30(1), (2014), 1-10.

27. “Laboratory level Performance Evaluation of Different Types of Jute Geotextiles for Rural Roads”, Mahuya Ghosh, G. Venkatappa Rao, U. S. Sarma, presented and published in the Proceedings of International Symposium on Geotechnics of Transportation infrastructure, held on April, 07-08, 2018 at IIT, New Delhi.

28. "Biodegradability Study to Develop Longer Life Jute Geotextiles for Road Applications",

Mahuya Ghosh, G. Venkatappa Rao, S. K. Chakrabarti, Supriya Pal, U. S. Sarma accepted for publication in the Textile Research Journal.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS

NATIONAL 1. “Fire–retardancy of jute fabrics with potassium sodium tartarate (Rochelle Salt)”, by U. S.

Sarma, “Colourage”, 32(26) (1985) 19-20.

2. “Modification of the IJIRA Process of stabilised bleaching of jute fabrics”, by U. S. Sarma, “Colourage”, 32(26) (1985)19-20.

3. Presented a review on the “Lignin –Carbohydrate complex of natural fibres”, by U. S. Sarma

at the seminar on the 24th Annual General Meeting of the Textile Association of the India (West Bengal Unit), held on September 8, 1985, the part of which has been published in “Textile Trends” 28(6) (1985) 98: 28(8) (1985) 43-45.

4. “Effect of anions in Cu (II) diamine complexes on catalytic hydrolysis of DFP”, by D. N. Marjit,

U. S. Sarma, and D.K.Jaiswal, “Current Science” 57 (1989) 958-960. 5. “Hydrolysis of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate catalysed by copper (II) – diamine

complexes”, by D. N. Marjit and U. S. Sarma, Indian J. Chemistry, 28 A (1989) 958-960.

6. “HPLC study on the hydrolysis of parathion catalysed by Cu (II) – diamine complexes”, by U. S. Sarma, D. N. Marjit, D. K. Dube and S. K. Raza “Indian Journal of Chemistry”, 29A (1990) 800-802.

7. “Study on the efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller’s earth combination as a decontaminant against

sulphur mustard (mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice”, by U. S. Sarma, P. Kumar and R. Vijayaraghavan, Defence Science .Journal, 41, No.4 (1991) 363-366.

8. Presented a paper entitled “Technology Alternations in Coir Industry”, by U. S. Sarma in the

Seminar, “The Coir Industry in Kerala – a study on the modernization and employment protection” held at Trivandrum on 12-13th November 1992.

9. “Extraction of Lignosulphonates from Coir Pith – An agrowaste”, by U. S. Sarma and Anita

Das Ravindranath, Proceedings of the Workshop on utilisation of Coir Pith, 1993, P. 11-13. 10. “Biotechnology – A new avenue in Coir Research”, by Anita Das Ravindranath and U. S.

Sarma, COIR, 37, No.1, January- June 1993. 11. “Bioinoculant Treatment of Unretted Green husk Fibre for Quality Improvement”, by Anita

Das Ravindranath, U. S. Sarma, COIR, 37, No.2, July-September, 1993. 12. Presented a paper entitled “Coir Geotextiles and its Applications”, by U. S. Sarma, in the 2nd

International Workshop on Geotextiles Organised by the Committee for International Geotextiles Society (India) held at New Delhi on 11-12 January, 1994.

13. “German Ban – an eco-friendly prescription for the coir industry”, by U. S. Sarma, Coir

News, Vol. 24, No.5, May 20, 1995, P.25-36. 14. A paper entitled “Research and Development on Coir Technology”, by U. S. Sarma was

presented at the Eighth Kerala Science Congress held at Kochi on 27-29, January 1996. 15. A paper entitled “Manifold Potentials of Coir Geotextiles”, by U. S. Sarma and M.Kumararaja

was presented at the “Seminar on Coir Geotextiles” held at Alleppey, has been published in the Coir News, Vol.26, No.4, April 20, 1997, P.27-30.

16. “Eco Friendly & Versatile Coir Geotextiles”, by U. S. Sarma, Geosynthetic Asia’97, Vol. I, 26-

29 Nov.1997, Bangalore, India, Eds, C. V. J.Varma, G. V. Rao and A. R. G.Rao, Publishers, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, Session VI, P.49, 1997.

17. “Studies on Imparting Softness to Coir Fibre/Yarn’, by I. R. Anto, P. K. Ravi and U. S. Sarma,

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wet Processing of Coir, 8-9 Dec.1997, Alleppey, India.

18. “Investigations in Bleaching of Coir”, by I. R. Anto, T. Ravindran, P. K. Ravi, M. Kumaraswamy

Pillai and U. S. Sarma, Proccedings of the International Workshop on Wet Processing of Coir, 8-9 Dec.1997, Alleppey , India.

19. “A Study on Bleaching of Coir using Bacterial Cultures”, by Anita Das Ravindranath, S.Radhakrishnan and U. S. Sarma, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wet Processing of Coir, 8-9 Dec.1997, Alleppey, India.

20. “Techniques of Dyeing Coir Materials”, by K. G. Mohanan, P. C. Antonel Vaz, J. Sunil Dath, A.

Radhakrishnan, V. A. Sebastian and U. S. Sarma, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wet Processing of Coir, 8-9 Dec.1997, Alleppey, India.

21. “Printing of Designs on Coir Materials”, by A. Radhakrishnan, V. R. George Roy and U. S.

Sarma, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wet Procesing of Coir, 8-9 Dec.1997, Alleppey, India.

22. “Application of Microorganisms to Enhance Biodegradation of Phenolic Compounds and to

Improve Retting of Coir”, by Anita Das Ravindranath and U. S. Sarma, Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol.57, Oct. & Nov., 1998, P. 825-827.

23. “Coir exports and eco regulations in Germany”, by U. S. Sarma, Coir News, Vol. XXIX, No. 10,

October 20, 2000, P. 15-19. 24. “Softening of Coir”, by U. S. Sarma, Souvenir P. 103-109, published by Coir Board on the

occasion of inauguration of the India International Coir Fair (IICF) and Seminar held on 11th to 13th October 2001 at Le Meridien Covention Centre at Kochi.

25. “Recent advances in the processing of coir”, by U. S. Sarma, presented at the National

Seminar on “Recent advances in natural fibre research”, organized by Indian Fibre Society (IFS) in collaboration with Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF)”, on 15-16 December, 2001 at CRIJAF, Barrackpore, West Bengal.

26. “Coir retting: Its influence in the Vembanad and Ashtamudi wetlands of Kerala”, by Anita

Das Ravindranath and U. S. Sarma, presented at the “Regional Seminar on Ramsar Sites of Kerala”, held at Centre for Water Resources Development & Management, Kozhikode, on 21 February, 2003.

27. “Coir Bhoovastra for soil bio-engineering applications”, by U. S. Sarma, presented at the

National Seminar on Coir Bhoovastra organized by Coir Board at New Delhi, on 21 March, 2003.

28. “Evaluation of bacterial treatment on the Flexural Rigidity and Light fastness properties of

coir fibre”, by Anita Das Ravindranath & U. S. Sarma (2004), Coir News Golden Jubilee Special Issue, August 2004, 22.

29. “Coir Fibre Extraction and coir pith composting biotechnology”, by Anita Das Ravindranath,

U. S. Sarma and S. Radhakrishnan (2005) Paper presented at the National Workshop on Women Friendly Technologies, Kochi Jan 20-22, 2005.

30. “Spinning of coir/jute blended yarns in modified jute spinning system”, K. P. Chellamani,

Debasis Chattopadhyay and U. S. Sarma, Asian Textile Journal, April, 2006, p 66-69.

31. “Focused Approach to New Dimensions in Coir Industry during 11th Plan”, by U. S. Sarma (2006) paper presented at the National Seminar-cum-Exhibition held at New Delhi on 06.10.06.

32. “Versatile Coir Geotextiles" paper presented at the International Seminar on "Geosynthetics

in India-Present and Future", by U. S. Sarma at New Delhi from 8th to 10th November 2006. 33. “Applications of Geosynthetics-Use on Roads subgrades”,by U. S. Sarma paper presented at

the Workshop on Applications on of Geosynthetics-Present and Future” at Ahmedabad from 20-21st September 2007.

34. “Research & Development in Coir”, by U. S. Sarma, paper presented at the “Bharatiya

Vigyan Sammelan-2007 on 23rd November, 2007 – “A national level Sammelan on Science & Technology” at Bhopal from 23rd to 25th November 2007.

35. “Biotechnology in Coir- Past, present and future”, Anita Das Ravindranath, U. S. Sarma and

S. Radhakrishnan, India International Coir Fair 2007,Souvenir, p. 91, 2007. 36. “Coir pith for improvement of productivity and quality in plantation crops”, Anita Das

Ravindranath and U. S. Sarma, Souvenir, Placrosym XVIII, 18th Symposium on Plantation Crops, National Research Centre for Cashew, Puttur, Karnataka, 10-13th December, 2008.

37. “Microcrystalline and nanocellulose from diseased coconut wood”, Anita Das Ravindranath,

Jairaj, A. P. and U. S. Sarma presented and published in the proceedings of Carbohydrate Conference held at Shimla on 12th November, 2010.

PROJECT REPORTS

1. “Development of Impregnants for protective clothing (RD-P1-820DRDE – 71”, by S.M.Baronia, U. S. Sarma and V. S. Tripathi submitted at Defence Research and Development Establishment [DRDE],Gwalior.

2. “Upgrading of jute fibres by means of suitable chemicals for better spinnability and

production”, by U. S. Sarma and R. N. Sarkar submitted at Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association (IJIRA), Calcutta.

PATENTS

1. A Process for the Preparation of a Fertilizer by U. S. Sarma and Anita Das Ravindranath (745/MAS/98 dated 6th April 1998).

2. A Process for the Treatment of Coir Retting Effluents by U. S. Sarma and Anita Das

Ravindranath (746/MAS/98 dated 6th April 1998).

3. A Process for Reducing the Period of Retting of Coconut Husk using COIRRET by U. S. Sarma and Anita Das Ravindranath (747/MAS/98 dated 6th April 1998).

4. A Process for Mechanically Extracted Green Husk Fibre by U. S. Sarma and Anita Das Ravindranath (748/MAS/98 dated 6th April 1998)

5. A Process for Producing Paper Grade Pulp from Coir Bit Fibres (Case B )by U. S. Sarma,

Anita Das Ravindranath, J.Sunil Dath and Christy Fernandez (64/MAS/99 dated 19th January 1999).

6. A Process for Producing Paper Grade Pulp from Coir Bit Fibres (Case C) by U. S. Sarma,

Anita Das Ravindranath, J.Sunil Dath and Christy Fernandez (65/MAS/99 dated 19th January, 1999).

7. An Erosion Control Blanket (Case A) by Christy Fernandez and U. S. Sarma

(588/MAS/2000 dated 28th July 2000).

8. An Erosion Control Blanket from Coir Fibres (Case F) by Christy Fernandez and U. S. Sarma(842/MAS/2000 dated 5th October 2000).

9. An Erosion Control Blanket (Case G) by Christy Fernandez and U. S. Sarma

(843/MAS/2000 dated 5th October 2000).

10. A Readymade Lawn by Christy Fernandez, U. S. Sarma and K. P. Somanathan Nair (664/MAS/2001 dated 13th August, 2000).

11. A process for composting of coir pith and other recalcitrant agricultural residues, T. A.

Rajendra Babu, Anita Das Ravindranath, U. S. Sarma, Christy Fernandez, P. K. Ghosh (948/MAS/2002 dated 17th December, 2002).

12. A process for preparation of coir composite board, R. Vasudev, M. Sudhakaran Pillai, U.

S. Sarma, Christy Fernandez and P. G. Deshmukh (193/MAS/2003 dated 10th March, 2003).

13. An improved mild steel handloom, T. A. Rajendra Babu and U. S. Sarma (548/CHE/2003

dated 2nd July 2003).

14. Treatment of coconut fibres, U. S. Sarma, P.K. Ravi and A.K. Mukherjee (1177/KOL/2005 dated 23rd December, 2005).

15. A process for dyeing of coir with natural dyes, U. S. Sarma, P.K. Ravi, I.R. Anto, V. A. Sebastian and R. Sunilkumar (1369/CHE/2003 dated 2nd July 2003).

16. Pneumatic loom for weaving mat and mattings, T. A. Rajendra Babu and U. S. Sarma (1178/KOL/2005 dated 23rd December 2005).

17. A process for the treatment of coconut fibres after separation from husk, M. Ray, S. Ray, A. K. Mukherjee and U. S. Sarma (620/KOL/2007 dated 20th April, 2007)

18. A mobile coir fibre extraction machine to extract fibre from green/dry coconut husk, A. Radhakrishnan, C.R. Komalakumar, T. A. Rajendra Babu and U. S. Sarma (286/Kol/2010

dated 22nd March, 2010)

19. A fully automatic coir spinning machine to spin coir fibres into yarn, Renjith Kumar K. K., Sudheer N.S., Ajith Gopinathan Pillai, Biju C. G., A. Radhakrishnan, C. R. Komalakumar, T. A. Rajendrababu, S. Radhakrishnan, Anita Das Ravindranath, P. K. Ravi and U. S. Sarma, (502/KOL/2012 dated 7th May, 2012).

20. Compact PVC tufting machine to produce small mats, G. Balachandran, U. S. Sarma, T. A. Rajendra Babu and Aboobacker Koya (433/Kol/2014 dated 3rd April, 2014).

21. A process of eco-friendly softening/bleaching of coir fibres, G. Balachandran, U. S. Sarma, and Anita Das Ravindranath (462/Kol/2014 dated 16th April, 2014).

22. An eco-friendly process of manufacturing handmade paper of coir bit fibres, G. Balachandran, U. S. Sarma, and S. Dath (485/Kol/2014 dated 23rd April, 2014).

23. “Low cost Sanitary Napkin comprising jute fibre and jute stick based core absorbent material and its process of manufacture thereof”, A. C. Deka, A. R. Dewan, S. Basu, S. G. Saha, S. K. Chakrabarti, U. S. Sarma, and S. Gupta (Patent Office Journal No. 43/2017, No. 201631014268A dated 27.10.2017).

24. “A process for manufacturing jute fibre reinforced Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) composite product”, Devkumar Biswas, Mamata Sarkar, Md. S. Rahman, U. S. Sarma, S. Gupta and Sanjay Budhia, (201631008771 dated 14.03.2016).

25. An eco-friendly faster process of jute fibre extraction under water limiting conditions (TEMP/E-1/41623/2018-KOL No. 201831038353 dated 9.10.2018).

Chapters in Book

U. S. Sarma. 1997. Eco Friendly & Versatile Coir Geotextiles. Geosynthetic Asia’97, Vol. I, 26-29

Nov. 1997, Bangalore, India, Eds, C. V. J. Varma, G. V. Rao and A. R. G.Rao, Publishers, Oxford

and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, Session VI, P.49.

U. S. Sarma. 2008. Coir and Sisal Blended Yarn. Sisal Fibre Technologies for Sustainable Rural

Employment P. 71-78. Generation, Editors, M. J. Nandan,R. S. Ahirwar, Navin Chand and N.

Ramakrishnan. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Books

Handbook on Preparation and Applications of coir pith based Cyanobacterial Fertilizers

(Cyanopith and Cyanospray) for field, Editors: P. Malliga, Anita Das Ravindranath and U. S.

Sarma, 2012, 32 pages, Published by Priya Publication, Tiruchirapalli, Printed at Hues, 3/c-16,

4th Cross, Thllainagar West, Tiruchirapalli-620 018.

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