Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________ ID: A

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BIO Ch7- Cell Structure and Function STUDY GUIDE

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells?a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek c. Matthias Schleidenb. Robert Hooke d. Rudolf Virchow

____ 2. The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying thata. all plants are made of cells.b. all animals are made of cells.c. plants and animals have specialized cells.d. all plants and animals are made of cells.

____ 3. Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?a. Cells are the basic units of life.b. All living things are made of cells.c. Very few cells reproduce.d. All cells are produced by existing cells.

____ 4. The cell theory applies toa. bacteria. c. multicellular organisms.b. plants and animals. d. all of the above

____ 5. Electron microscopes can reveal detailsa. 100 times larger than those visible in light microscopes.b. the same size as those visible in light microscopes.c. 100 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.d. 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.

____ 6. Which type(s) of microscopes can produce three-dimensional images of cells?a. transmission electron microscopes c. both A and Bb. scanning electron microscopes d. neither A nor B

____ 7. Researchers use fluorescent labels and light microscopy toa. produce movies of cells as they grow, divide, and develop.b. scan cells with laser beams.c. follow molecules moving through the cell.d. build three-dimensional images of cells.

____ 8. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?a. The cell lacks cytoplasm. c. The cell lacks a nucleus.b. The cell lacks a cell membrane. d. The cell lacks genetic material.

____ 9. Which of the following contain a nucleus?a. prokaryotes c. eukaryotesb. bacteria d. organelles

____ 10. Eukaryotes usually containa. a nucleus. c. genetic material.b. specialized organelles. d. all of the above

____ 11. Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?a. plants c. bacteriab. animals d. all of the above

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____ 12. Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?a. stores DNAb. controls most of the cell’s processesc. contains the information needed to make proteinsd. all of the above

____ 13. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?a. cytoplasm c. chromatinb. nucleolus d. DNA

____ 14. Which of the following statements explains why the nucleus is important to cells?a. Only eukaryotes have nuclei.b. Only prokaryotes have nuclei.c. The nucleus contains coded instructions for making proteins.d. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

____ 15. Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm?a. nucleolus c. chromatinb. ribosome d. cell wall

____ 16. Which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use?a. Golgi apparatus c. endoplasmic reticulumb. lysosome d. mitochondrion

____ 17. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?a. Golgi apparatus c. vacuoleb. mitochondrion d. ribosome

____ 18. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?a. chloroplast c. endoplasmic reticulumb. Golgi apparatus d. mitochondrion

____ 19. Which organelles help provide cells with energy?a. mitochondria and chloroplasts c. smooth endoplasmic reticulumb. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes

____ 20. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?a. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cellb. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplastc. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatusd. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane

____ 21. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?a. mitochondrion c. chloroplastb. ribosome d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____ 22. Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?a. helps a cell keep its shape c. surrounds the cellb. contains DNA d. helps make proteins

____ 23. Which structures carry out cell movement?a. cytoplasm and ribosomes c. microtubules and microfilamentsb. nucleolus and nucleus d. chromosomes

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____ 24. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?a. helps the cell maintain its shapeb. helps the cell movec. prevents chromosomes from separatingd. helps organelles within the cell move

____ 25. The main function of the cell wall is toa. support and protect the cell. c. direct the activities of the cell.b. store DNA. d. help the cell move.

____ 26. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall isa. found in all organisms. c. a flexible barrier.b. composed of a lipid bilayer. d. usually made of tough fibers.

____ 27. You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?a. plants c. fungib. animals d. all of the above

____ 28. Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?a. mitochondrion c. chloroplastb. cell membrane d. channel proteins

____ 29. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foodsb. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydratesc. keeps the cell wall in placed. regulates which materials enter and leave the cell

____ 30. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?a. carbohydrates c. bilipidsb. lipids d. proteins

____ 31. Diffusion is the movement of molecules froma. an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.b. an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.c. an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration.d. all of the above

____ 32. Diffusion occurs becausea. molecules constantly move and collide with each other.b. the concentration of a solution is never the same throughout a solution.c. the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution.d. molecules never move or collide with each other.

____ 33. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules willa. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.b. stop moving across the membrane.c. move across the membrane in both directions.d. move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.

____ 34. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?a. diffusion c. facilitated diffusionb. osmosis d. active transport

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____ 35. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is calleda. osmotic pressure. c. facilitated diffusion.b. osmosis. d. active transport.

____ 36. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causesa. water to move into the cell. c. solutes to move into the cell.b. water to move out of the cell. d. solutes to move out of the cell.

____ 37. Which term refers to cells having different jobs in an organism?a. multicellular c. levels of organizationb. cell specialization d. unicellular

____ 38. The cells of multicellular organisms area. smaller than those of unicellular organisms.b. simpler than those of unicellular organisms.c. specialized to perform different tasks.d. not dependent on one another.

____ 39. All of the following are examples of cell specialization EXCEPTa. a pancreatic cell that produces protein-digesting enzymes.b. muscle cells that control movement of materials in the bodyc. a prokaryotic cell that carries out photosynthesis.d. a red blood cell that carries oxygen.

____ 40. Which of the following is an example of an organ?a. heart c. digestive systemb. epithelial tissue d. nerve cell

____ 41. All of the following are types of tissues EXCEPTa. muscle. c. digestive.b. connective. d. nerve.

____ 42. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a(an)a. organ. c. tissue.b. organ system. d. division of labor.

____ 43. Which of the following is an organ of the digestive system?a. stomach c. muscle cellb. nerve tissue d. epithelial tissue

____ 44. An organ system is a group of organs thata. are made up of similar cells.b. are made up of similar tissues.c. work together to perform a specific function.d. work together to perform all the functions in a multicellular organism.

____ 45. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?a. cell, tissue, organ system c. tissue, organ, organ systemb. organ system, organ, tissue, cell d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Modified True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 46. If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a prokaryote. _________________________

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Figure 7–1

____ 47. The cell represented in Figure 7–1 is a eukaryote. _________________________

____ 48. The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin. _________________________

____ 49. Ribosomes stud the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

____ 50. Many membrane proteins are made by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

____ 51. Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

____ 52. The cytoskeleton helps to move organelles within the cell. _________________________

____ 53. The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection. _________________________

____ 54. Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other substances can pass through the cell wall. _________________________

____ 55. The nuclear envelope regulates which substances enter and leave a cell. _________________________

____ 56. Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. _________________________

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____ 57. A red blood cell placed in pure water will shrink. _________________________

____ 58. There is a division of labor among the cells of multicellular organisms. _________________________

____ 59. Cell specialization means that the cells in an organism are uniquely suited to reproduce. _________________________

____ 60. A typical organ is made up of many different kinds of cells and tissues. _________________________

CompletionComplete each statement.

61. According to the cell theory, all cells come from existing ____________________.

62. In a eukaryote, the material between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the ____________________.

Figure 7–2

63. The material indicated in Figure 7–2 by the letter B is called the ____________________.

64. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form _________________________, which are threadlike structures containing genetic material.

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Figure 7–3

65. The structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein.

66. RNA and other molecules leave the nucleus through the structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 7–3.

67. Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called ____________________.

68. Unlike smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ attached to it.

69. Enzymes in the _________________________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.

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Figure 7–1

70. The structure indicated in Figure 7–1 by the letter F is usually larger in ____________________ cells.

71. The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the _________________________.

72. Molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. This process is called ____________________.

73. Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by _________________________.

74. The cells in a multicellular organism have specific jobs. This is called cell _________________________.

75. The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are ____________________, tissues, ____________________, and organ systems.

Short Answer

76. Based on the cell theory, can you assume that all cells reproduce? Why or why not?

77. What does the cell theory say?

78. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

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Figure 7–3

79. Identify the structure shown in Figure 7–3 and describe its main functions.

80. What are two functions of the nucleus?

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Figure 7–2

81. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.

82. List two jobs of the cytoskeleton.

83. What advantages do cell walls provide plant cells that contact fresh water?

84. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?

85. Suppose a cell were treated with a chemical that inhibits active transport. What would happen?

86. Define diffusion.

87. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with water.

88. What would happen to an animal cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.8% if it were placed in a salt solution with a concentration of 20%? Why?

89. A hypertonic salt solution has a higher concentration of solutes than a blood cell. Explain what happens when a blood cell is placed in a hypertonic salt solution.

90. List the four levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex.

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Other

USING SCIENCE SKILLSA student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is permeable to both types of solute molecules shown.

Figure 7–4

91. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the distribution of the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?

92. Predicting Describe the movement of the C molecules on side A of the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4. What will happen to these molecules over time?

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93. Predicting Look at Figure 7–4. Describe the movement of the D molecules on side A. What will happen to these molecules over time?

94. Predicting What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?

95. Predicting Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the molecules continue to move? Explain your answer.

USING SCIENCE SKILLS

Figure 7–5

96. Interpreting Graphics Which drawing in Figure 7–5, –I or II– contains structures that carry out photosynthesis? What is this structure labeled in the diagram?

97. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to structure M in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?

98. Comparing and Contrasting Which structure in drawing I of Figure 7–5 corresponds to structure L in drawing II? What is the name of this structure?

99. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this organelle?

100. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How do you know?

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USING SCIENCE SKILLSThe experimental setup below shows an osmometer. An osmometer is a device used to measure the amount of osmotic pressure exerted by a liquid passing through a semipermeable membrane. The graph shows one lab group’s results compared with the results of the rest of the class combined. Line A represents the results of the single lab group. Line B represents the data of the rest of the class.

Figure 7–6

101. Comparing and Contrasting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. Compare the lab results of the single lab group with those collected by the rest of the class.

102. Analyzing Data Which results in the graph in Figure 7–6 are more likely to be accurate, those represented by line A or by line B? Why?

103. Evaluating and Revising What could account for the difference in lines A and B in the graph in Figure 7–6?

104. Predicting Look at the graph in Figure 7–6. How would the results differ if a sucrose solution with twice the concentration of the one used to collect the results represented by line A were used?

105. Calculating How might you use the graph in Figure 7–6 to calculate the rate of osmosis observed? What units would you use to report the rate?

Essay

106. Summarize three statements from the cell theory. Explain the significance of the cell theory to biology.

107. Describe the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm. Which of these structures are you likely to find in a prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell? Plant cell? Animal cell?

108. Compare prokaryotes with eukaryotes. Give an example of each type of cell.

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109. Distinguish between microtubules and microfilaments. Describe two functions of each kind of structure.

110. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the cell wall with that of the cell membrane.

111. Compare the cell membrane to a mosaic.

112. Describe what happens when sugar solutions with two different concentrations are placed on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane in a container.

113. How do facilitated diffusion and active transport differ?

114. Compare a cell from a unicellular organism with a cell from a multicellular organism in terms of cell specialization.

115. Discuss the levels of organization in multicellular organisms and explain why these levels are not used to describe unicellular organisms.