Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World...2012/11/15 · polymer market The bio-based share for structural polymers, which are the focus of the study, is approximately

Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Capacities, Production and Applications: Status Quo and Trends towards 2020

Authors: Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute), Michael Carus (nova-institute) and ten renowned international experts

This is the short version of the full market study (474 pages, 3,000 €).

Both are available at www.bio-based.eu/markets.

Saccharose

Fatty acidsGlycerol

Epichlorohydrin

Epoxy resins

Starch

1,3-Propanediol

Isobutanol

Acrylic acid

Superabsorbent Polymers

Other Furan-based polymers

PEF

p-Xylene

Ethylene

Propylene

Vinyl Chloride

Methyl Metacrylate

Isosorbide

SBR

THF

Terephthalic acidPBT

PBS

PET

PE

PU

PU

PA

Polyols

PU

PP

PU

PC

PVC

PTT

PLA

HMF

PHA

FDCA

PHA

PA

PMMAPBAT

EPDM

Caprolactam

3-HP

PET-like

Lactic acid

Sorbitol

Ethanol

Natural Rubber

Plant oils

Fructose

Natural RubberStarch-based PolymersLignin-based PolymersCellulose-based Polymers

Glucose

Lysine

PU

MEG

1,4-Butanediol

Diacids (Sebacic acid)

Furfuryl alcohol

PPFPFA

Lignocellulose

AdipicAcidHMDA

Furfural

Succinic acid

3rd EDITIO

N

Novem

ber 2015 update

with

data fo

r the ye

ar 2014

Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World www.bio-based.eu/markets

2 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-11 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-11 3

www.bio-based.eu/markets Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Bio-based polymers – Production capacity will triple from 5.7 million tonnes in 2014 to nearly 17 million tonnes in 2020. For the first time, consistent data have been published which cover the last three years. They show a 10% growth rate from 2012 to 2013 and even 11% from 2013 to 2014. Bio-based drop-in PET and the new polymer PHA show the fastest rates of market growth. The lion’s share of capital investment is expected to take place in Asia. The 5.7 million tonnes bio-based production capacity represent approximately a 2% share of overall structural polymer production at 256 million tonnes in 2013. The bio-based polymer turnover was about € 11 billion worldwide in 2014 compared to € 10 billion in 2013.

Two years after the first market study was

released, Germany’s nova-Institute published the

third edition of the most comprehensive market

study of bio-based polymers ever made in

November 2015. This update expand the market

study’s range, including bio-based building

blocks as precursor of bio-based polymers.

The nova-Institute carried out this study in

collaboration with renowned international experts

from the field of bio-based building blocks and

polymers. The study investigates every kind

of bio-based polymer and, for the first time,

several major building blocks produced around

the world. The new edition is available from

November 2015 on. It includes the latest data of

the year 2014 and the recently published data

from European Bioplastics.

Share of bio-based polymers in the total polymer marketThe bio-based share for structural polymers,

which are the focus of the study, is approximately

2%. In 2011, this share was 1.4%. The bio-based

share is clearly growing at a faster rate than that

of the global polymer market.

This study focuses exclusively on bio-based

building block and polymer producers, and

the market data therefore does not cover the

bio-based plastics branch. We must clearly

differentiate between these two terms. A polymer

is a chemical compound consisting of repeating

structural units (monomers) synthesized through

a polymerization or fermentation process,

whereas a plastic material constitutes a blend

of one or more polymers and additives.

Table 1 gives an overview on the covered bio-

based polymers and the producing companies

with their locations and production capacities

from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth

rates.

Imprint

Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers

in the World – Capacities, Production and

Applications: Status Quo and Trends toward

2020

PublisherMichael Carus (V.i.S.d.P.)

nova-Institut GmbHChemiepark Knapsack

Industriestraße 300

50354 Hürth, Germany

[email protected]

Authors of the short version

Florence Aeschelmann (nova-Institute)

[email protected],

Michael Carus (nova-Institute)

Layout

Norma Sott

Edition

2015-11

Order the full report

The full report can be ordered

for € 3,000 plus VAT and the

old report (as of 2013) for

€ 1,000 plus VAT at

www.bio-based.eu/markets

All nova-Institute graphs can be downloaded

at http://bio-based.eu/graphics/#top.

All European Bioplastics graphs can be

downloaded at

http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/

press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts

Please find the table of contents of the full

report with market data, trend reports and

company data, containing 474 pages and

202 tables and figures, on pages 18 – 20.




Bio-based polymersIn 2015, for the second time, the association

“European Bioplastics” used nova-Institute’s

market study as its main data source for their

recently published market data. For European

Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based polymers,

which differs from nova-Institute’s selection,

bio-based polymers production capacities are

projected to grow by more than 400% by 2019.1

The graph in Figure 1 shows European

Bioplastics’s growth projection of bio-based

polymers production; by 2019, these could

grow by over 400%, or from 1.7 million tonnes

in 2014 to 7.8 million tonnes in 2019 in absolute

terms. The market is clearly dominated by

bio-based and non-biodegradable polymers.

Drop-in bio-based polymers such as polyethylene

terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) lead

this category. Drop-in bio-based polymers

are chemically identical to their petrochemical

counterparts but at least partially derived from

biomass. European Bioplastics uses plastic as

a synonym for polymer.

The global capacities in 2014 and 2019 have

been split by material type in Figures 2 and 3

respectively. Bio-based PET is the overall market

leader and is expected to grow at a quick rate,

from 35.4% in 2014 to 76.5% in 2019. As a

consequence, the bio-based non-biodegradable

polymers market is expected to grow strongly as

well since bio-based PET is part of this category.

Figure 1: Global production capacities of bioplastics (European Bioplastics 2015)

1 Market data graphics are available for download in English and German: http://en.european-bioplastics.org/press/press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts

Table 1: Bio-based polymers, short names, current bio-based carbon content, producing companies with locations and

production capacities from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth rates

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In 2014 and in 2019 a distant second behind bio-

based PET are biodegradable polyesters such as

polybutylene succinate (PBS) and poly(butylene

adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which are

closely followed by polylactic acid (PLA), bio-

based PE and starch blends.

European Bioplastics’s selection of bio-based

polymers and time span differ from nova-

Institute’s. nova-Institute decided to cover

further bio-based polymers by including bio-

based thermosets (epoxies, polyurethanes (PUR)

and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber

(EPDM)) and cellulose acetate (CA) until 2020.

Figures 4 and 5 show the main results of nova-

Institute’s survey. Production capacity of bio-

based polymers will triple from 5.7 million tonnes

in 2014 to nearly 17 million tonnes by 2020.

The production capacity for bio-based polymers

boasts very impressive development and

annual growth rates, with a compound annual

growth rate (CAGR) of 20% in comparison to

petrochemical polymers, which have a CAGR

between 3 – 4%. Due to their broader scope,

nova-Institute’s projected production capacities

are much higher than those projected by

European Bioplastics.

The 5.7 million tonnes bio-based polymer

production capacity represent approximately a

2% share of overall structural polymer production

at 256 million tonnes in 2013 and a bio-based

polymer turnover of about € 11 billion (5.7 Mio. t

(production capacity) x € 2.50/kg (estimated

average bio-based polymer price) x 0,8 (capacity

utilization rate)).

Figure 2: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015)

Figure 3: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015)

Full study available at www.bio-based.eu/markets-Institut.eu | 2015©

EPDMPEFPTTPETCAPUREpoxies

PLAStarch Blends

PHAPAPBATPBSPE

actual data forecast

10

15

20

Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacitiesfrom 2011 to 2020

2020201920182017201620152014201320122011

5

2% of totalpolymer capacity,

€11 billion turnover

milli

on t/

a

Figure 4: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020




Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) is

27% bio-based and made out of bio-based

1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and currently petro-

based TPA. PTT is similar to PET since both have

TPA as precursor. Bio-based PTT and 1,3-PDO

are produced by one leading company, DuPont.

The market is well established and is expected

to grow in 2016 due to the very good market

acceptance.

Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) is 100% bio-

based and is produced out of bio-based

2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and MEG.

PEF is a brand new polymer, which is expected

to enter the market in 2017. Just as PTT, PEF

is similar to PET. Both PEF and PET are used

in bottle production, however PEF is said to

have better properties, such as better barrier

properties, than PET. Technology company

Avantium is heavily involved in the development

of PEF and is planning to introduce PEF to the

market in 2017.

Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber

(EPDM) is made out of bio-based ethylene

and can be 50% to 70% bio-based. Specialty

chemicals company Lanxess is currently

producing bio-based EPDM in Brazil. The market

is small but a steady growth is expected in the

coming years through the development of new

grades and new applications.

Polyethylene (PE) is a 100% bio-based drop-in

polymer. The bio-based building block needed is

bio-based ethylene, which is made out of sugar

cane. Brazilian petrochemical company Braskem

produces bio-based PE in Brazil. Bio-based PE

has been on the market for a few years but its

production capacity has hitherto remained the

same. Further developments have been slowed

down because of the shale gas boom.

This bio-based share of overall polymer

production has been growing over the years: it

was 1.4% in 2011 (3.3 million tonnes bio-based

for a global production of 235 million tonnes).

With an expected total polymer production of

about 400 million tonnes in 2020, the bio-based

share should increase from approximately 2%

in 2014 to more than 4% in 2020, meaning that

bio-based production capacity will grow faster

than overall production.

The most dynamic development is foreseen

for drop-in bio-based polymers, but this is

closely followed by new bio-based polymers.

Drop-in bio-based polymers are spearheaded

by partly bio-based PET, whose production

capacity was around 600,000 tonnes in 2014

and is projected to reach about 7 million tonnes

by 2020, using bio-ethanol from sugar cane.

Bio-based PET production is expanding at

high rates worldwide, largely due to the Plant

PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative

launched by The Coca-Cola Company. The

second most dynamic development is foreseen

for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which, contrary

to bio-based PET, are new polymers, but still

have similar growth rates to those of bio-based

PET. PBS and PLA are showing impressive

growth as well: their production capacities are

expected to quadruple between 2014 and 2020.

Here are some details on each bio-based

polymer covered in the report:

Epoxies are approximately 30% bio-based

(only bio-based carbon content2 considered in

this report) and are produced out of bio-based

epichlorohydrin. The market is well established

since epoxies have already long been partly bio-

based. Production capacity increased in 2014

through the growing production capacity of bio-

based epichlorohydrin. However, from now on, it

is expected to stay steady until 2020.

Polyurethanes (PUR) can be 10% to 100% bio-

based. PUR are produced from natural oil polyols

(NOP). Bio-based succinic acid can be used to

replace adipic acid. The global PUR market

(including petro-based PUR) is continuously

growing but the bio-based PUR market is

expected to grow faster.

Cellulose acetate (CA) is 50% bio-based.

This market is similar to that of epoxies: well

established, for example cigarette fi lters are

made from CA, with small capacity growth.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is currently

20% bio-based and produced out of bio-based

monoethylene glycol (MEG) and terephthalic

acid (TPA) as a drop-in bio-based polymer.

TPA is currently still petro-based but subject to

ongoing R&D. Bio-based TPA can be produced

at pilot scale. Most bio-based PET and MEG are

produced in Asia. Bio-based PET is one of the

leaders of the bio-based polymers market and is

slated to become the bio-based polymer with the

biggest production capacity by far. This is largely

due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative

(PTC) initiative launched by The Coca Cola

Company.

Bio-based epoxies, PUR, CA and PET have huge

production capacities with a well established

market in comparison with other bio-based

polymers. However, other bio-based polymers

listed on Figure 5 show strong growth as well.

Figure 5 shows the evolution of worldwide

production capacities only for selected bio-

based polymers (without bio-based epoxies,

PUR, CA and PET). Some of these polymers are

brand new bio-based polymers. That is why their

markets are smaller and need to be developed

correspondingly.

2 Bio-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived in a product (EN 16575 Bio-based products from

biomass– Vocabulary)


0.5

1

1.5

2

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2020201920182017201620152014201320122011

EPDM

PHA

PEF

PA

PTT

PBAT PLA

PBS

Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide productioncapacities from 2011 to 2020


PE

Starch Blends

milli

on t/

a

Figure 5: Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020




Bio-based building blocks as a precursor of bio-based polymersFor the fi rst time, the production capacities of

some major building blocks have been reported

in the market study. The total production capacity

of the bio-based building blocks reviewed in

this study was 2.2 million tonnes in 2014 and

is expected to reach 4.1 million tonnes in 2020,

which means a CAGR of 11%. The most dynamic

developments are spearheaded by succinic acid

and 1,4-BDO, with MEG as a distant runner-

up. Figure 6 shows the evolution of worldwide

production capacities for some major building

blocks.

Bio-based MEG, L-lactic acid (L-LA), ethylene

and epichlorohydrin are relatively well established

on the market. These bio-based building blocks

cover most of the total production capacity. They

are expected to keep on growing, especially

bio-based MEG, whereas L-LA and bio-based

ethylene and epichlorohydrin are projected to

grow at lower rate. However, the most dynamic

developments are spearheaded by succinic acid

and 1,4-BDO. Both are brand new drop-in bio-

based building blocks on the market. The fi rst

facilities are currently running and more will be

built in the coming years.

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is biodegradable

and currently mostly fossil-based but could in

theory be 100% bio-based. PBS is produced

from 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) and succinic acid.

Both building blocks are available bio-based but

1,4-BDO is not commercially available yet; this

is expected in 2015. PBS is currently produced

exclusively in Asia. It is expected to have grown

fourfold by 2020 and profi t from the availability

and lower cost of bio-based succinic acid.

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)

is also currently mostly fossil-based. PBAT is

produced from 1,4-BDO, TPA and adipic acid.

PBAT is biodegradable. PBAT can theoretically

be up to 50% bio-based since bio-based adipic

acid is not available yet. It is still at the research

stage. PBAT has mostly been produced by one

big company, BASF, but a new player, Jinhui

ZhaolongHigh Technology, entered the market

and another one, Samsung Fine Chemicals,

which has a relatively small production capacity

at the moment, is planning to extend its

production capacity.

Polyamides (PA) are a big family since there are

many different types of polyamides. This explains

the wide range of bio-based carbon content: from

40% to 100%. Polyamides are generally based

on sebacic acid, which is produced from castor

oil. Evonik has recently developed a polyamide

based on palm kernel oil. The market, which is

expected to grow moderately, is headed by one

big player, Arkema.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are 100% bio-

based and biodegradable even in cold sea

water. PHA are produced through a fermentation

process mainly by specifi c bacteria. Many

different companies are involved in the

production of PHA. The market is currently very

small but is expected to grow tremendously. The

joint venture Telles, set by Metabolix and ADM

in 2006, aimed at big capacity but hardly sold

any PHA and subsequently collapsed in 2012.

PHA are brand new polymers, which means

their market still needs time to fully develop.

Nevertheless PHA producers and several new

players are optimistic and see potential in PHA.

Therefore, production capacity is expected to

have grown tenfold by 2020. Production capacity

increased in 2014 since Newlight Technologies

scaled up.

Starch blends are completely biodegradable

and 25% to 100% bio-based, with starch added

to one or several polymers. Many players are

involved in the production of starch blends but

Italian company Novamont is currently market

leader. Production capacity is expected to stay

steady or eventually to decrease to some extent

in the coming years. In 2015, Roquette decided

to stop the production of starch blends due to

the decrease of oil price and the delay in the

implementation of a favorable legislative and

regulatory environment in Europe.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is 100% bio-based

and biodegradable but only under certain

conditions: PLA is industrially compostable.

Produced by numerous companies worldwide,

with NatureWorks as market leader, PLA is the

most well established new bio-based polymer.

However, the PLA market is still expected to

grow further, with a projected fourfold growth

between 2014 and 2020. In 2014, Zhejiang

Hisun Biomaterials scaled up its facility. PLA can

already be found at near-comparable prices to

fossil-based polymers.

In short, the most dynamic development is

expected for bio-based PET, with a projected

production capacity of about 7 million tonnes by

2020. Second in the drop-in polymers group is

PBS. Regardless, new bio-based polymers such

as PLA and PHA are showing impressive growth

as well: PLA production capacity is expected to

almost quadruple and PHA production capacity

is expected to grow tenfold between 2014 and

2020.

Detailed information on the development of bio-

based PET and PLA and other polymers can be

found in the full report.


D-LA2,5 FDCA2,3-BDOLactide1,3-PDO1,4-BDO

Succinic acidEpichlorohydrinEthyleneL-LAMEG

Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020


1

2

3

4

5

2020201920182017201620152014201320122011

milli

on t/

a

Figure 6: Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020




Investment by regionMost investment in new bio-based polymer

capacities will take place in Asia because of

better access to feedstock and a favourable

political framework. Figures 7 and 8 show the

2014 and 2019 global production capacities

for bio-based polymers repartitioned by region.

European Bioplastics published these market

data, which take into account fewer types of

bio-based polymers than nova-Institute. Due to

the complexity of the manufacturing value chain

structure of epoxies, PUR and cellulose acetate,

the repartitions by region cannot be reliably

determined for all bio-based polymers. As a

result, a graph representing the repartition by

region with nova-Institute’s scope is not provided

in the report, but only for the subgroup selected

by European Bioplastics.

Europe’s share is projected to decrease from

15.4% to 4.9%, and North America’s share is

set to fall from 14.0% to 4.1%, whereas Asia’s

is predicted to increase from 58.1% to 80.6%.

South America is likely to remain constant

with a share between 10% and 12%. In other

words, world market shares are expected to

shift dramatically. Asia is predicted to experience

most of the developments in the fi eld of bio-

based building block and polymer production,

while Europe and North America are slated to

lose more than two thirds of their shares.

Production capacities in EuropeFigure 9 shows the evolution of production

capacities in Europe without bio-based

thermosets (epoxies and PUR) and cellulose

acetate.

Europe’s position in producing bio-based

polymers is limited to just a few polymers. Europe

has so far established a solid position mainly

in the fi eld of starch blends and is expected to

remain strong in this sector for the next few years.

This can be traced back to Italy’s Novamont, a

leading company in this fi eld. Nevertheless, a

number of developments and investments are

foreseen in Europe. PLA production capacities,

are predicted to grow.

Here are some details on each bio-based building

block covered in the report:

Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is one of PET’s

building blocks. Bio-based MEG is a drop-

in which is mostly produced in Asia. The very

fast increase in bio-based PET production has

had a considerable impact on the production

capacities of bio-based MEG. Bio-based PET

actually leads the bio-based polymers group,

which is largely due to the Plant PET Technology

Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The

Coca-Cola Company.

L-Lactic acid (L-LA) is PLA’s building block,

together with D-lactic acid (D-LA). Both are

optical isomers of LA. L-LA is much more common

than D-LA since D-LA is more complicated to

produce. Lactide is an intermediate between LA

and PLA. It can be bought as such to produce

PLA. A lot of different companies are involved in

this business worldwide since most LA has long

been used in the food industry as, among other

things, a food preservative, pH regulator and

fl avouring agent. The production capacities do

not only include LA used for polymer production,

but also for the food industry. It is estimated

that more than a half of LA is used by the food

industry.

Ethylene is PE’s building block. Bio-based

ethylene is currently made from sugar cane in

Brazil. Further developments have slowed down

because of a sudden extreme price drop in petro-

based ethylene that happened due to the shale

gas boom.

Epichlorohydrin is one of the building blocks of

epoxies. Glycerin, which is a by-product of the

production of biodiesel, is used as feedstock.

Production capacity increased in 2013 and in

2014.

Succinic acid is a very versatile building block.

Bio-based polymers such as PBS can be made

of succinic acid but also other bio-based building

blocks such as 1,4-BDO. It can be used as well

in PUR to replace adipic acid. However, the

market still has to be developed. Petro-based

succinic acid is not a big market since petro-

based succinic acid is relatively expensive. Bio-

based succinic acid is actually cheaper than its

petro-based counterpart. The fi rst facilities have

been running since 2012 and the next ones are

already in the pipeline. In 2014, Succinity opened

its fi rst facility in Spain and in 2015 BioAmber just

opened its new facility in Canada.

1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) is also a versatile

building block. 1,4-BDO can directly be produced

from biomass or indirectly from succinic acid.

The fi rst producers of bio-based 1,4-BDO have

recently entered the market. BioAmber can also

produce bio-based 1,4-BDO from succinic acid

in the new facility in Canada.

2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is another isomer of

butanediol. Global Bio-Chem Technology Group,

based in China, is currently producing 2,3-BDO,

which they obtain by processing corn.

1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is one of PTT’s

building blocks. 1,3-PDO is mostly produced

from corn by DuPont. The market is well

established. Production capacities are not

expected to grow much.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) can be

combined with MEG to produce polyethylene

furanoate (PEF). 2,5-FDCA is a brand new

building block which is expected to come to the

market in 2017. Avantium is deeply involved in

2,5-FDCA but others are also showing interest.

Detailed information on the development of bio-

based building blocks can be found in the full

report.

Figure 7: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2014

(by region) (European Bioplastics 2015)

Figure 8: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019

(by region) (European Bioplastics 2015)




Market segmentsThe packaging industry consumes most petro-

based polymers. For bio-based polymers, the

same trend can be observed: the major part of

this as rigid packaging (bottles for example) and

the rest as fl exible packaging (fi lms for example).

These uses cannot come as a surprise, since

bio-based PET is one of the biggest bio-based

polymers in terms of capacity and is mostly

used for the production of bottles. On the other

hand, the packaging industry has a considerable

interest in biodegradability since packaging is

only needed for short times but in big quantities,

which contributes to the accumulation of waste.

It should be understood that not all bio-based

polymers are biodegradable but some important

ones are, e.g. PHA, PLA and starch blends.

This feature is also interesting for agriculture

and horticulture applications (mulch fi lms for

example). However, bio-based polymers are also

used in many different other market segments.

Figures 10 and 11 show the global production

of bio-based polymers by market segment in

2014 and 2019.

The order of importance of the market segments

is expected to stay approximately the same

between 2014 and 2019. Rigid packaging is

supposed to keep its fi rst place by growing

tremendously with a sevenfold growth in only

fi ve years. This is again due to the very fast

development of bio-based PET. However, the

automotive sector is projected to gain faster

importance than consumer goods and agriculture

sectors. Automotive is actually the second most

dynamic after rigid packaging and is followed by

electronics, a sector which is still very small and

by textiles, which is already well established on

the global market.

One noteworthy fi nding of other studies is that

Europe shows the strongest demand for bio-

based polymers, while production tends to take

place elsewhere, namely in Asia. In Europe, bio-

based polymer production facilities for PLA are

not only small in size but also small in number.

On the other hand, bio-based PA production is

partly based in Europe and is likely to continue

supplying for the growing markets of the building

and construction and automotive sectors. Europe

does have industrial production facilities for

PBAT which is still fully fossil-based. However,

judging by industry announcements and the ever-

increasing capacity of its bio-based precursors,

PBAT is expected to be increasingly bio-based,

with a projected 50% share by 2020. Housing

the leading chemical corporations, Europe is

particularly strong and has great potential in the

fi elds of high value fi ne chemicals and building

blocks. However, only few specifi c, large-scale

plans for bio-based building blocks incorporating

concrete plans for the production of bio-based

polymers have been announced to date.

The European Union’s relatively weak position in

the production of bio-based polymers is largely

the consequence of an unfavourable political

framework. In contrast to bioenergy and biofuels,

there is no European policy framework to support

bio-based polymers, whereas bioenergy and

biofuels receive strong and ongoing support

during commercial production (quotas, tax

incentives, green electricity regulations, market

introduction programs, etc.). Without comparable

support, bio-based chemicals and polymers will

suffer further from underinvestment by the private

sector. It is currently much safer and much more

attractive to invest in bio-based polymers in Asia,

South America and even North America.


Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europefrom 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and cellulose acetate)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

2020201920182017201620152014201320122011

PLAStarch Blends PEF PAPBAT


milli

on t/

a

202002020202020190201920192018201820182017201720172016201620162015201520152014020142014201302013201320120201220122011020112011

Figure 9: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and

cellulose acetate)

Figure 10: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015)




Content of the full reportThis 500-page report presents the fi ndings of

nova-Institute’s market study, which is made up

of three parts: “market data”, “trend reports” and

“company profi les”.

The “market data” section presents market

data about total production capacities and the

main application fi elds for selected bio-based

polymers worldwide (status quo in 2011, 2013

and 2014, trends and investments towards

2020). Due to the lack of 100% reliable market

data about some polymers, which is mainly due

to the complexity of their manufacturing value

chain structure (namely thermosets and cellulose

acetate) or their pre-commercial stage (CO2-

based polymers), this section contains three

independent articles by experts in the fi eld who

present and discuss their views on current and

potential market development. However, this

part not only covers bio-based polymers, but

also investigates the current bio-based building

block platforms.

The “trend reports” section contains a total of

eleven independent articles by leading experts

in the fi eld of bio-based polymers and building

blocks. These trend reports cover in detail every

recent issue in the worldwide bio-based building

block and polymer market.

The fi nal “company profi les” section includes

company profi les with specifi c data including

locations, bio-based building blocks and

polymers, feedstocks and production capacities

(actual data for 2011, 2013 and 2014 and

forecast for 2020). The profi les also encompass

basic information on the companies (joint

ventures, partnerships, technology and bio-

based products). A company index by bio-

based building blocks and polymers, with list of

acronyms, follows.

Updates to the reportnova-Institute will provide annual updates of

the report based on the existing report and the

continuously updated data. The trend reports will

be updated every second year at least.

Figure 12 shows the worldwide shares of bio-

based polymers production in different market

segments in 2014 and 2020 for nova-Institute’s

scope of bio-based polymers (with thermosets

and cellulose acetate).

The same statement can be made regarding

the packaging sector: packaging (rigid and

fl exible together) is the leader, with a clear

advantage for rigid packaging, which is slated

to grow strongly. On the other hand, automotive,

building and construction, textiles and consumer

goods are much bigger because bio-based

epoxies, polyurethanes and cellulose acetate

are used in these sectors. The smallest market

segments are agriculture and functional. In

agriculture, applications are mostly limited to

biodegradable polymers (mulch fi lms), which

are clearly not a market leader in terms of

capacities – but depending on future policy on

plastic microparticles, mulch fi lms and other

biodegradable applications could grow strongly.

Functional polymers are used in adhesives,

coatings and inks, which require relatively small

quantities of polymers.

Figure 11: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015)


Packaging - rigid

(incl. food serviceware)

Functional (adhesives,

coatings, inks)

Packaging -

flexible

Automotive

and transports

Textiles

(incl. non-woven and fibres)

Electrics and electronics

(incl. casing)

Consumer

goods

Agriculture and

horticulture

Building and

construction

Others

2014 2020

17% 13%

4%

18%

18%

17%

8%

1%3%

1%

2%

2%1%

Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in differentmarket segments in 2014 and 2020

40%

6%9%

16%

13%

11%

Figure 12: Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different market segments in 2014 and 2020




9 Bio-based building blocks –

Rainer Busch

(18 pages, 27 tables and figures)9.1 Introduction

9.2 Selected monomers

9.3 Perspectives

10 Asian markets for bio-based chemical

building blocks and polymers –

Wolfgang Baltus


10.2 Asian markets for bio-based polymers

10.3 Asia-Pacific region in numbers

10.4 Feedstock – Key to success in Asia-

Pacific

10.5 Policy development

10.6 Market growth factors

10.7 Selected biopolymer families –

limitations, challenges and chances in

Asia-Pacific

10.8 Case Study: The National Bioplastics

Roadmap in Thailand – Situation and

outlook after 6 years in operation

11 Brand views and adoption of

bio-based polymers – Harald Käb

(26 pages, 19 tables and figures)11.1 Introduction – Why read this?

11.2 Summary

11.3 Brand Strategies – Branch Aspects

11.4 Individual Brand Strategies (selection,

alphabetic order) for packaging

applications

11.5 Summary table

12 GreenPremium prices along the value

chain of bio-based products –

Michael Carus, Asta Eder and

Janpeter Beckmann

(16 pages, 6 tables and figures)12.1 Initial questions

12.2 Methodology

12.3 Definition of “GreenPremium” prices

12.4 GreenPremium prices do exist

12.5 Results of the LinkedIn survey in the

bio-based community

12.6 GreenPremium price ranges – the full

picture

12.7 Examples of GreenPremium Prices

12.8 Main drivers for emotional and strategic

performance

12.9 GreenPremium in the automotive sector

12.10 Some actors fail to receive a

GreenPremium

12.11 GreenPremium for Biofuels?

12.12 Summary – GreenPremium prices along

the value-added chain from bio-based

chemicals to products

12.13 References

Bio-based plastics and environment

13 Environmental evaluation of bio-based

polymers and plastics – Roland Essel

and Christin Liptow


13.2 Results from recent life cycle

assessments

13.3 Feedstock supply and use of by-

products

13.4 Genetically modified organisms

13.5 Biodiversity

13.6 Land use

13.7 Conclusion

14 Microplastic in the environment –

sources, impacts and solutions –

Roland Essel


14.2 Defining microplastic

14.3 Sources of microplastic

14.4 Impacts of microplastics

14.5 Can bio-based plastics be a solution?

14.6 Conclusions

14.7 References

Table of contents(474 pages and 202 tables and figures)

1 Executive summary


1.2 Study background

1.3 Methodology

1.4 Main results

1.5 Content of the full report

1.6 Authors of the study

1.7 Figures

Market data2 Market data

(28 pages, 44 tables and figures)2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks

2.2 Bio-based Polymers

3 Qualitative analyses of selected bio-

based polymers

(12 pages, 6 tables and figures)3.1 Cellulose Acetate (CA)

3.2 Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock:

Polymers and plastics from CO2

3.3 Thermosets

Trend reports (as of May 2015)

Policy on bio-based polymers

4 Policies impacting bio-based plastics

market development – Dirk Carrez,

Jim Philp and Lara Dammer


4.2 Policy issues

4.3 Bio-based plastics within a bioeconomy

4.4 General bioeconomy strategies and

policies

4.5 References

5 Plastic bags – their consumption and

regulation in the European market

and beyond – Constance Ißbrücker,

Kristy-Barbara Lange and

Hasso von Pogrell


5.2 Common types of carrier bags

5.3 The bio-based plastics alternative –

commercially available

5.4 The bag market in Europe and beyond

5.5 European regulation on lightweight

plastic bags – a complex negotiation

process

5.6 Possible bag market developments in

EU Member States

6 Bagislation in Europe – a (good?) case

for biodegradables – Harald Käb

(8 pages, 7 tables and figures)

7 Standards, norms and labels for bio-

based products – Lara Dammer and

Michael Carus


7.2 Activities of CEN/TC 411

7.3 Bio-based labels in Europe

7.4 Certification of the sustainability of wood

as a raw material – FSC and PEFC

7.5 New certification systems for

sustainable biomass

7.6 References

Bio-based building blocks and polymers market

8 Bio-based polymers, a revolutionary

change – Jan Ravenstijn


8.2 Market trends

8.3 Technology trends

8.4 Environmental trends

8.5 Selected bio-based polymer families

8.6 Customer views

8.7 New business concepts

8.8 New value chain

8.9 Lessons learnt

8.10 Acknowledgements




15.79 Surakshit Parivar Biotech Pvt. Ltd.

15.80 Synbra Technology B.V.

15.81 Teijin Limited

15.82 TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc.

15.83 The Dow Chemical Company

15.84 The Woodbridge Group

15.85 ThyssenKrupp AG

15.86 Tianan Biologic Material Co., Ltd.

15.87 Tianjin GreenBio Materials Co., Ltd.

15.88 TMO Renewables Limited

15.89 ttz Bremerhaven

15.90 Uhde Inventa-Fischer AG

15.91 Veolia Water Technologies

15.92 Verdezyne, Inc.

15.93 Wuhan Sanjiang Space Gude Biotech

Co, Ltd.

15.94 Yunan Fuji Bio-Material Technology Co.,

Ltd.

15.95 Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu

Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

15.96 Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials Co., Ltd.

16 Company product index

(9 pages)

17 List of acronyms

(3 pages)

Authors of the study

Florence Aeschelmann (MSc)

(Germany), materials engineer, is

a staff scientist in the Technology

& Markets department at nova

Institute. Her main focus is on bio-

based materials, especially bio-based polymers.

She is well acquainted with the global market

for bio-based polymers and building blocks as

she is one of the authors of the market study

“Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the

World – Capacities, Production and Applications:

Status Quo and Trends Towards 2020”. She is

also in charge of the overall organization of the

International Conference on Bio-based Materials.

Michael Carus (MSc) (Germany),

physicist, founder and managing

director of the nova-Institute, has

worked in the field of Bio-based

Economy for over 20 years. This

includes biomass feedstock, processes,

bio-based chemistry, polymers, fibres and

composites. His work deals with market analysis,

techno-economic and ecological evaluation as

well as the political and economic framework

for bio-based processes and applications (“level

playing field for industrial material use”). Carus is

part of an extensive, worldwide network, which

enabled nova-Institute to make use of leading

experts in the field for its market study.

Wolfgang Baltus (PhD) (Thailand)

worked for BASF for 15 years and

was responsible for the business

development of environmental

friendly coatings in Asia. From 2008

until 2014, Baltus worked for the National

Innovation Agency (NIA) in Bangkok. In October

2014, he started work as a consultant for the

Precise Corporation, a group of Thai companies

specialized in the field of electrical power

distribution equipment, project and service for

substations, renewable energy and supervisory

systems. His main target is to assist Precise get

Company data15 Company profiles

(129 pages, 96 company profiles)15.1 AnoxKaldnes

15.2 Anqing Hexing Chemical Co., Ltd.

15.3 Arizona Chemical Company LLC

15.4 Arkema SA

15.5 Attero

15.6 Avantium Technologies B.V.

15.7 BASF SE

15.8 Bio-on Srl

15.9 BioAmber Inc.

15.10 BioBased Technologies LLC

15.11 BioMatera Inc.

15.12 Bioplastech Ltd.

15.13 BIOTEC Biologische Naturverpackungen

GmbH & Co. KG

15.14 Braskem S.A.

15.15 Cargill Inc.

15.16 Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd.

15.17 Cellulac

15.18 Chengdu Dikang Biomedical Co., Ltd.

15.19 China New Materials Holdings Ltd.

15.20 Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products

Co., Ltd.

15.21 Corbion Purac

15.22 Covestro Deutschland AG

15.23 DaniMer Scientific LLC

15.24 DSM N.V.

15.25 DuPont

15.26 DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products

Company, LLC

15.27 Evonik Industries AG

15.28 Far Eastern New Century Corporation

15.29 Futerro

15.30 Galactic

15.31 Genomatica, Inc.

15.32 Global Bio-Chem Technology Group

Co., Ltd.

15.33 Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology

Co., Ltd.

15.34 Hubei Guangshui National Chemical

Co., Ltd.

15.35 Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Company

15.36 India Glycols Limited

15.37 Indorama Ventures Public Company

Limited

15.38 Jiangsu Clean Environmental

Technology Co., Ltd.

15.39 Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Co.,

Ltd.

15.40 Kaneka Corporation

15.41 Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd.

15.42 KNN Bioplastic

15.43 LANXESS AG

15.44 Limagrain Holding S.A.

15.45 Lukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

15.46 Mango Materials

15.47 Meredian Holdings Group

15.48 Merquinsa S.A.

15.49 Metabolix Inc.

15.50 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC)

15.51 Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd.

15.52 Myriant Corporation

15.53 Nafigate Corporation

15.54 Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering

Co., Ltd.

15.55 NatureWorks LLC

15.56 Newlight Technologies LLC

15.57 Novamont S.p.A.

15.58 Novomer Inc.

15.59 Paques

15.60 PHB Industrial S.A.

15.61 Plaxica Ltd.

15.62 PolyFerm Canada Inc.

15.63 PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd.

15.64 Rennovia Inc.

15.65 Reverdia

15.66 Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V.

15.67 Roquette

15.68 Samsung Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd.

15.69 Shandong Fuwin New Material Co., Ltd.

15.70 Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials

Co., Ltd.

15.71 Shantou Liangyi

15.72 Shenzhen Bright China Biotechnological

Co., Ltd.

15.73 Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co.,

Ltd

15.74 Showa Denko K.K.

15.75 Solvay SA

15.76 Succinity GmbH

15.77 Sulzer Chemtech AG

15.78 SUPLA Material Technology Co., Ltd




Kristy-Barbara Lange (Germany)

is Deputy Managing Director at

European Bioplastics and heads

the communications division of the

association. Since 2010 she has

been responsible for all of the association’s

communications, internally and externally,

including media relations and corporate

publishing. Since she joined managing team in

early 2015, her further focus areas now include EU

policy and membership development. She holds

a Master of Political Sciences from Heidelberg

University, Germany. Before joining European

Bioplastics, Kristy worked in international PR-

agencies for several years, with a focus on the

infrastructure and (renewable) energy industry

sectors.

Jim Philp (PhD) (France) is a

microbiologist who has been a

policy analyst at the Organisation

for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) in Paris

since 2011, where he specializes in industrial

biotechnology, synthetic biology and biomass

sustainability. He has been an academic for

about sixteen years, researching environmental

and industrial biotechnology: bioremediation,

biosensors, wastewater science and

engineering. He was involved in various UK

government initiatives in biotechnology, such as

Biotechnology Means Business, and BioWise.

He was coordinator of the LINK Bioremediation

Programme, at the academic-industrial interface,

for about six years. He spent a total of eight and

a half years working as an oil biotechnologist for

Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, investigating field

problems related to chemistry and microbiology,

and developing biotechnology solutions for

improved oil recovery and exploitation. He has

authored over 300 articles. In 2015 he was

inducted into Who’s Who.

Jan Ravenstijn (MSc) (The

Netherlands) has more than 35

years of experience in the chemical

industry with Dow Chemical and

DSM, including 15 years in executive

global R&D positions in engineering plastics,

thermosets and elastomers. He is currently a

visiting professor and consultant to CEOs of

biopolymer companies and has published several

papers and articles on the market development of

bio-based polymers. Jan Ravenstijn is regarded

as one of the world’s leading experts in his field.

Hasso von Pogrell (Germany) has

been Managing Director of European

Bioplastics since March 2009.

Upon completion of his education

in Germany and a two-year term of

military services, he studied Economics at the

University of Cologne, where he graduated in

1994.

He began his political career as a lobbyist

in 1995, when he joined the Germany

Industry Association for Optical, Medical and

Mechatronical Technologies. There he was

responsible for public relations and economics.

After a two-year stint as General Manager at

the Federal Association of the German Medium

and Large Retail Enterprises, he returned to

the industry sector. As Head of Department for

Foreign Affairs at the Association of the German

Construction Industry and Assistant Director of

the European International Contractors (EIC), he

served the construction industry for seven years

from 2000 to 2007. He directed the affairs of the

Association of the German Sawmill Association

as its Managing Director between 2007 and

2009.

a foothold in the biorefinery business, introducing

smart community concepts in Thailand.

He is regarded as one of the leading experts on

bio-based polymer markets and policy in Asia.

Howard Blum (BSChem, MBA)

(Philadelphia-USA) is a B2B chemical

industry professional with more

than 30 years experience working

in the chemical and polymer field.

Previously with Conoco Oil, Chem Systems and

Kline, he now runs his own firm Chemicals &

Plastics Advisory, focusing on biopolymers and

biorenewable solutions. The firm’s mission is

to provide business development services for

quickly identifying new markets, technologies and

opportunities, with ‘real-time’ implementation to

speed up the marketing and sales process and

minimize revenue-limiting activities.

His clients include multi-national companies that

require assistance in market and technology

analysis, new business development and project

management. In addition to the chemical and

plastics industry, he has assisted clients from the

oil & gas, catalysts, packaging, automotive and

healthcare-pharma industry sectors.

Rainer Busch (Dr.rer.nat.) (Germany) is

a chemist with 24 years of experience

in the chemical industry. He worked

in various positions in R&D with

Dow Chemical, mainly in technology

scouting and intellectual asset management.

After his industrial career, he founded a

consulting firm and focused on the chemical

aspects of the industrial material use of biomass.

He is currently scientific advisor to the leading

edge cluster BioEconomy in central Germany

and also visiting professor at the paper centre

Gernsbach near Karlsruhe (Germany). Rainer has

published and co-authored several papers and

articles on the use of renewable resources in the

chemical industry.

Dirk Carrez (PhD) (Belgium) is one of

the leading policy consultants on a

Bio-based Economy in Brussels. He

was Director Industrial Biotechnology

at EuropaBio, the European

Association for Bioindustries, until 2011. He

is now Managing Director of Clever Consult,

Brussels. In 2013 he became the Executive

Director of the new industrial association BIC

(Bio-based Industries Consortium), which is

the private partner in the Biobased Industries

Initiative (BBI JU), a new PPP between the

EU Commission and more than 70 bio-based

economy companies.

Constance Ißbrücker (Germany)

has been working as Environmental

Affairs Manager for European

Bioplastics since February 2013. She

is responsible for issues related to the

compostability, sustainability, and standardization

of bioplastics. Constance Ißbrücker holds a

degree in chemistry from the University of Jena

in Germany with a specialization in Bioorganic

and Macromolecular Chemistry. Before joining

the association she worked in different research

groups at universities in Berlin and Jena. Her

research background is in polysaccharide

chemistry, in particular cellulose dissolution,

modification and analytics.

Harald Käb (PhD) (Germany) is a

chemist and has an unblemished

20-year “bio-based chemistry

and plastics” track record. From

1999 to 2009 he chaired the board

and developed “European Bioplastics”, the

association that represents the bioplastics

industry in Europe. Since 1998 he has been

working as an independent consultant, helping

green pioneers and international brands to

develop and implement smart business, media

and policy strategies for bio-based chemicals

and plastics.


24 © 2015 nova-Institut GmbH, Version 2015-11

nova-Institute

The nova-Institut GmbH was founded as a private

and independent institute in 1994. It is located

in the Chemical Park Knapsack in Huerth, which

lies at the heart of the chemical industry around

Cologne (Germany).

For the last two decades, nova-Institute has

been globally active in feedstock supply, techno-

economic and environmental evaluation, market

research, dissemination, project management

and policy for a sustainable bio-based economy.

Key questions regarding nova activitiesWhat are the most promising concepts and

applications for Industrial biotechnology,

biorefi neries and bio-based products? What are

the challenges for a post petroleum age – the

Third Industrial Revolution?

Order the full report

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www.bio-based.eu/markets

Please fi nd the table of contents of the full report with

market data, trend reports and company data, containing

474 pages and 202 tables and fi gures, on pages 18 – 20.

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Documents

Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World...2012/11/15 · polymer market The bio-based share for structural polymers, which are the focus of the study, is approximately