BIO 358 Exam 2, Topics 9-16

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]`ns mcoulbit ns t`b prcpbrty ce Ibrmy Ictbs (www.ibrmy-ictbs.ocl). Tbrlnssnci ns grhitbm tc vnbw t`ns mcoulbit ciay tc hut`crnzbm usbrs; uimbr ic

onroulsthiobs hrb ycu haacwbm tc mnstrnfutb, stcrb cr trhislnt t`ns mcoulbit wnt`cut t`b bxprbss, wrnttbi ocisbit ce Ibrmy Ictbs, Nio.

ibrmy-ictbs.oclupachmbm fy usbr Hstrho`blnst

Oahss: FNC ?20

Aboturb/Bxhl: Bxhl 6, ]cpnos >-85

_o`cca: _FR

_blbstbr: I/HTrcebsscr: _cuzh

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]cpno >: @ulhi _bxuha Fb`hvncr Thrt 6 @ulhis hrb ocitnigbit frbbmbrs: fct` lcicghlcus him prclnsoucus

]`b euimhlbitha oahnl: @ulhis hrb sbxuha vb`noabs rbpanohtnig ni h Lhatùsnhi wcram, just ankb

haa ct`br hinlhas, him t`brbecrb wb `hvb ocieanots ce nitbrbst wnt` ici-kni, just ankb haa ct`br

hinlhas. Futwb ohi o`bhpay, ocbronvbay lhihgb t`csb ocieanots ce nitbrbst, rbqunrnig

occpbrhtnci nimbpbimbitay ce knis`np. ]`hts t`b t`bcry.

Wb hrb t`b pahibts enrst knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha frbbmbrs

N. Fhsno ùlhi sbxuha fb`hvncrsrbocrms ce t`b phst

Cur ocitblpcrhry lnims him fcmnbs hrb rbocrms ce t`b phst

h. Eblhab him lhab sbxuha rbspcisbs hrb ict nmbitnoha

n. Vbscurobs hrb nlpcrthit tc fct`, fut eblhabs hrb lcrb tuibm tc rbscurobs t`hi

lhabs.

nn. Mnlcrp`nsl ni t`b sbxuha rbspcisb

f. ]`b Occanmgb Beebot

n. @ulhi lhabs bx`nfnt t`b Occanmgb beebot

nn. Fct` sbxbs s`cw t`b Occanmgb beebot

NN. _bxuha sbabotnci, sbxuha mnlcrp`nsl him t`b ùlhi phst

h. _bxuha sbabotnci `hs prcecuim beebots ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas

f. Eblhabs hrb ohrrynig cut h lhssnvb frbbmnig bxpbrnlbit wnt` t`b lhabs

n. ]`by lcmney t`b lhabs gbibtnohaay, bx: fnrm thna ebht`brs

o. Lblfbrs ce t`b shlb spbonbs ohi bxbrt vbry pcwbreua s`hpnig sbabotnci ci ct`br lblfbrs

ce t`b shlb spbonbs

m. _bxuha sbabotnci phrt ce sconha sbabotnci

b. @ulhis hrb ict vbry sconhaay sbabotbm, uiankb pbhocoks him pbh p`bhshits ecr bx

n. Wbrb rbahtnvbay sbxuhaay lciclcrp`no,

e. Lhab fbhrms hrb strcigay sbxuhaay mnlcrp`no

g. _conha sbabotnci ns vbry pcwbreua

NNN. ]`b wcram ce lhtnig him o`nam-rbhrnig ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas

h. Lhtrnacoha

n. Oacsb kni eblhabs ht ocrb, ici-kni lhabs hrcuim

nn. Eblhabs sthy put, eblhabs fcri nitc grcup sthy

nnn. W`bi lhabs hrb fcri him lhturb, t`by blngrhtb cut tc hict`br grcup, him ibw

lhabs oclb ni ercl t`b cutsnmb

nv. ^cu ohit kbbp lhtnig wnt` snfanigs f/o ce strcig nifrbbmnig, sc cib ce t`b 6 sbxbs

`hs tc lcvb

v. Bx: ancis, lhohqubs, ahigurs

f. Thtrnacoha

n. Oacsb kni lhabs ht ocrb, ici-kni eblhabs hrcuim

nn. Abss ocllci, fut sbbi ni o`nlps him fcicfcs

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nnn. H lhab ocrb, lhabs sthy put, eblhabs fcri ni t`b grcup lcvb ci tc ibng`fcrnig

grcups w`bi lhturb, ibw hmuat eblhabs oclb ni ercl ibng`fcrnig grcups

NU. @ulhi knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha frbbmnig, h enrst acckNt thkbs h vnaahgb tc rhnsb h o`nam

h. @ulhis hrb ibnt`br lhtrnacoha cr phtrnacoha, t`by oclfnib fct` nitc ahrgbr uints t`ht hrb

bnt`br lhab obitbrbm, cr lcrb ocllciay, eblhab obitbrbm

f. Knis`np grcups hrb lutuhaay occpbrhtnvb ni ùlhis, fut lutuhaay `cstnab ni ici-ùlhi

hinlhas

U. @ulhi aneb `nstcry@cw cur ahrgb frhnis hrb prcmuobm hiy w`y nt thkbs h vnaahgb

h. Unaahgb ns h ibw bivnrcilbit, him t`brbecrb, mbsngi niecrlhtnci pahys fy mneebrbit ruabs, him

hinlha ns systblhtnohaay hatbrbm.

f. Ni vnaahgb, wb hrb sufjbot tc sbabotnci him tc ibw cppcrtuintnbs

o. Oacsbst anvnig rbahtnvb, o`nlp, `hs frhni ?.2 tnlbs slhaabr t`hi curs

m. @ulhi lnim ns prcmuobm fy t`b vnaahgb

b. @ulhi ibcihtb fcmy wbng`t ns ùgb

n. Wb hrb `hae t`b snzb ce h gcrnaah, fut cur fhfnbs hrb twnob t`b snzb ce h gcrnaah fhfy

e. Cur bociclno systbl ns just t`b lcmbri vbrsnci ce t`b ùlhi vnaahgb

g. Nt mcbsit just thkb h vnaahgb tc rhnsb h ùlhi o`nam, nt thkbs h vnaahgb just tc gnvb fnrt` tc h

ùlhi fhfy

Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: o`cnob O

]cpno 84: @ulhi _bxuha Fb`hvncr Thrt ?: Fng frhnibm fhfnbs

ùlhi aneb `nstcry ns uia nkbhiy ct`br hinlha. Cvbrhro`nig t`bcry: ùlhis hrb h ibw abvba ce crghinzhtnci ni t`b uinvbrsb ecr h snigab rbhsci:

c Wbrb sbxuha vb`noabs wnt` ocieanots ce nitbrbst, just ankb haa hinlhas, fut wb ocitrca t`csb

ocieanots ce nitbrbst, him hs h rbsuat sconha occpbrhtnci nimbpbimbit ce knis`np blbrgbs

ni us ecr t`b enrst tnlb bvbr.

@ulhi vnaahgb hrnsbs ecr h snigab rbhsci: cur hoobss tc nibxpbisnvb ocbronvb t`rbht, w`no`

lhkbs ocbronvb supprbssnci ce ocieanots ce nitbrbst ocst beebotnvb ecr us

8stmclnic:rblctb knaanig, 6im: ùlhi vnaahgb, ?rm: ulhi rbprcmuotnvb him sbxuha fb`hvncr

O`bhp ocbronvb vncabiob orbhtbs vnaahgb, vnaahgb orbhtbs t`b uinqubay ùlhi, pcwbreua lnim

N. Trboconha him hatrnonha hinlhas`cw hinlhas gbt tc fb slhrt

h. Hinlhas mcit gbt slhrtbr him slhrtbr; sclb hinlhas `hvb gcttbi ic slhttbr t`hi t`by

wbrb 84 lnaanci ybhrs hgc

f. ]`brbs h ocst ce fbnig slhrtbr, him h fbibent ce fbnig slhrtbr

n. W`bi t`b ocst him fbibents gbt tc bqunanfrnul, hinlhas stcp gbttnig slhrtbr

o. Frhni snzb / Ocgintnvb ohphonty

n. ]`b nssubs

8. Frhnis hrb bxpbisnvb tc lhnithni

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h. Frhnis hrb 6% ce fcmy lhss, fut furi 64% ce ocisulbm ohacrnbs,

24% ohacrnb ocisulptnci murnig o`nam`ccm

f. Ibbm rbscurobs

n. Bx: `brfnvcrbs `hvb slhaabr frhnis f/o hmhptbm ecr pahit

iutrntnci.

nn. ]bimbioy: `brfnvcrbs `hvb slhaabr frhnis t`hi ohrinvcrbs

6. Grcwnig frhnis hrb pccr ht scp`nstnohtbm ocitrca ce fb`hvncrocitniubm

grcwt` him cptnlha pbrecrlhiob hrb nioclphtnfab

h. Grcwnig frhnis mcit euiotnci hs wbaa hs frhnis t`ht `hvb stcppbm

grcwnig, bx: mcnig fusnibss ni hi ceenob uimbrgcnig ocistruotnci

f. Lbhis ycuigstbrs (grcwnig frhnis) ibbm prctbotnci, t`byrb fcri

nioclpbtbit

o. Ohrinvcrbs ohi prctbot t`byrb ycuig fbttbr t`hi `brfnvcrbs

m. Trboconha: hinlhas (`brfnvcrbs) whaknig ni lniutbs ce fnrt`, ibbm tc

fb hfab tc rui hwhy hs scci hs fcri f/o ohit fb prctbotbm wbaa fy

phrbits, (f/o frhnis hrb slhaa him ohit kbbp grcwnig t`bl hetbr

fcri, him mcit `hvb hoobss tc `ng` ohacrnbs)

b. Hatrnonha (cppcsntb ce prboconha): hinlhas (ohrinvcrbs) `hvb hoobss tc

`ng`br quhanty gccm, fnggbr frhnis, fbttbr prctbotnci, him ohi kbbp

grcwnig t`bnr frhnis.

n. @ulhis hrb t`b lcst hatrnonha hinlha t`ht bvbr bxnstbm

?. Frhnis ibbm rbanhfab prcgrhllnig (niecrlhtnci) tc wcrk hi

uiprcgrhllbm frhni ns just him bxpbisnvb aulp ce tnssub.

m. H. ]`b Acgno ce Trboconhanty

n. F/o phrbits ohit prctbot ycu, ycu `hvb tc fb sbae-sueenonbit nllbmnhtbay, w`no`

lbhis ycu ohit grcw ycur frhni, w`no` lbhis ycur fb`hvncrs hrb abss

scp`nstnohtbm, him mbpbim ci spbbm, bvhsnci, snlpab strhtbgnbs tc survnvb.

nn. Trboconha hinlhas usuhaay prby, ici-bocacgnohaay mclnihit

nnn. ^cuigstbrs hrb up him ruiinig wnt`ni lniutbs ce fnrt`.

b. F. ]`b Acgno ce Hatrnonhanty

n. Ibwfcris hrb `bapabss him fanim, uiankb prboconha hinlhas

nn. Thrbits ohi prctbot ibwfcris, t`brbecrb frhnis grcw hetbr fnrt`

e. @ulhi vnaahgb ohi prcvnmb h act ce rbscurobs him pcwbreua prctbotnci, lcrb t`hi ecr hiy

ici-`ulhi hinlha t`ht bvbr anvbm.

n. Thrt ce t`b sborbt tc cur uinqub lnims; rbscurobs him prctbotnci hrb ni hfuimhiob

ni t`b `ulhi vnaahgb

NN. W`ht fng frhnis hrb ecrh enrst acck ht niecrlhtnci s`hrnig him t`b `cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl

h. Nssub #?: Frhnis ibbm rbanhfab prcgrhllnig (niecrlhtnci) tc wcrk hi uiprcgrhllbm

frhni ns just him bxpbisnvb aulp ce tnssub.

n. Ibbm hoobss tc niecrlhtncitc fb slhrt

nn. ? scurobs ce niecrlhtnci

8. Niecrlhtnci oclbs ercl gbibtno mbsngi niecrlhtnci

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6. Niecrlhtnci ercl nimnvnmuha bxpbrnbiob

?. Ouaturha niecrlhtnci

h. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas trhislnt ouaturb

nnn. Wb supprbss ocieanots ce nitbrbst prcfabl, him cfthni rbanhfab niecrlhtnci ercl

ct`brs

nv. Wb supprbss `cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfablt`b usb ce niecrlhtnci tc lhinpuahtb

v. ]`b ùlhi vnaahgb hasc prcvnmbs niecrlhtnci

f. ? t`nigs t`ht anlnt cur slhrtibss:

n. Vbscurobs

nn. Trctbotnci

nnn. Niecrlhtnci

o. ]`b ùlhi vnaahgb gnvbs us haa t`rbb ce t`bsb t`nigs hfcvb ci hi uiprbobmbitbm sohab

NNN. W`ht mcbs nt thkb tc rhnsb h fng-frhnibm ùlhiùlhi aneb `nstcry

h. @cw mcbs frhni mbvbacplbit bvcavb ercl bxtrhvhghit rbscurobs him bxtrhvhghit

prctbotnci3

f. ]`b ùlhi frhni ns ?.2P fnggbr t`hi cur oacsbst anvnig rbahtnvb (o`nlp)

n. Cur frhni snzb lhmb pcssnfab fy t`b bvcautnci ce t`b ùlhi vnaahgb

o. Unaahgb orbhtbs bivnrcilbit ni w`no` gbibtno sbabotnvb bvbits coour

m. H. ]`b nlpanohtncis ce bxtbimbm gbsthtnci

n. f/o acigbr gbsthtnci, ibbm lcrb eccm him lcrb prctbotnci

nn. hetbr fnrt`, wb kbbp grcwnig cur frhnis ht hi bxtrhcrmnihry phob

b. F. ]`b nlpanohtncis ce fhfy`ccm

n. Fhfy`ccm < Ibwfcri fhfnbs frhnis grcw ht h ebtharhtb, ecr >88 lcit`s

nn. Ocisbqubiobs: ibwfcris ohit `cam up `bhm ecr lcit`s, ohit whak uitna > 86

lcit`s, uiankb o`nlps w`c ohi mc nt bhranbr ht = lcit`s

nnn. Wb nivbst ni grcwnig fnggbr frhnis ni t`b fbgniinig, sc wbrbslhrtbr hmuats, ict

slhrtbr fhfnbs

nv. H ùlhi fhfy ibbms 6= `cur prctbotnci him suppcrt

8. h ùlhi vnaahgb prcvnmbs t`ns, fct` prctbotnci him rbscurobs

e. O. Nlpanohtnci ce o`nam`ccm

n. Wb wbhi bhray ht hrcuim ?, fut cur frhnis kbbp grcwnig. O`nlps wbhi ahtbr, him

frhni grcwt` stcps, hmuat tbbt` grcw, him shlb mnbt rblhnis

nn. Wb prcvnmb spbonhanzbm, `ng`-ohacrnb eccm tc o`namrbi

nnn. ]c `hvb hoobss tc `ng`-ohacrnb eccm, ycu ibbm tc fb bocacgnohaay mclnihit

8. Unaahgbs ohi prcvnmb t`ns

6. Lbhis t`ht wb ohi suppcrt frhni grcwt` hetbr wbhinig, ic ct`br hinlha

ohi mc t`ht cr mcbs t`ht

nv. Unaahgb thkbs cvbr ohrb ce o`namrbi w`bi lct`brs ohi rbprcmuob hghni

v. @ulhi o`namrbi mbpbimbit ci fct` t`bnr lct`brs him ùlhi vnaahgb tc survnvb

g. ? sthgbs: bxtbimbm gbsthtnci, fhfy`ccm, him o`nam`ccm

n. Frhni grcws ht haa t`rbb sthgbs, sc fy t`b bim wb `hvb ùgb frhni

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nn. Bho` sthgb ns hfscautbay mbpbimbit ci ùlhi vnaahgb tc prcvnmb rbscurobs,

prctbotnci him niecrlhtnci

nnn. Fng ùlhi frhni ns t`brbecrb pcssnfab f/o ce knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha occpbrhtnci

ni t`b ùlhi vnaahgb

NU. ]`b acgno ce t`b ùlhi vnaahgbt`b enib pcnits ce knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha frbbmnig

h. H. ]`b rnsk/fbibent acgno ce lcicghly him prclnsounty

n. Kby nssub, cur hiobstcrs fb`hvbm hmhptnvbay

8. W`bi rnsk-fbibent, ocst-fbibent ce lcicghly whs ehvcrhfab, t`by lhtbm

lcicghlcusay; w`bi rnsk-fbibent, ocst-fbibent ce prclnsounty whs

ehvcrhfab, t`by lhtbm prclnsoucusay; fhok him ecrt`

6. wb `hvb ni`brntbm hmhpthtncis tc fct` strhtbgnbs

nn. Hmuat lcrthanty rnsk ns t`b vhrnhfab t`ht mbtbrlnibs lcicghly vs pcaygyihimry

(prclnsounty).

8. Acw hmuat lcrthanty rnsk bivnrcilbitsùlhis o`cnob lcicghly

6. @ng` hmuat lcrthanty rnsk bivnrcilbitsùlhis o`cnob prclnsounty

h. Thrbits `hvb `ng` rnsk ce mynig fbecrb o`namrbi grcw tc hmuat`ccm

nnn. Cur hiobstcrs puro`hsb aneb-nisurhiob fy lhtnig prclnsoucusay

nv. Ocst ce aneb nisurhiob (lhabs): phtbrinty uiobrthnity

8. Lhab gbts h act ce rbprcmuotnvb cppcrtuinty, fut gnvbs up phtbrinty obrthnity

v. Fbibent ce aneb nisurhiob (lhabs): 6 fbibents

8. Ceesprnig w/ ct`br ocupabs

6. Wneb `hs ohaa ci ct`br lhabs

vn. Fbibents ce aneb nisurhiob (eblhabs)

8. Eblhab `hs ohaa ci rbscurobs ercl ct`br lhabs w`c eht`br ceesprnig.

Luaatnpab lhabs wnaa ocitrnfutb, sclb ankbay tc survnvb

vnn. Ocst ce aneb nisurhiob (eblhab):

8. Vbscurob mnstrnfutnci: lhabs wnaa gnvb rbscurobs tc eblhabs w`c ibbm t`bl

abhst (t`csb ict prbgihit him ict iursnig, f/o t`byrb h rbprcmuotnvb

cppcrtuinty)

h. Ni h prclnsoucus lhtnig bivnrcilbit, eblhabs gnvb up cptnlha

hoobss tc rbscurobs ni rbturi ecr aneb nisurhiob

f. Ni h lcicghlcus bivnrcilbit, eblhabs gbt lcrb cptnlha hoobss tc

rbscurobs f/o lhabs `hvb phtbrinty obrthnity him nivbst rbscurobs

w`brb ibbmbm.

o. Lcicghly < cptnlha rbscurobs, prclnsounty < sufcptnlha

vnnn. Bho` sbx phys h prnob, him bho` sbx gbts h fbibent

8. W`bi ibbm aneb nisurhiob, ycu wnaa mrnvb tcwhrms lcicghly, w`bi mcit

ibbm nt, ycuaa mrnvb tcwhrms prclnsounty

nx. Lcicghly < acw hmuat lcrthanty rnsk

8. Bho` sbx fbibents

h. Lhabs gbt phtbriha obrthnity

f. Eblhabs gbt cptnlha hoobss tc lhab rbscurobs

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x. Trclnsounty < `ng` hmuat lcrthanty rnsk

8. Bho` sbx fuys aneb nisurhiob fy lhtnig prclnsoucusay

xn. Cur wcram < acw hmuat lcrthanty rnsk, him t`brbecrb lcicghly

8. Cur hiobstcrs `hvb `ng`br rnsk, prclnsoucus lhtnig ns hi nitbaangbit,

strhtbgno rbspcisb tc t`b mhigbrs wb ic acigbr ehob

f. F. Btìcgrhp`yhi nitrcmuotnci

n. ]`b Ohibah ni Hlhzcinh swnto`bm ercl prclnsounty tc lcicghly

nn. @ulhis hrb ict lcicghlcus cr prclnsoucus frbbmbr, wbrb fct`!

nnn. Nt thkbs h vnaahgb tc prcmuob t`b ahrgb ùlhi frhni

Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: o`cnob m

]cpno 88: @cw him w`bi wb fbohlb ùlhi: ]`b ecssna rbocrm Thrt 8

@ulhis wbrb ocitnigbit frbbmbrs: sclbtnlbs prclnsoucus, sclbtnlbs lcicghlcus,mbpbimnig ci hmuat lcrthanty rnsks

@ulhis blbrgb f/o ce hoobss tc nibxpbisnvb ocbronvb t`rbht, haacwnig us tc supprbss ici-kni

ocieanots ce nitbrbst

N. Ocbronci him occpbrhtncirbvnsntbm

h. Wb hrb t`b enrst hinlha tc fb hfab tc euaenaa h euimhlbitha nibquhanty ce ici-kni occpbrhtnci:

f 9 ooccp+ oocbroCV fooccpbr9 oocbro

n. Wbrb t`b enrst hinlha ecr w`cl t`b ocst ce ocbronci ns slhaa bicug` t`ht t`by mcit

cvbrw`bal t`b ibt fbibents ce ici-kni occpbrhtnci hs t`by mc ni ici-ùlhihinlhas: f 1 ooccp+ oocbroCV fooccpbr1 oocbro

f. Trbmnotnci: t`b enrst hinlha ni t`b `nstcry ce t`b bhrt` tc fb hfab tc knaa ercl h mnsthiob,

s`cuam fb t`b enrst hinlha tc bvcavb ici-kni occpbrhtnci.

n. Wb hrb t`ns hinlha. Wb bvcavb ohphfnanty tc t`rcw wnt` bantb sknaa, haacwnig knaanig

ercl h mnsthiob, him mbvbacpnig knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha occpbrhtnci.

o. Nimnvnmuhas w`c ohi mc t`b hfcvb nlpcsb strcig sconha sbabotncici cib hict`br

n. ]`ns ohusbs rhpnm bvcautnci, hs ni t`b ohsb wnt` mcgs bvcavnig ercl wcavbs

NN. Ocitbxt ce ùlhi bvcautnci

h. ]`b enrst ùlhis bvcavb ni Hernoh, hrcuim 6 lnaanci ybhrs hgc t`by gc cut ce Hernoh nitc

_cut`bri Burhsnh, t`bi hfcut 24k ybhrs hgc, hict`br grcup ce Hernohis mrnvb ct`br grcups tcbxtniotnci (Ibhimbrt`has) him pcpuahtb t`b gacfb.

f. Wb mnmit bvcavb ercl o`nlps; wb him o`nlps bvcavb ercl h ocllci hiobstcr (5 lnaanci

ybhrs hgc), him t`ht hiobstcr whs lcrb ankb h o`nlp him gcrnaah t`hi ùlhi-ankb.

o. ~6 lnaanci ybhrs, spbonbs ihlbm `clc < lhi, fbecrb t`ht, ercl 5 lnaanci tc 6 lnaanci ybhrs

hgc, ihlbm hustrhacpnt`bous (hustrha < scut`, pnt`b < hpb, tcgbt`br < scut`bri hpb,

mnsocvbrbm ni _cut` Hernoh)

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m. @clninms < ocaabotnvb frhio` ercl 5 lnaanci ybhrs hgc tc prbsbit, fct` `clc him

hustrhacpnt`bs hrb `clninms

b. H. Gbcp`ysnoha Fhokgrcuim tc @ulhi Crngnis

n. Vhniecrbst vs _hvhiih`; lcrb hinlhas ni shvhiih` t`hi ni rhniecrbst

nn. Tahtb tbotcinos prcmuobs prcecuim oanlhtb o`higb, him nts mcib sc ni Hernoh

8. Hernoh usbm tc fb lcstay rhniecrbst, t`bi mrnbm cut

nnn. _hvhiih` ns rno` ni fnclhss

8. ]rcpnoha suiang`t ocivbrtbm nitc hinlha fnclhss

e. F. Ecssnas him t`b Mhtbm ecssna rbocrm

n. Hs fcib ns furnbm ni mbpcsnts, lnibrhas hrb bxo`higbm, turinig fcib tc stcib

8. Ecssnas hrb fcib-ankb rbpanohs ce stcib

nn. Ecssnas usuhaay ecrlbm ni sacw-lcvnig whtbr, whtbr frnigs lnibrhas, lnibrhas ahybr

cvbr fcib

nnn. _trhth ohi gnvb fct` hfscautb him rbahtnvb hgb

8. ]botcino hotnvnty ns mub tc ahvh/lhglh uimbr bhrt`s orust, w`bi lhglh

bsohpbs vnh vcaohino bruptnci, nt sprbhm hs` bvbryw`brb, him hs` ohi fb

mhtbm!

6. Hs` sbttabs him orbhtbs ahybr ohkb, him ohi fb mhtbm f/o ce rhmnchotnvb

nsctcpbs prbsbit (bx: K)

?. Vhmnclbtrno mhtnig gnvb hfscautb hgb

=. Ahybrs (tuees) gnvb rbahtnvb hgb

NNN. @ulhi Aneb @nstcry him t`b Ecssna Vbocrm

h. H. @ulhi Aneb @nstcry VbvnsntbmFng Frhnis him Knis`np-Nimbpbimbit _conha Occpbrhtnci

n. Cur aneb `nstcry `hs fbbi rbmbsngibm hs h ocisbqubiob ce cur sconha occpbrhtnci

nn. Ni hi crghinsl t`ht ohi supprbss ocieanots ce nitbrbst, sconha occpbrhtnci ci h w`cab

ibw sohab bvcavbs, nioaumnig knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha frbbmnig

nnn. ]`b vnaahgb wnaa hrnsb ni hi hinlha t`ht ohi prcjbot t`rbht ercl h mnsthiob

nv. ]`b vnaahgb wnaa suppcrt t`b rb-mbsngi ce aneb `nstcry

f. F. @ulhi Frhni Bxphisnci Bxpacmbs wnt` t`b crngni ce @clcoh. 6 lyh

n. Just hetbr 6 lyh frhni snzb bxphims bxoausnvbay ni cur anihgb, ict ni o`nlps cr gcrnaah,

fut ni `clninms

8. W`y3 f/o ce blbrgbiob ce vnaahgb, f/o ce knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha

occpbrhtnci (hatrnonhanty) suppcrtnig t`b rbmbsngi ce cur aneb `nstcry

NU. ]`b Ecssna Vbocrm Haacws Rs tc ]bst ]`bcrnbs ce @ulhi Rinqubibss

h. @ypct`bsns: Fnpbmhansl ns t`b scurob ecr cur uinqubibss3

n. Wbaa, nt mcbs erbb up t`b `hims tc mc haa scrts ce t`nigs

nn. Tbavns hihtcly hoourhtbay tbaas us w`bt`br fnpbmha cr quhmrupbmha

8. Ecctprnits mc, tcc

nnn. Blbrgbiob ce fnpbmhansl him frhni bxphisnci hrb ?= lnaanci ybhrs hphrt, ict h

vhanm ohusb him beebot rbahtncis`np

nv. Wb `hvb ehasnenbm t`ns `ypct`bsns

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Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: o`cnob F

]cpno 86: @cw him w`bi wb fbohlb ùlhi: ]`b ecssna rbocrm Thrt 6 Bvnmbiob pcnits tc bantb t`rcwnig blbrgnig enrst, t`bi frhni bxphisnci oclbs ahtbr, ict t`b ct`br

why hrcuim.

@ulhis usb nibxpbisnvb ocbronci tc ocitrca ocieanots ce nitbrbst, t`bi h ibw sconha occpbrhtnci

blbrgbs (knis`np nimbpbimbit sconha occpbrhtnci), him bvbryt`nig basb eacws ercl t`ht (bx:

sbxuha him o`nam-rbhrnig fb`hvncrs, bvcautnci ce t`b enrst ùlhis)

]rhisntnci ercl ici-ùlhi, slhaa sohab sconha frbbmnig tc uinqubay ùlhi knis`np-nimbpbimbit

sconha frbbmnig, ns mbpbimbit ci t`b bvcautnci ce bantb ùlhi t`rcwnig.

N. Vbmbsngi ce t`b ùlhi fcmy tc t`rcww`ht mc wb bxpbot3

h. ]`b hro`brens` ns hict`br hinlha t`ht ohi knaa ercl h mnsthiob; nt spnts whtbr fuaabts ht nisbotstc kicok t`bl mcwi nitc t`b whtbr. ]`bnr bybs him ibrvcus systbls hasc thkb rberhotnci

nitc hoocuit.

n. W`y t`bi `hvbit t`by mbvbacpbm knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha occpbrhtnci3

8. f/o t`by ohit usb t`ns wbhpci hghnist OCI_TBONENO_

f. wb bxpbot cur fcmy tc fb oclpabtbay rbmbsngibm tc lhkb t`rcwnig pcssnfab, just ankb t`b

hro`brens`s lcut`, bybs, ibrvcus systbl, tcigub hrb rbmbsngibm tc spnt.

o. Wb ohi uimbrsthim hinlha fcmy euiotncis (t`rcwnig, sknaabm swnllnig, ehst ruiinig) fy

stumynig skbabtci

m. Wb ohi rbocginzb bantb t`rcwnig ni cur skbabtci

NN. ]`b hustrhacpnt` pahtecrllbbtnig Auoyh. Oclphrb Auoy (hutrhacpnt`s) tc lcmbri ùlhis, him abhri hfcut t`rcwnig him nts bvcautnci

NNN. Vbmbsngi ce t`b lusoabs t`ht tcrqub t`b tcrsc

h. Wb ohi abhri hfcut rbmbsngi ce lusoabs fy stumynig t`bnr httho`lbits tc t`b skbabtci,

w`no` ecssnanzbs

f. Lusoabs tcrqubnig t`b pbavns rbahtnvb tc t`b abgs

n. Gautbus lhxnlusfnggbst lusoab ni fcmy

8. W`bi h trhnt (ni t`ns ohsb, h lusoab) ns nlpcrthit, nt fboclbs h sbxuhaay

sbabotbm trhnt; pbcpab sthrt sbabotnig lhtbs fhsbm ci ne t`by `hvb t`ht trhnt.

h. WB MC ]@N_! FC]@ LHAB_ HIM EBLHAB_ (TCVICGVHT@^)

6. Lusoab enfbrs wrhp hrcuim cutsnmb ce pbavns, him mcwi him hrcuim t`b abg

?. Httho`bs tc rnl ce pbavns, t`bi wrhps hrcuim fhok ce t`b `np, him ociibots

tc cutsnmb ce kibb

h. Wrhppbm hrcuim t`b fcmy

f. ]`ns ns usbeua ecr ]CVXRNIG t`b fcmy (f/o httho`bm hrcuim)

nn. ]biscr ehsonh ahth

8. Cppcsbs t`b gautbus lhxnlus; t`byrb hrrhybm cppcsntbay

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h. Fnahtbrhaay phnrbm lusaobs; hoobabrhtb him mbobabrhtb t`b truik

6. Mbtcrqubs fcmy hetbr gautbus lhxnlus mcbs nts jcf sc t`ht ycu mcit kbbp

spniinig hetbr rbabhsb prcjbotnab

?. ]biscr ehsonh ahth ci cib snmb occpbrhtbs wnt` gautbus ci ct`br snmb

=. Httho`bm ht t`b hitbrncr pcnit ce hpnoha orbst ce pbavns

o. Lusoabs tcrqubnig s`cuambrs rbahtnvb tc pbavns

]`ns hoobabrhtnci ns pnabm ci tcp ce acwbr fcmy hoobabrhtnci tc ho`nbvb spbbm ce

t`rcw

n. Cfanqubs

8. Lusoabs rui horcss mnhgcihaay, ict up him mcwi

6. ]`by ornssorcss t`b hfmclbi mnhgcihaay, tcrqubnig t`b uppbr fcmy rbahtnvb

tc t`b pbavns

?. Nitbriha him bxtbriha cfanqub

h. Nitbriha httho` tc shlb pahob hs tbiscr ehsonh ahth, just hfcvb t`bl

f. Bxtbriha httho` tc pufno hro`

nn. Ahtnssnlus mcrsn

8. Hasc rui mnhgcihaay ci fhok, ni crmbr tc twnst fcmy

6. Httho`bm tc shlb pahob hs gautbus lhxnlus, tcp ce t`b fhok ce t`b hpnoha

orbst

m. Mneebrbiobs fbtwbbi lcmbri ùlhi him hustrhacpnt` pbavns him pbavno lusoab httho`lbits

s`cw t`ht cur pbavnsbs hrb fnggbr him `hvb ahrgbr mnsthiobs spniha ocauli him acohtnci ce

lusoab httho`lbits tc prcvnmb ecr lcrb abvbrhgb < strcigbr tcrqub. Hasc, sclb acohtncis

`hvb strcigbr fcibs ecr httho`lbits.

b. Hustrhacpnt`s mc ict `hvb h t`rcwnig pbavns

n. ]`brbecrb, hmhpthtnci tc t`rcw ns hetbr Auoy.

NU. ]`b bhranbst lblfbrs ce@clclbbtnig t`b Ihrnckctclb fcy

h. Ihrnckctclb fcy ns h @clc Brbotus

f. Tbavns s`cws snlnahrntnbs tc cur pbavns, nt accks lcmbri, ict ankb Auoys (Hustrhacpnt`s)

o. Ic lblfbrs ce hutrhacpnt`s `hvb h t`rcwnig pbavns, fut enrst lblfbrs ce @CLC harbhmy mc

m. Ebbt nlpcrthit tc t`rcwnig, tcc.

U. Vbmbsngi ce t`b ebbt

h. Fng tcb ni hutrhacpnt`s ns s`crtbr t`hi sbocim tcw, ni ùlhis nts shlb snzb cr fnggbr t`hi

6imtcb

f. Fhaa ce ecct + fng tcb < surehob wb pus` cee ce ecr t`rcw

o. Hustrhacpnt`s mnm ict `hvb h fhaa ci t`bnr ebbt

m. Fhaa ce ecct ns ercl 8stlbththrsha

n. ]`b pbrcibus acigus lusoab httho`bs `brb

8. Httho`bs uimbr t`b ecct, tc 8stlbththrsha, gcbs fhok uimbr hikab him up tc

kibb.

6. ]crqubs ecct him sthfnanzbs ecct murnig vncabit t`rcwnig lctnci

b. 8stlbththrsha ns fng him rcfust ni ùlhis, fut slhaa ni hustrhacpnt`s

7/22/2019 BIO 358 Exam 2, Topics 9-16

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e. @clc brbotus s`cws h lcmbri ecct (8.2 lyh), wnt` fng, pcwbreua fng tcb him fhaa ercl 8st

lbththrshas

g. Ecct rbmbsngi ocienrls t`ht fbecrb 6 lnaanci ybhrs, ic t`rcwnig ebbt (hutrhacpnt`s), hetbr 6

lnaanci ybhrs, ybs t`rcwnig ebbt (`clc)

UN. W`ht hfcut hlluintnci3

h. Lhiupcrtst`nigs cut ce gbcacgnoha ocitbxt

n. Halcst haa hpprcxnlhtbay snzb ce fhsbfhaa

nn. @ulhis ohrrnbm hlluintnci hrcuim

f. Wb ohi mhtb lhiupcrts tc just fbecrb 6 lnaanci ybhrs hgc

n. _uggbstnig t`rcwnig ns hrcuim 66.8 lnaanci ybhrs cam.

o. Hrcuim 8.0 lnaanci ybhrs hgc < euaa facwi `clc, frhni bxphisnci him haa

UNN. W`ht `hvb wb ecuim3cur t`bcry hs h t`bcry ce ùlhi crngnis

h. Cur `hims `hvb fbbi rbmbsngibm, hs wbaa, tc grnp lhiupcrts, mcbsit s`cw up ni ahtb

hustrhacpnt`s, ciay enrst `clcs

f. _`cuambrs `hvb fbbi rbmbsngibm, tcc, hasc ciay s`cw up ni enrst `clcs

o. Bvbry pnbob ce bvnmbiob prcvnmbs shlb bxhot pnoturb

n. Bantb t`rcwnig ns bxhotay w`brb wb prbmnotbm

UNNN. W`y mnm wb enrst t`rcw3

h. Ne t`rcwnig lhmb us uinqub, t`bi w`y mc wb t`rcw3

f. Ihturha sbabotnci prcmuobs sclbt`nig f/o ce hi nllbmnhtb fbibent, ict h acig tbrl cib.

n. Nt mcbsit t`nik h`bhm

o. Tcwbr sohvbignigabt prcebssnciha ùitbrs thkb mcwi hinlha (o`bbth`, abcphrm)him t`bi

ycu thkb nt

n. H gccm why tc o`hsb hwhy t`b prcebssnciha ùitbrs hetbr t`byrb ebm him ohal ns tc

t`rcw rcoks ht nt

m. ]`brbs h act ce rbhsci tc fbanbvb t`ht h ahtb hustrhacpnt` (cr bhray prctc-ùlhi) sthrtbm

pcwbr sohvbignig

b. Trcpcsha: Ni h acoha bivnrcilbit, hi hutrhacpnt` sthrtbm tc fboclb h prcebssnciha pcwbr

sohvbigbr ni h ibw why, fy lhknig s`hrp stcib tccas him fy thknig hmvhithgb ce fnpbmhanty

tc t`rcw, him t`bi t`brbs bxtrblb, nitbisb ihturha sbabotnci tc t`rcwfbttbr.

n. ]`ns prcmuobs h euimhlbithaay ibw knim ce hinlha, ùlhis

e. Cur euimhlbitha hrgulbit: wb hrb h spbothouahr hrgulbit

n. Ni h acoha bivnrcilbit, sclbtnlb 66.6 lnaanci ybhrs hgc, h acoha hustrhacpnt`

pcpuahtnci sthrtbm tc pcwbr sohvbigb wnt` h ibw strhtbgy: t`rcwnig wnt` bantb sknaa

8. ]`ns strhtbgy prcmuobm h sbocimhry cppcrtuinty: bxpacntnig o`bhp ocbronci

tc ocitrca ocieanots ce nitbrbst.

6. ]`b bvcautnci ce h ibw ùitnig hmhpthtnci nihmvbrtbitay prcmuobm h

spbothouahray ibw hmhptnvb cppcrtuinty, him ùlhis bxpacmbm cut ce t`ht

hoonmbitha cppcrtuinty.

nn. Cur t`bcry ns ocisnstbit wnt` hro`hbcacgnoha him phabc-ht`rcpcacgnoha bvnmbiob;

cur t`bcry ns t`b fbst him lcst oclpabtb mbsornptnci him hoocuit ce t`b bitnrb

phabc-hit`rcpcacgnoha rbocrm t`ht wbvb `hm sc ehr.

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Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: o`cnob H

]cpno 8?: @ulhi Ahiguhgb occpbrhtnci him niecrlhtnci bxo`higb

Thrt 8 ]`b ùlhi fcmy whs rbmbsngibm ercl `bhm tc tcb ecr bantb t`rcwnig

c Wb ecaacwbm t`ns prbmnotnci wnt` t`b ecssna rbocrm, him ecuim suppcrt ecr nt

N. Wb spbhksc w`ht3

h. @ulhis sabbp hfcut 8/? ce t`bnr anvbs, hwhkb hfcut 6/?, him murnig hwhkb tnlb, wb thkb h

act ce t`b tnlbf. Ahiguhgb ns orcss-ouaturhaay uinvbrsha fb`hvncr

o. Anigunstno bxo`higb ce niecrlhtnci ns just h spbonha ohsb ce sconha occpbrhtnci

m. Ocieanots ce nitbrbst ns w`ht anlnts t`b bxo`higb ce niecrlhtnci fbtwbbi ici-kni hinlhas

NN. Mc wb sbb w`ht wb bxpbot3bxo`higb ce niecrlhtnci wnt` ocieaubiob ce nitbrbst

h. @hlnatcis Ahw prbmnots t`ht ne t`b ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl ns w`ht anlnts t`b bxo`higb ce

niecrlhtnci ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas, t`bi w`c s`cuam bxo`higb niecrlhtnci3

n. Oacsb kni

f. Ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas: Oacsb kni s`cuam bxo`higb niecrlhtnci, him ici-kni s`cuam ict.

o. Ni lhllhas, t`b lcst ocllci bxo`higb ce niecrlhtnci ercl lct`br tc ceesprnig

n. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas hrb bvcavbm tc mc t`ns, tc hoobpt niec ercl lcl him ic-cibbasb.

m. @ciby fbbs him t`bnr whggab mhiob.

n. ]`bnr fcmnbs gbsturb mnrbotnci

NNN. Crghinsls (vb`noabs) usb niecrlhtnci ni pursunt ce sbae-nitbrbstt`b `cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl

h. @cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl < ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl hppanbm tc niecrlhtnci

f. Lct`s usb o`blc-rbobptcrs tc enim eblhab p`brclcib, fut fcahs spnmbr trnoks lct`s,

lnlnoknig eblhab sobit.

n. Fcahs spnmbr ns prcmuonig lnsabhmnig niecrlhtnci, ehasb niecrlhtnci: `cstnab

lhinpuahtnci ce t`b lhab

o. W`ht mc wb bxpbot ercl ici-kni ocispbonenos3

n. _NABIOB`cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl prbvbits oclluinohtnci

8. Ici-kni ocispbonenos wnaa hssulb t`ht hiy sngiha h ici-kni prcmuobs ns

`cstnab lhinpuahtnci him wcit `bhr nt. ]`bi, sniob ic cib ns anstbinig, ic

cib bvcavbs tc prcmuob nt.

6. _nabiob ns bxhotay w`ht wb sbb

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nn. @cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl mbtbrlnibs t`bnr oclluinohtnci, him prboaumbs

luo` ce t`bnr oclluinohtnci

8. ]`brb hrb twc tniy bxobptncis

NU. @cw mnm ahiguhgb ocieusb us3prcjbotnci him bvnmbiob

h. @cstnab lhinpuahtnci mclnihtbs ici-kni oclluinohtnci ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas

f. Wb oclluinohtb ni phrt f/o ycu hitnonphtb (prcjbot oclluinohtnvb nitbit) citc ct`brs, him

vnob vbrsh.

n. Nts h acgnoha brrcr ni t`b ohsb ce ici-ùlhi hinlhas, fut wcrks grbht w/ ùlhis

o. @ulhis prcjbot oclluinohtb nitbit citc ct`brs him sbb oclluinohtnci bvbi w`bi nt

mcbsit bxnst.

n. W`hab scigs hrb ict oclluinohtnci, t`cug` wb t`cug`t nt whs ecr h acig tnlb

8. Nts hotuhaay lhabs tbaanig eblhabs Nl slhrt, fng him strcig, oclblhtb

wnt` lb

6. Nts h sbxuhaay sbabotbm sngiha, ankb thna-ebht`brs ci h pbhocok.

?. Nts ict ahiguhgb!

m. Hi bxobptnci tc t`b snabiob fbtwbbi ici-kni ns ecr lhtnig purpcsbs, f/o hs lbitncibm ni

bhranbr aboturbs, murnig lhtnig, lhabs him eblhabs `hvb h frnbe ocieaubiobce nitbrbst

n. Bx: lct` eblhab prcmuonig p`brclcibs tc httrhot h lhab lhtb

b. Ici-kni ocispbonenos wnt` ocieanots ce nitbrbst ibvbr bxo`higbehkb-hfabniecrlhtnci

(ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci, pctbitnhaay ehasb niecrlhtnci)

n. @ulhis, t`cug`, mc nt haa t`b tnlb.

nn. Ne ocieaubiob ce nitbrbst < s`hrb ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci

8. Wcrkbr fbbs mcit `hvb tc wcrry t`ht t`bnr ibst-lhtbs hrb gcnig tc sbim

t`bl ci h wnam gccsb o`hsb; t`by `hvb h ocieaubiob ce nitbrbst, t`byrb

oacsb kni

6. Oufs him pups mcit `hvb tc wcrry t`ht t`bnr lct`brs hrb gcnig tc lnsabhm

t`bl f/o t`bnr lct`brs `hvb hi niobitnvb ni lhknig surb t`bnr ceesprnig

grcw tc `bhat`y beebotnvbibss; hghni, t`by `hvb ocieaubiob ce nitbrbst him

s`hrb ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci

U. W`ht mcbs cur t`bcry prbmnot hfcut ahiguhgb3

h. ]`b bxo`higb ce ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci ni t`b ehob ce ocieanots ce nitbrbst t`ht hrb t`b nssub.

n. @ulhis hrb t`b enrst hinlha tc `hvb scavbm t`ht prcfabl

8. f/o wb `hvb hoobss tc o`bhp ocbronci, sclbt`nig oclpabtbay ibw ns

pcssnfab ecr us: wb ohi bsthfans` h mclhni ce oclluinohtnci nivcavnig

ici-kni hmuats.

h. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas ohiictmc t`ht, t`brbecrb t`bnr oclluinohtnci

ns rbstrnotbm tc h slhaa grcup ce nimnvnmuhas w`c `hvb h ocieaubiob ce

nitbrbst (lcst ocllciay oacsb-kni)

6. Trbmnots t`ht prb-ùlhi hiobstcrs, nioaumnig hustrhacpnt`s, mnm ict spbhk

him bighgb ni ahiguhgb ankb wb mc

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h. ]`b enrst ùlhis w`c hoqunrb ohphonty tc prcjbot t`rbht ercl h

mnsthiob him t`brbecrb o`bhpay supprbss ocieanots ce nitbrbst tc

lhihgb `cstnab lhinpuahtnci s`cuam bvcavb ahiguhgb.

?. ]`b ohphonty tc ocitrca ocieanots ce nitbrbst s`cuam fb t`b scab anlnthtnci

h. Lbhis t`ht ahiguhgb bxpacmbs vbry rhpnmay ciob hinlha w`c ohi

ocitrca ocieanots ce nitbrbst bvcavbs

f. Bantb t`rcwnig bvcavbs ~6 lyh, orhinha vcaulb (hatrnonhanty) cr frhni bxphisnci bvcavbs ht cr

just hetbr bantb t`rcwnig, him ahiguhgb-ankb fb`hvncr bvcavbs ht cr nllbmnhtbay hetbr

bvcautnci ce bantb t`rcwnig

UN. ]`b ùlhi vcoha hpphrhtush enrst acck

h. H. @cw t`b vcoha hpphrhtus accksmbsngi him rbmbsngi

n. Hnr ocaulis ni lcut` him t`rcht hrb w`brb scuim rbscihtbs

8. Abigt` him s`hpb ce ocauli prcmuob mneebrbit tcibs

6. Wb `hvb ic ocisoncus hoobss tc t`ns

nn. @ulhi vcnob fcx ns acwbr mcwi t`hi h o`nlps, t`ns prcvnmbs h acigbr ocauli ecr

scuim prcmuotnci

8. @ulhis hrb ht grbhtbr rnsk ecr o`coknig ci eccm t`hi o`nlps f/o ce acigbr

ocauli

f. F. @cw ohi wb sbphrhtb ohusb him beebot ni vcoha rbmbsngi3t`b fnrms

n. Ayrb fnrm `hs h vbry oclpanohtbm vcnob-fcx, fut ohit mc hiyt`nig wnt` nt

nn. Wb ohi bxpahni bvbryt`nig wb sbb w`bi wb acck ht ici-ùlhi hinlhas

nnn. @cstnab lhinpuahtnci prcfabl mclnihtbs oclluinohtnci fbtwbbi ici-kni

nv. Ici-kni ici-ùlhi ocispbonenos ibvbr bxo`higb ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci ni t`b ehob

ce ocieanots ce nitbrbst

Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: O`cnob M

]cpno 8=: @ulhi Ahiguhgb occpbrhtnci him niecrlhtnci Thrt 6

O`namrbi nitbrhot wnt` & ABHVI ercl ici-kni ercl t`b fbgniinig (prbso`cca, bto)

c Kbbps gcnig ni hmuat`ccm, ni cam hgb

Wb hrb ict quhanthtnvbay ibw, wbrb quhitnthtnvbay ibw

Ici-kni ocispbonenos oclluinohtb ocitnigbit (ehasnenhfab) niecrlhtnci ni t`b ehob ce ocieanots ce

nitbrbst ciay wnt` oacsb kni

c Ocieanots ce nitbrbst prbvbit bxo`higb ce ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci

Oclluinohtnci ns bhsy; ocieanots ce nitbrbst hrb `hrm

@cstnab lhinpuahtnci

c Ici-kni ocispbonenos `hvb tbimbioy tc lnsabhm cib hict`br (ecr oclpbtntnci)

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N. W`ht, bxhotay, mc wb prbmnot3fhok tc t`b ecssna rbocrm.

h. Unaahgb < ahrgb knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha uint

n. Hrnsbs f/o ce cur hfnanty tc t`rcw w/bantb sknaa

f. Ahiguhgb bvcavbs ni t`b ocitbxt ce t`b ùlhi vnaahgb

o. Wb prbmnot t`ht ahiguhgb blbrgbs nllbmnhtbay hetbr hfnanty tc ocitrca ocieanot ce nitbrbst

prcfabl (bantb t`rcwnig)

n. f/o bxo`higb ce niecrlhtnci ns vbry usbeua

nn. ciob hfab tc ocitrca ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl, t`brb s`cuam fb h strcig sbabotnci

ecr ahiguhgb, him t`brbecrb ahiguhgb bxpacmbs

m. `ycnm fcib rbmbsngi

n. `ycnm slhaa fcib, sclbtnlbs ecssnanzbs, him wb ohi usb nt tc enim ahiguhgb ni ecssna

rbocrms

b. Ibhimbrt`ha `ycnm nimnstniguns`hfab ercl curs, t`brbecrb, t`by prcfhfay spckb

n. ]`brbecrb, cur ocllci hiobstcr, `clc `bnmbafbrgbisns, lust `hvb `hm cib, hs

wbaa

nn. ]`brbecrb, t`brb whs spbbo` 244044 kyh (w`bi `. `bnmbafbrgbisns bxnstbm)

e. @ycnm ercl ? lyh, ht tnlb ce H. hernohius s`cws snlnahrntnbs tc o`nlp `ycnm, ict cur `ycnm

n. _c, nimnvnmuhas up tc 244 kyh wbrb spbhknig, him nimnvnmuhas ? lyh wbrb ict, w`no`

ns ocisnstbit wnt` cur t`bcry

NN. ]`b struoturb ce ahiguhgb nsit spbonha nts t`b struoturb ce hinlha lnims

h. Anigunsts t`cug`t t`ht ahiguhgb ns ibw him nts cur scurob ce uinqubibss

f. Ahiguhgb ns `nbrhro`nohaay ibstbm oclfnihtcrhanty

n. Fut sc ns t`b struoturb ce haa hinlha frhnis (lnims), haa t`b tnlb, him ùlhis lhkb

usb ce t`ht uimbraynig struoturb ni ahiguhgb

o. Nocino rbprbsbithtnci vs. sylfcano rbprbsbithtnci

n. Nocino < pnoturb/sthtub ce h spnmbr, sylfcano < wcrm spnmbr

nn. Anigunsts hrgub t`ht ahiguhgb ns sylfcano him ici-ùlhi hinlha oclluinohtnci ns

nocino.

8. ]`ns ns ehasb. Haa hinlha oclluinohtnci, uimbr haa onroulsthiobs, ht haa tnlbs,

ùlhi him ici-ùlhi ns hawhys sylfcano

m. Mcap`ni hfab tc acck ht ùlhi fcmy him nitbrprbt nt hfstrhotay, fy hihacgy

b. Haa hinlhas, ùlhi him ici-ùlhi, uimbrsthim haa ct`br hinlhas ciay ni cib why:

n. _ylfcanohaay

8. Hinlhas nitbrprbt lcvblbits ce t`bnr fcmy hs gbsturbs him t`bi nitbrprbt

t`csb gbsturbs

NNN. Ahiguhgb nsit lhgno t`b gbsturha t`bcry ce ahiguhgb

h. Ahiguhgb ns just h spbonhanzbm, rhlpbm-up, vbry beenonbit vbrsnci ce hi hionbit, uinvbrsha

hinlha fb`hvncr: t`b ohphonty ecr sylfcano gbsturb

f. _pbbo` ns just hi bahfcrhtb vbrsnci ce gbsturb, him haa hinlhas hrb ohphfab ce nt.

o. H. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas hrb ohphfab ce scp`nstnohtbm gbsturha oclluinohtnci

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n. Bx: Kckc t`b Gcrnaah

8. Hfnanty ecr hfstrhot, sylfcano sngi ahiguhgb

m. F. @ulhis `hvb gbsturha ohphfnanty

n. Fbnig ùlhi nsit hfcut spbhknig, nts hfcut oclluinohtnci ni haa lcmhantnbs,

nioaumnig sngi.

nn. Just f/o sclbcib ohit `bhr cr spbhk, fut ohi sngi, mcbsit lbhi t`byrb hiy abss

ùlhi

nnn. @ulhis hrb ict spbhkbrs.wb hrb bantb sylfcano gbsturb-rs.

nv. Wb ohi oahnl t`ht hiobstrha hustrhacpnt`s `hm Kckc-ankb, sylfcano gbsturha ohphfnanty

v. Wnt` t`b bvcautnci ce hi hinlha w`c ocuam ocitrca ocieanots ce nitbrbst prcfabl,

t`brb whs strcig sbabotnci ecr t`ht prb-ùlhi ohphfnanty tc fboclb ùlhi

b. O. _pbbo` ns gbsturb

n. W`bi wb anstbi tc sclbcib, wb hrb whto`nig t`bl gbsturb

8. Riocisoncusay wb hrb t`niknig ne N mc t`ht wnt` ly vcnob hpphrhtus, N wcuam

lbhi t`ns, him t`brbecrb, t`ns pbrsci lust lbhi t`b shlb t`nig.

nn. HAA OCLLRINOH]NCI N_ GB_]RVB

NU. ]`b ecssna rbocrm ce gbsturha oclluinohtnci

h. H. @ulhi frhni struoturb him ahiguhgb ohphfnanty

n. Frcoohs him Wbrinokbs hrbhs

8. Ict spbbo` hrbhs, fut bantb, sylfcano oclluinohtnci hrbhs

nn. Cur frhni ns acp-snmbm & hsyllbtrno, Frcoohs hrbh mrhlhtnohaay biahrgbm

8. Abet `blnsp`brb fnggbr t`hi rng`t

nnn. W`bi sngibrs `hvb strckbs ni Frcoohshrbh, t`bnr snginig hfnanty ns nlphnrbm ankb h

icrlha spbhkbrs spbbo` wcuam fb heebotbm, suppcrtnig pcnit n8. ercl hfcvb

f. F. Ecssna bimcohsts him t`b bvcautnci ce bantb ùlhi oclluinohtnci

n. Ohi frhni hsyllbtry mub tc nlprnits ce Frcoohs hrbh ni ecssnanzbmskuaas.

nn. Haa `clc spbonbs `hvb t`ns hsyllbtry, fut Hustrhacpnt`s mcit.

nnn. Ht t`b shlb tnlb cur frhni ns bxphimnig (hatrnonty), Frcoohs hrbh ns biahrgnig, him

t`brbecrb bantb oclluinohtnci ents cur t`bcry pbrebotay.

U. Fhok tc ici-ùlhi hinlhas him oclluinohtnci

h. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas `hvb spbbo`-ankb fb`hvncr, nts just rbstrnotbm tc t`b ohsbs w`brb t`by

`hvb ocieaubiob ce nitbrbst

n. bxo`higb ocitnigbit niecrlhtnci ciay wnt` oacsb kniocieaubiob ce nitbrbst

f. Wb bxpbot tc enim ahiguhgb ni ici-ùlhi hinlhas, just ci h luo` slhaabr sohab

Kby Ociobpt X: o`cnob F

]cpno 82: Ouaturhaay trhislnttbm (Bxtrhgbibtno) niecrlhtnci him t`b

uinqubay ùlhi lnim/frhni Thrt 8

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Cur uinqub `ulhi lnims/frhnis blbrgb ercl t`b shlb t`bcry, ercl w`no` sbxuha him o`nam-

rbhrnig fb`hvncrs, bvcautnci ce enrst `ulhis, him bvcautnci ce ahiguhgb `hvb blbrgbm

Wb kicw vbry anttab hfcut lnims; wb hrb ngicrhit hfcut nt

N. Lnim/frhnis hrb prcxnlhtb mbvnobsh. Lnim/frhni ns h Fahok Fcx

f. Rimbrsthim lnim/frhni fy uimbrsthimnig t`b purpcsb ecr w`no` nt whs mbsngibm

o. ]`b frhni ns cib ce t`b tccas funat fy t`b vb`noabs mbsngi niecrlhtnci ecr t`b purpcsb ce

rbpanohtnig nts mbsngi niecrlhtnci

n. ]`brb ns ic rbhsci t`b lnim ibbms tc uimbrsthim uatnlhtb ohushtnci (just ankb wb

mcit ibbm tc uimbrsthim t`ht wb ibbm tc bht f/o wbrb h ici-bqunanfrnul

t`brlcmyihlno o`blnoha systbl)

m. Ratnlhtb vs. Trcxnlhtb Ohushtnci

n. Wb mcit ibbm tc uimbrsthim uatnlhtb ohushtnci ni crmbr tc ohrry cut t`b fb`hvncr

8. Bx: fhfnbs bht, ohrry cut fb`hvncr w/c uimbrsthimnig w`y6. Tbcpab acvb him ohrry cut acvnig fb`hvncrs, w/c t`niknig t`ht t`bnr mbsngi

niec whits tc rbpanohtb suoobsseuaay

nn. ]`b frhni orbhtbs fb`hvncrs H_ NE ycu uimbrstccm uatnlhtb ohushtnci, wnt` ic

ibbm tc hotuhaay uimbrsthim nt

8. Frhni ns ocisnmbrbm prcxnlhtb mbvnob, him hots hs ne ycu uimbrstccm

b. Ocisoncus vs. Riocisoncus BVVCV

n. Frhni ns h prcxnlhtb mbvnob

nn. Fct` ocisoncus him uiocisoncus hrb just hs prcxnlhtb

e. Haa ebbanigs wb `hvb hrb HAA TVCPNLH]B

NN. Lnim/Frhnis hrb snlpab mbvnobs, mbsngibm fy ihturha sbabotncih. Niecrlhtnci ns biocmbm oclfnihtcrnay, gnvnig snlpab acck

f. Hlcuit ce niec cur lnims ohi stcrb ns hstrciclnoha

o. Frhnis hrb ankb `hims: t`by mc w`ht t`byrb mbsngibm tc mc

n. Frhnis mcit sbb t`b wcram ni cfjbotnvb sbisb

8. Frhnis sbb t`b wcram ni hi hmhptnvbay usbeua sbisb

m. _bisbs ocaabot mhth, frhni funams lcvnb t`ht ruis ni ycur `bhm, t`ns lcvnb ns `cw wb pbrobnvb

wcram

NNN. Lnims ocistruot hfstrhot lcvnbs wb bxpbrnbiob hs t`b wcram

h. ]`ns ns mcib fy usnig mhth t`ht cur pbrobptuha systbls prcvnmb

f. Wb ocistruot myihlno nlhgbs ce t`b wcram ni h `nbrhro`nohaay ibstbm oclfnihtcrnha why.

n. Wb `nbrhro`nohaay ibst snlpab, hfstrhot nlhgbs, him put lbhinig tc t`bl

o. Cur lnims hssblfab h pnoturb ce t`b wcram

m. Cur pbrobptuha systbls hrb vbry vuaibrhfab tc fbnig mbobnvbm

NU. Lnims lhy fb Mhrwni lho`nibs

h. Ibw nmbhs hrb s`hpbm ni cur lnim fy Mhrwninhi sbabotnci

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n. Nlluib systbl, hs wbaa

f. Orbhtnvnty him nlhgnihtnci wcrk fy Mhrwninhi sbabotnci, tcc

o. ]`b lnim ns h Mhrwni lho`nib: thknig h prcfabl hs hi niecrlhtnci struoturb, fcuionig

scautncis cee t`ht prcfabl, sbabotnig t`b cibs t`ht wcrk

m. @ulhi sconha prcobssnig ns hasc Mhrwninhi (bx: stcok lhrkbt)

U. Lnims prcmuob spbonbs typnoha bantb fb`hvncr

h. _pbonbs-typnoha fb`hvncr

f. W`ht ns nitbaangbiob3

o. Frhnis hrb haa funat fy mbsngi niecrlhtnci ecr t`b purpcsb ce rbpanohtnig t`ht mbsngi

niecrlhtnci ni h oclpbtntnvb Lhatùsnhi Wcram.

Kby Ociobpt Xubstnci: o`cnob M

]cpno 85: Ouaturhaay trhislnttbm (Bxtrhgbibtno) niecrlhtnci him t`b

uinqubay ùlhi lnim/frhni Thrt 6 _pbonbs-typnoha fb`hvncr

N. Gbibtno rbmbsngi ce ùlhi lnims ns hi beebot IC] h ohusb

h. _clb sonbitnsts oahnl t`ht nts h ohusbf. Wb shy t`b cppcsntb: t`ht w`bi ùlhis abhri tc ocitrca t`b ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl,

him t`by `hvb occpbrhtnvb uints, t`b prcmuot/beebot ce t`ht whs cur sconha occpbrhtnci

w`no` ghvb us hoobss tc lcrb niecrlhtnci. Ciob t`ns ibw niecrlhtnci whs usbm, cur

hmhptnvb cppcrtuintnbs tcck cee!

o. _conha Bvcautnci `hs mrnvbi cur Gbibtno Bvcautnci ercl t`b vbry fbgniinig w`bi wb abhribm

tc lhihgb ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl

n. Ouaturhaay trhislnttbm niecrlhtnci wnt`ni ahrgb ici-kni sconha uint (vnaahgb) put

sbabotnvb prbssurb ci cur gbibtnos

m. ]`csb w`c ocuam lhihgb ocieanots ce nitbrbst wnt`ni ùlhi vnaahgb mnm fbttbr

NN. ]rhislnssnci ce ouaturha niecrlhtnci ns mneebrbit ni ùlhis ni h vbry spboneno whyh. Lhllhas s`cw trhislnssnci ce ouaturha niecrlhtnci

f. Vhts trhislnt ouaturha niecrlhtnci

n. Tnib ocib ocisulptnci ni h systblhtno why ns trhislnttbm ercl ciaylct`br tc rht

fhfnbs (pups), nt ns IC] gbibtno

nn. Fbhr lct`brs s`cw fhfnbs w`no` pahits tc bht him `cw tc ohto` shalci

nnn. Crhiguthi lct`brs s`cw fhfnbs w`no` eccm tc bht

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o. Ici-ùlhi hinlhas trhislnt sufsthitnha ouaturha trhmntnci

n. Fut ici-kni hmuats mcit abhri ercl bho` ct`br!

m. @ulhis hrb gbibtnohaay hmhptbm t`ru ouaturha trhislnssnci ce niecrlhtnci

NNN. Cur ocitrca ce ocieanots ce nitbrbst gnvbs us h vhst ouaturha `brnthgb

h. Wb `hvb hoobss tc lcrb niecrlhtnci fbohusb wb scavbm t`b ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl him

abhribm tc trust ct`brs him s`hrb niecrlhtnci

f. @ulhis hrbit ciay cibs tc usb tccas

n. O`nlps usb h oclfc ce 6 tccas tc lhxnlnzb # ce tbrlntbs t`by ohi bxtrhot

8. O`nlps trhislnt ouaturha niec ci `cw tc mc t`ns

o. Mnrbot hoobss tc ouaturha niecrlhtnci < w`bi h lct`br phssbs niecrlhtnci tc h o`nam

m. Nimnrbot hoobss tc ouaturha niecrlhtnci

n. W`hts t`b prcfabl3 W`ht ohi fb bxo`higbm ohi fb stcabi

nn. Nimnrbot hoobss wcuam `hvb ibvbr bvcavbm ne wb ibvbr lhihgbm ocieanot ce nitbrbst

prcfabl enrst

NU. Cur ouaturha `brnthgb hasc oclpbas us bt`nohaay him sconhaay

h. Wb hrb ict ciay hi bociclno him pbmhgcgnoha hinlha, fut hasc h lcrha/bt`nohahinlha

n. Cur lnims hrb mbsngibm tc lhihgb t`b ocieanot ce nitbrbst prcfabl

f. Trhglhtno niecrlhtnci

o. Wb pursub `ng`br purpcsb f/o nts hmhptnvb

m. Gccm him bvna ns h prcpbrty ce ciay t`b ùlhi wcram

n. ]`b wcram ocisnsts ce h whr ftwi gccm him bvna

nn. Kni-sbabotbm sbae-nitbrbst (bvna) vs. ocbrobm knis`np-nimbpbimbit sconha occpbrhtnci

(gccm)

b. Trhglhtno niecrlhtnci him sconha ocitrhot niecrlhtnci hrb fct` ouaturhaay trhislnttbm

e. Cur lnims `hvb bvcavbm tc rbhot tc sconha ocitrhot niecrlhtnci him tc ocitrca cur bt`noha

fb`hvncr (lcrha cutrhgb him gunat)

n. ? phrts ce frhni t`ht hrb mrhlhtnohaay biahrgbm oclphrbm tc o`nlps (lctcr ocrtbx,

vnsuha ocrtbx, bto, hrb shlb snzb hs ni o`nlps)

8. Thrnbtha acfb, tblpcrha acfb, him prbercitha ocrtbx

nn. Mbstrcynig prbercitha ocrtbx mbstrcys uinqubay ùlhi sconha fb`hvncr

8. _concpht`s s`cw hficrlha hotnvnty ni prbercitha ocrtbx uimbr LVN

nnn. Biahrgbm ùlhi prbercitha ocrtbx sbbls tc fb hi hmhpthtnci tc t`b wcram ce gccm

him bvna

nv. Ociehfuahtncis hrb prcpcsbm sconha ibgctnhtncis

8. ]`ns ns `cw wb ibgctnhtb sconha ocitrhot niecrlhtnci

h. N mnm t`ns f/o t`ns ns t`b sconha rhtnciha ecr w`ht N mnm. Ns nt ck3

v. Wb usb ahiguhgb ict ciay tc trhislnt prhglhtno niecrlhtnci, fut tc hasc ibgctnhtb

sconha ocitrhots

g. Wb trhislnt prhglhtno niecrlhtnci, ocitniucusay ibgctnhtbm sconha ocitrhot niecrlhtnci,

him nmbitnenbr niecrlhtnci

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Kby Ociobpt X: o`cnob F

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BIO 358 Exam 2, Topics 9-16