BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function Final Examination ...salinella.bio.uottawa.ca/BIO2135/Outline/Final17_ANS.pdf · 2.3 The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are

BIO 2135 Animal Form and Function Name: ___________________________________________ Student No:___________________

BIO 2135 Final Examination, April 22, 2017 – Page 1 of 19

BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function Final Examination

Worth 35 % of the final grade

April 22, 2017 Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these instructions: a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes (unless an open-book exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones and devices must be turned off and put away in your bag. Do not keep them in your possession, such as in your pockets. If caught with such a device or document, the following may occur: you will be asked to leave immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed which may result in you obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam. b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your name, or student number, is on the top of each page. c) Check to be sure that you exam is complete with a total of 18 pages including this one. d) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the back of the page. e) Answer the essay question at the end of the exam in the examination booklet that has been provided. Be sure that your name and student number is on the cover of the examination booklet. Double spaced please! f) The exam is marked out of 160 points g) Please be sure that your seat number is on the exam and the examination booklet h) This is not an open book exam. Name: ___________________________________________ Signature: _________________________________________________ Student No: ___________________________________ Seat number: _______________________



30pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where possible include an example in your explanation from a group or an organism to which the term applies. Kingdom Animalia {multicellular, eukaryote heterotrophs}{ancestral cell the choanocyte} {division of labour between cells} {collagen} Must have first one with all three facts for 1 point, any other two can be added to get to the full three marks Stone canal {echinoderms/sea stars}{part of the water vascular system} {Connects the madreporite to the ring canal} Stomochord Stomochord {Hemicordata/acornworm}{divericulum formed from gut/buccal diverticulum}{support structure for proboscis}{once thought to be a notochord}{Glomerulus pushes against it for filtering blood} Must have first two and either of the other two for the full three marks Neural plate {forms when endoderm contacts ectoderm}{will form dorsal nerve cord} by folding up on itself/neural crest} Tunicin {urochordata}{unique form of cellulose in protein matrix}{forms the tunic/outer casing of the animal}



Carotid arteries {Blood supply to the brain}{from the heart}{divide to form inner and outer} Iliac vein {Blood returns to the heart}{from the appendages/legs} {structures associated with the the pelvic girdle} Urostyle {Modification of the vertebrae}{in frogs}{Strengthen for jumping of the hind legs} Pneumatized bone {In birds}{Explain the appearance: Bones are not solid but filled with air spaces and reinforcing boney struts}{strategy to make the bird lighter} Heterodont teeth {mammalian jaw} {that have different shapes}{related to their different functions}



29 pts Part 2: Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing and X in the space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each question and questions have either 4 or 5 answers to choose from. Be sure your X doesn’t cross over two answers – if it does the question will be scored as 0. 2.1 This serves as an inlet into the water vascular system _______ a. Tiedemann body _______ b. Polian vesicle _______ c. radial canal _______ d. madreporite _______ e. ring canal 2.2 The old anapsid lineage of reptiles was represented by _______ a. liurds. _______ b. tuataras. _______ c. snakes. _______ d. turtles. _______ e. crocodiles. 2.3 The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are _______ a. flame bulbs. _______ b. nephridia. _______ c. Malpighian tubules. _______ d. green glands. _______ e. nephrons. 2.4 Contraction of the ___________ forces water into the tube feet of the water vascular

system. _______ a. ampullae _______ b. lateral canals _______ c. Polian vesicles _______ d. hemal rings _______ e. Tiedemann bodies 2.5 In the acorn worms, the anterior region of the digestive tract, which contains the gills, is

the _______ a. pharynx. _______ b. esophagus. _______ c. buccal cavity. _______ d. atrium. _______ e. stomach.

X

X

X

X

X



2.6 This sorts the food in a hemichordate acorn worm _______ a. Ciliary organ _______ b. Setal organ _______ c. Collar _______ d. Proboscis complex 2.7 The ampullae of Lorenzini in a cartilaginous fish are this type of receptor: _______ a. Chemoreceptor _______ b. Mechanical receptors _______ c. Gravity receptors _______ d. Electroreceptors _______ e. None of these 2.8 Glands that produce watery secretions that function in evaporative cooling are called

glands. _______ a. sebaceous _______ b. eccrine _______ c. mucous _______ d. endocrine _______ e. apocrine 2.9 In reptiles, the teeth are uniformly conical and are referred to as _______ a. apicodont. _______ b. heterodont. _______ c. conodont. _______ d. homodont. _______ e. thecodont. 2.10 The vertebral column of a bird has been modified so it is _______ a. much longer and more flexible. _______ b. springy and elastic to store energy for flight. _______ c. rigid with many vertebrae fused together. _______ d. broad to assist in aerodynamic lift. _______ e. no longer connected to the ribs. 2.11 The larva of the freshwater lamprey, that closely resembles the amphioxus

lancelet, is _______ a. ammocoete. _______ b. Branchiostoma. _______ c. cephalaspidomorph. _______ d. heterostracan. _______ e. ostracoderm.

X

X

X

X

X

X



2.12 Members of this phylum include acorn worms and pterobranchs. _______ a. Hemichordata _______ b. Echinodermata _______ c. Echiura _______ d. Chordata _______ e. Pogonophora 2.13 Toxic secretions in amphibians are frequently accompanied by _______ a. warning coloration. _______ b. warts and claws. _______ c. Mullerian mimicry. _______ d. Batesian mimicry. _______ e. cryptobiosis. 2.14 The echinoderm excretory system is best described as: _______ a. protonephridial _______ b. metanephridial _______ c. primitive _______ d. derived _______ e. nonexistent 2.15 The ____________________ house the radial canals of the sea star water

vascular system. _______ a. pedicellariae _______ b. ambulacral grooves _______ c. Polian vesicles _______ d. lateral canals _______ e. Tiedemann bodies 2.16 The branchial sac of a tunicate plays a role in which of the following

functions? _______ a. Filter feeding _______ b. Respiration _______ c. Maintenance of the hydroskeleton _______ d. Discharge of gametes from the body _______ e. All of these 2.17 One region of the sea star stomach, the ________________, receives ingested food. _______ a. gizzard _______ b. crop _______ c. cardiac stomach _______ d. pylorus _______ e. rectal cecum

X

X

X

X

X

X



2.18 Sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers belong to the phylum _______ a. Echinodermata. _______ b. Pogonophora. _______ c. Echiura. _______ d. Taroigrada. _______ e. Phoronida. 2.19 The voice box of birds is called the _______ a. vocal cord. _______ b. larynx. _______ c. vocalizer. _______ d. bronchus. _______ e. syrinx. 2.20 Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the

blood and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as a _____________ mechanism.

_______ a. osmotic _______ b. passive _______ c. countercurrent _______ d. active _______ e. exchange 2.21 Excretion in enteropneusts (acorn worm) involves a series of blood sinuses called the _______ a. flame bulb. _______ b. nephridium. _______ c. renal corpuscle. _______ d. kidney. _______ e. glomerulus. 2.22 Some sharks and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the gills by

holding the mouth open. This is called ______ ventilation. _______ a. buccal _______ b. pneumatic _______ c. costal _______ d. active _______ e. ram

X

X

X

X

X

X



2.23 Ilium, ischium, and pubis comprise the ________ of tetrapods. _______ a. hind limbs _______ b. front limbs _______ c. neck _______ d. pectoral girdle _______ e. pelvic girdle 2.24 The posterior end of an adult tunicate is in the region of the _______ a. siphuncle. _______ b. oral siphon. _______ c. atrial siphon. _______ d. siphonoglyph. _______ e. head. 2.25 The lateral line of a shark is used for _______ a. excretion of urea and water. _______ b. detecting odors. _______ c. detecting and locating objects and moving animals in the water. _______ d. secreting mucus as a swimming lubricant. _______ e. detecting the heat of prey animals. 2.26 The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis of an echinoderm are

called the _______ a. ambulacrae. _______ b. Tiedemann's bodies. _______ c. madreporite. _______ d. pedicellariae. _______ e. ossicles. 2.27 Gas exchange across the skin is called _______ a. ram ventilation. _______ b. countercurrent exchange. _______ c. cutaneous respiration. _______ d. buccopharyngeal exchange. _______ e. branchial respiration. 2.28 The major osmoregulatory problems of freshwater fishes are _______ a. water loss and salt loss. _______ b. water gain and salt loss. _______ c. water gain and salt gain. _______ d. water loss and salt gain. _______ e. nonexistent because freshwater fishes are isosmotic to their environment.

X

X

X

X

X

X



2.29 This membrane produces the shell of a reptilian egg: _______ a. Amnion _______ b. Chorion _______ c. Allantois _______ d. Placenta _______ e. None of these 40 pts Part 3: Fill in the missing word, or provide the one word answer in the space provided

at the end of the sentence. If the line is missing, add it.

3.1 In the ancestor to the mammals this part of the epidermis produced scents

and smells. __________________

3.2 This and the ulna form the lower paired bones of the tetrapod

forearm. __________________

3.3 You won't find these skeletal elements in a lamprey. __________________

3.4 To allow better manoeuvrability these ray-finned fish fins are now used for

locomotion. __________________

3.5 This part of the sea star stomach can be inverted to help feed on captured

prey. __________________

3.6 At one time there was a taxonomic group referred to as the Radiata. It included

Echinoderms and this animal phylum. __________________

3.7 These, not the lung, expand and contract when a bird breaths

(Two words). __________________

3.8 A ligular flip refers to this structure in a frog. __________________

3.9 Even though they have pharyngeal slits and pores, acorn worms don't have these

associated with the openings. __________________

3.10 The secondary acoustic pathway in amphibians detects these sound

frequencies. __________________

3.11 These feathers insulate a bird. __________________

3.12 The regulation of the change in the unique echinoderm connective tissue from flexible to

stiff is controlled by this system. __________________

X

Glands

Radius

Bones

Pectoral/pelvic

Cardiac

Cnidaria

Air sacs

Tounge

Gills

Low

Down

Nervous



3.13 Name given to the blocks of muscle along the length of the lamprey or

hagfish. __________________

3.14 Running early birds originally used their wigs to capture food and then later for

generating lift and subsequent flight. This name is given to this theory on the origins of

flight (Two words). __________________

3.15 Another name for the digestive glands found in the arms of a sea star

(Two words). __________________

3.16 The evidence of insulative feathers in more than one lineage of dinosaurs suggests to

scientists that this may have evolved more than once in the diapsids.

__________________

3.17 Unlike arthropods, but similar to echinoderms, chordates have this type of skeleton.

__________________

3.18 Number of chambers in an amphibian heart. __________________

3.19 When you study the different types of teeth in mammals you are studying this aspect of

its biology. __________________

3.20 Gas exchange in a bird occurs across these tubular structures found in the

lungs. __________________

3.21 Like all deuterostomes, echinoderms have this type of divided

coelom. __________________

3.22 The vertebrate mesoderm block has three parts, dorsal, middle and ventral. Which part

forms the segmental musculature? __________________

3.23 These are the smallest branches of the air ways inside the mammalian

lung. __________________

3.24 Describes the structure of the chordate dorsal nerve cord. __________________

3.25 This term describes the form of locomotion in frogs. It's a synonym for

jumping. __________________

3.26 Birds and these animals are sister groups in the diapsid lineage. __________________

3.27 This bone, along with the musculature of the body wall, secures the internal organs when

a frog jumps. __________________

3.28 This term refers to the wind pipe of a mammal. __________________

Myomeres

Ground up

Pyloric ceca

Endothermy

Endoskeleton

Three

Dentition

Parabronchi

Tripartite

Dorsal

Bronchioles

Hollow

Saltatory/Saltorial

Crocodiles

Sternum

Trachea



3.29 Type of symmetry seen in the larval stage of a cephalochordate. __________________

3.30 Another term describing that anterior swelling of the dorsal nerve

cord. __________________

3.31 Lobe-finned fish are the sister group to this vertebrate class. __________________

3.32 Name for the process that creates the neurotube-notochord-mesoderm complex in

chordates. __________________

3.33 Water passes through openings in this part of the digestive tract in both hemichordates

and chordates. __________________

3.34 Location of the ciliary organ in an acorn worm. __________________

3.35 You'll find these bones inside the dorsal lobe of a shark's tail. __________________

3.36 This specialized part of the mammalian nephron varies in length depending on how

important water retention (three words) __________________

3.37 This part of a sea urchin intestine, also called the stomach, is where digestion and nutrient

absorption occurs. __________________

3.38 A biologically more precise taxonomic term for the egg producing

mammals. __________________

3.39 Although a shark doesn't have a large stomach they do have a special valve in the

intestine that slows the passage of food and increases the surface area of

the gut. __________________

3.40 The geological period is often called the age of fishes because of the diversification of the

ray-finned fish at this time. __________________

PART 4 Starts on the next page

Assymetric

Brain

Amphibia

Induction

Pharynx

Preoral

Vertebrae

Loope of henle

Oral

Prototheria

Spiral

Devonian



10 pts Part 4. Using the numbers shown on the cladogram describe 5 of the 10 indicated events that defined the evolution of the major animal groups. Be sure to enter the character number in the table.

Character #

Description



The question asks for the events not the names of the taxa at these points along the cladogram. In cases where there are more than two any combination for a total of two points. Character 1: {Septate cell junctions between cells}{Choanocytes disappear} Character 2 {appearance of true tissues} {includes ectoderm and endoderm}{symmetry along and oral aboral axis} Character 3: {blastopore becomes the mouth} {nervous system with ventral nerve cord} Character 4: {moulted/ecdysis cuticle/exoskelton}{reinforced with chitin or collagen}{loss of cilia}{Coelom absent} Character 5: Presence of either {lophophore} or {Trochophore larva}. The two points are awarded if the state that these is either – only one point if the answer indicates that both are present. Character 6: {Loss of coelom/acoelomate or pseudocoelomates} {loss of metaphridia}{loss of circulatory system} Character 7: {dipleurula lara}{blastopore forms the anus} {tripartite coelom} Character 8: {pharyngeal gill slits}{dorsal hollow nerve cord} Character 9: {sessile with a U-shaped gut}{presence of a lophophore}{tripartite coelom WITH a lophophore} Charcter 10: {Spiral cleavage} two points for the one character



36 pts Part 5: Answer 6 of the following 10 questions in the space provided. Each is worth 6 points. There is no bonus. 5.1 How does feeding and use of the pharyngeal gill slits differ in Hemichordates and chordates? Both: {consolidate food in mucous} and {water flow carries it into the digestive system} Mucous origin: Hemichordate {ciliary sorting organ on proboscis that creates a mucous string} Chordate: {endostyle in floor of pharnx creates a net over the pharyngeal openings} Food trapping: Hemichordate {pharyngeal openings have no role} Chordate: {openings essential for food trapping in the net that covers them} 5.2 What is knotting behaviour, what group of animals do it and why is it important? {in hagfish/Mixini} Importance 1: {in feeding}{grasp the surface of the food with mouth/dental plate and tounge}{slide the knot to get a grip on food} Importance 2: {produces slime}{behaviour removes the slime from the hagfish’s body so won’t suffocate}



5.3 Two different types of chordates have spiral valves. Who has them and what do they do in each? {Frog – amphibian}{Part of the circulatory system}{Determines if blood flows to the lungs/pulmonary circuit – used to prevent blood flow into the pulmonary circuit} {Chondrichtheyes/cartilaginous fish/sharks} {digestive system} {slows the movement of food through the digestive tract, (doesn’t increase absorption significantly the wall still does that} 5.4 A number of unique adaptations allowed the bony fish to be able to remain still (not always having to swim) in the aquatic environment. Describe them. {Movement and position of the Pectoral and Pelvic Fins/ must state both} – {change from being more or less immovable in cartiolagenous fishes and embedded in the musculature of the body wall to highly articulated and moveable with their own musculature.} {Neutral Buoancy}- {Change from oils in shark to swim bladder in fish} {Ventillation of the gills} {Change from ram ventilation and constant swimming in the shark to the opercular gill that pulls water over the gills without swimming}



5.5 What is genome duplication, what animal group has undergone duplication and what was the advantage of doing so? 3pts What it is: {easy point – is a complete duplication of the genome of an organism} {Gnathostome vertebrates have }{two rounds of genome duplication/four copies of the genome}{third round/8 copies in Bony Fish} to a maximum of three 3pts advantages: {Assumed increased potential for diversification}{one can carry on with the original function while the second can be subject to change and modification or selection}{If a gene mutates there is a backup copy and the mutation may not be harmful} to a maximum of three 5.6 How does a tube-foot work? {Hydrostatic skeleton} {fluid is the water vascular system} {valve in lateral canal isolates the foot from the system} {Muscle in ampulla contract and extend foot} {suction cup on tip of foot holds onto the substrate} {Muscles in wall of foot bend and lever the foot}



5.7 Briefly compare how an amphibian, reptile and mammal ventilate their lungs. Amphibian: {Buccal force mechanism}{Air is swallowed and pushed into the lungs by contracting the size of the mouth cavity} Reptile: {Negative pressure – suction mechanism}{Expansion of the rib cage by intercostal muscles sucks air in} Some students are going to give a detail of the bird lung but the answer is really this simple Mammal {Negative pressure – suction mechanism {For this point they must mention both the Expansion of the rib cage AND the muscular diapgram to suck air into the lungs} 5.8 Describe how an acorn worm feeds? {Sessile filter feeders/live in burrows}{Cilia on proboscis collect particulate food move it to preoral ciliary organ}{sorts the particles and suitable size enters the mouth}{Food particles in mucous}{propelled into digestive tract with cilia} {food concentrated by removal of water across the gill pores/pharyngeal slits}



5.9 What taxon has deciduous, diphyodont dentition? What is it and why is having this advantageous for the group? Taxon with: {Mammals} {Decidous refers to the fact that the teeth or shed} {Dyphyodont refers that there are two sets of teeth involved in the process} Advantage: {Mammal jaw continues to grow after they are born}{This allows more teeth to be added when the jaw reaches final size}{Insures there is a full set of teeth along the length of the smaller juvenile and larger adult jaws} {Extra teeth that are added are the molars} Any two points from this last set. The students will want to talk about the different types of teeth which is term heterodont which is not a part of the question 5.10. What are the autapomorphies that define the urochordates. Briefly describe each autapomorphy. First is the {Tunic that covers the body}{mix of protein and carbohydrate chains}{charbohydrate is tunicin/ is a type of cellulose} Second is the {reversible heart beat}{in one direction the blood is rich in nutrients and low in oxygen to the tissues it supplies}{in the other direction it is oxygen rich and nutrient poor} Implication is that if it flowed only one way a tissue at one of the sequence wold never get suitable blood because of the loop.



20 pts Part 6: Answer the essay question in the examination booklet that has been provided. Please use both sides of the page and write double spaced, it’s much easier to read (Thanks)! HINT: You may find it advantageous to organise your thoughts in point form using the first page of your examination booklet All animals have to obtain oxygen and transport it to actively metabolizing tissues that require it. Using an example organism from each of the following four categories and compare oxygen acquisition and its transport in each of the animals you have chosen

A) A invertebrate marine deuterostome B) A terrestrial deuterostome C) A marine protostome D) An terrestrial protostome

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BIO 2135 - Animal Form and Function Final Examination ...salinella.bio.uottawa.ca/BIO2135/Outline/Final17_ANS.pdf · 2.3 The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are