G.R. No. L-10572 December 21, 1915FRANCIS A. CHURCHILL and S!"AR AI, #$a%n&%''(-a##e$$ee(, )(.*A+!S *. RAFF!R,, Co$$ec&or o' In&erna$ Re)en-e, de'endan&-a##e$$an&.A&&orne.-Genera$ A)ance/a 'or a##e$$an&.A%&0en and DeSe$m( 'or a##e$$ee(. R!N, *.12e 3-d4men& a##ea$ed 'rom %n &2%( ca(e #er#e&-a$$. re(&ra%n( and #ro2%b%&( &2e de'endan& and 2%( de#-&%e( 'rom co$$ec&%n4 and en'orc%n4 a4a%n(& &2e #$a%n&%''( and &2e%r #ro#er&. &2e ann-a$ &a5 men&%oned and de(cr%bed %n (-b(ec&%on 6b7 o' (ec&%on 100 o' Ac& No. 2889, e''ec&%)e *-$. 1, 1919, and 'rom de(&ro.%n4 or remo)%n4 an. (%4n, (%4nboard, or b%$$board, &2e #ro#er&. o' &2e #$a%n&%''(, 'or&2e (o$e rea(on &2a& (-c2 (%4n, (%4nboard, or b%$$board %(, or ma. be, o''en(%)e &o &2e (%42&: and decree( &2e cance$$a&%on o' &2e bond 4%)en b. &2e #$a%n&%''( &o (ec-re &2e %((-ance o' &2e #re$%m%nar. %n3-nc&%on 4ran&ed (oon a'&er &2e commencemen& o' &2%( ac&%on.2%( ca(e d%)%de( %&(e$' %n&o &;o #ar&( and 4%)e( r%(e &o &;o ma%n e &2e e5%(&ence and (o-rce( o' &2%( #o$%ce #o;er &2an &o mar0 %&( bo-ndar%e(, or &o #re(cr%be $%m%&( &o %&( e5erc%(e.@ In S&one )(. +%((%((%##% 6101 U.S., A197, %& ;a( (a%d1 @+an. a&&em#&( 2a)e been made %n &2%( co-r& and e$(e;2ere &o de'%ne &2e #o$%ce #o;er, b-& ne)er ;%&2 en&%re (-cce((. I& %( a$;a.( ea(%er &o de&erm%ne ;2e&2er a #ar&%c-$ar ca(e come( ;%&2%n &2e 4enera$ (co#e o' &2e #o;er, &2an &o 4%)e an ab(&rac& de'%n%&%on o' &2e #o;er %&(e$', ;2%c2 ;%$$ be %n a$$ re(#ec&( acc-ra&e.@C&2er co-r&( 2a)e 2e$d &2e (ame )o; o' e''or&( &o e)o$)e a (a&%('ac&or. de'%n%&%on o' &2e #o$%ce #o;er. +an%'e(&$., de'%n%&%on( ;2%c2 'a%$ &o an&%c%#a&e ca(e( #ro#er$. ;%&2%n &2e (co#e o' &2e #o$%ce #o;er are de'%c%en&. I& %( nece((ar., &2ere'ore, &o con'%ne o-r d%(c-((%on &o &2e #r%nc%#$e %n)o$)ed and de&erm%ne ;2e&2er &2e ca(e( a( &2e. come -# are ;%&2%n &2a& #r%nc%#$e. 2e ba(%c %dea o' c%)%$#o$%&. %n &2e Un%&ed S&a&e( %( &2a& 4o)ernmen& (2o-$d %n&er'ere ;%&2 %nd%)%d-a$ e''or& on$. &o &2e e5&en& nece((ar. &o #re(er)e a 2ea$&2. (oc%a$ and econom%c cond%&%on o' &2e co-n&r.. S&a&e %n&er'erence ;%&2 &2e -(e o' #r%)a&e #ro#er&. ma. be e5erc%(ed %n &2ree ;a.(. F%r(&, &2ro-42 &2e #o;er o' &a5a&%on, (econd, &2ro-42 &2e #o;er o' em%nen& doma%n, and &2%rd, &2ro-42 &2e #o$%ce #o;er. E-. &2e '%r(& me&2od %& %( a((-med &2a& &2e %nd%)%d-a$ rece%)e( &2e eed a$on4 $%ne( ;2%c2 ma0e %& #o((%b$e 'or $ar4e comb%na&%on( o' ca#%&a$ &o #ro'%& a& &2e e5#en(e o' &2e (oc%o-econom%c #ro4re(( o' &2e na&%on b. con&ro$$%n4 #r%ce( and d%c&a&%n4 &o %nd-(&r%a$ ;or0er( ;a4e( and cond%&%on( o' $abor. No& on$. &2%( b-& &2e -n%)er(a$ -(e o' mec2an%ca$ con&r%)ance( b. #rod-cer( and common carr%er( 2a( enormo-($. %ncrea(ed &2e &o$$ o'2-man $%'e and $%mb %n &2e #rod-c&%on and d%(&r%b-&%on o' con(-m#&%on 4ood(. o &2e e5&en& &2a& &2e(e b-(%ne((e( a''ec& no& on$. &2e #-b$%c 2ea$&2, (a'e&., and mora$(, b-& a$(o &2e 4enera$ (oc%a$ and econom%c $%'e o' &2e na&%on, %& 2a( been and ;%$$ con&%n-e &o be nece((ar. 'or &2e (&a&e &o %n&er'ere b. re4-$a&%on. E. (o do%n4, %& %( &r-e &2a& &2e en3o.men& o' #r%)a&e #ro#er&. %( %n&er'ered ;%&2 %n no (ma$$ de4ree and %n ;a.( &2a& ;o-$d 2a)e been con(%dered en&%re$. -nnece((ar. %n .ear( 4one b.. 2e re4-$a&%on o' ra&e( c2ar4ed b. common carr%er(, 'or %n(&ance, or &2e $%m%&a&%on o' 2o-r( o' ;or0 %n %nd-(&r%a$ e(&ab$%(2men&( 2a)e on$. a )er. %nd%rec& bear%n4 -#on &2e #-b$%c 2ea$&2, (a'e&., and mora$(, b-& do bear d%rec&$. -#on (oc%a$ and econom%c cond%&%on(. o #erm%& eac2 %nd%)%d-a$ -n%& o' (oc%e&. &o 'ee$ &2a& 2%( %nd-(&r. ;%$$ br%n4 a 'a%r re&-rn: &o (ee &2a& 2%( ;or0 (2a$$ be done -nder cond%&%on( &2a& ;%$$ no& e%&2er %mmed%a&e$. or e)en&-a$$. r-%n 2%( 2ea$&2: &o #re)en& &2e ar&%'%c%a$ %n'$a&%on o' #r%ce( o' &2e &2%n4( ;2%c2 are nece((ar. 'or 2%( #2.(%ca$ ;e$$ be%n4are ma&&er( ;2%c2 &2e %nd%)%d-a$ %( no $on4er ca#ab$e o' a&&end%n4 &o 2%m(e$'. I& %( ;%&2%n &2e #ro)%nce o' &2e #o$%ce #o;er &o render a((%(&ance &o &2e #eo#$e &o &2e e5&en& &2a& ma. be nece((ar. &o (a'e4-ard &2e(e r%42&(. Hence, $a;( #ro)%d%n4 'or &2e re4-$a&%on o' ;a4e( and 2o-r(o' $abor o' coa$ m%ner( 6Ra%$ D R%)er Coa$ Co. )(. a.$or, 289 U.S., 2297: re