Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice

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  • 8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice

    1/8

    G u t

    1 9 9 6 ; 3 8 :

    9 2 5 - 9 3 1

    B i l i a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    promotes

    K u p i f e r

    c e l l

    recovery

    in obstructive

    aundice

    W

    D B

    C l e m e n t s ,

    M c C a i g u e ,

    P E r w i n , I

    H a l l i d a y ,

    B

    J

    R o w l a n d s

    A b s t r a c t

    B a c k g r o u n d - J a u n d i c e d

    p a t i e n t s u n d e r -

    g o i n g

    s u r g i c a l p r o c e d u r e s

    h a v e an

    i n c r e a s e d

    r i s k

    o f

    Gram

    n e g a t i v e

    s e p s i s

    w i t h

    p o t e n t i a l

    m o r b i d i t y

    and

    m o r t a l i t y .

    D e p r e s s e d

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l

    c l e a r a n c e

    c a p a c i t y

    (KCCC)

    p r e d i s p o s e s

    j a u n d i c e d

    p a t i e n t s

    t o

    e n d o t o x a e m i a

    and

    i t s s e q u e l a e .

    B i l i a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    r e m a i n s

    t h e

    main t h e r a -

    p e u t i c

    s t r a t e g y

    i n

    o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .

    Aims-This

    s t u d y

    i n v e s t i g a t e s

    t h e

    e f f i c a c y

    o f

    i n t e r n a l

    ( I D ) and

    e x t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e ( E D )

    on

    KCCC

    i n

    an

    e x p e r i m e n -

    t a l

    model

    o f e x t r ah e p at i c

    b i l i a r y

    o b s t r u c -

    t i o n .

    M e t h o d s - A d u l t

    male W i s t a r

    r a t s

    ( 2 5 0 - 3 0 0

    g )

    were

    a s s i g n e d

    t o on e

    o f

    s i x

    g r o u p s :

    sham o p e r a t e d ,

    where

    t h e

    b i l e

    d u c t

    was

    m o b i l i s e d

    b u t

    n o t

    d i v i d e d ;

    b i l e

    d u c t l i g a t i o n

    (BDL)

    f o r

    t h r e e

    w e e k s ,

    and

    sham o p e r a t e d

    o r

    BDL f o r

    t h r e e

    w e e k s

    f o l l o w e d b y

    a s e c o n d

    l a p a r o t o m y

    and

    f u r t h e r

    2 1

    d a y s

    o f

    ID

    o r

    ED, b y

    w ay

    o f

    c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y

    o r

    c h o l e d o -

    c h o v e s i c a l

    f i s t u l a r e s p e c t i v e l y .

    KCCC

    w as

    m e a s u r e d

    u s i n g

    an

    i s o l a t e d

    h e p a t i c

    p e r f u -

    s i o n

    t e c h n i q u e

    w i t h

    FITC

    l a b e l l e d l a t e x

    p a r t i c l e s

    ( 0 . 7 5

    , u )

    a s

    t h e

    t e s t

    p r o b e .

    Plasma

    was

    a s s a y e d

    f o r

    b i l i r u b i n ,

    e n d o t o x i n ,

    and

    a n t i c o r e

    g l y c o l i p i d

    a n t i b o d y

    (ACGA)

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .

    R e s u l t s - J a u n d i c e d

    r a t s

    had

    r e d u c e d

    KCCC

    ( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) ,

    i n c r e a s e d

    c o n c e n t r a -

    t i o n s

    o f ACGA

    (p

  • 8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice

    2/8

    C l e m e n t s ,

    M c C a i g u e , E r v i n , H a l l i d a y ,

    R o w l a n d s

    T i s s u e

    d a m a g e / o r g a n

    f a i l u r e

    T N F o c , I L 1 l a , l L 1 - 0 ,

    I L 6 , 1 L 8 , s u p e r o x i d e

    I n c r e a s e d

    K u p f f e r c e l l

    ?

    s e c r e t i o n

    S y s t e m i c

    e n d o t o x a e m i a

    A /

    t o

    a

    p h y s i o l o g i c a l

    s t a t e

    i n

    a

    ' g l a s s l u n g ' ( P e t e r

    B r o o k s , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y ,

    O x f o r d ,

    E n g l a n d )

    a n d

    d e l i v e r e d a t a c o n s t a n t

    f l o w r a t e o f 2 5

    m l / m i n .

    The l i v e r w a s i n i t i a l l y p e r f u s e d

    w i t h

    b u f f e r

    a l o n e

    f o r

    1 0

    m i n u t e s t o

    p e r m i t

    a c c l i m a -

    t i s a t i o n o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y ,

    b u f f e r

    c o n t a i n i n g

    l a t e x

    p a r t i c l e s

    w a s

    p e r f u s e d

    f o r a f u r t h e r 1 0

    m i n u t e s

    a n d

    1

    m l

    s a m p l e s o f

    e f f l u e n t

    p e r f u s a t e

    c o l l e c t e d

    f r o m t h e

    h e p a t i c

    v e i n s a t o n e

    m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s .

    F l u o r e s c e n t

    p a r t i c l e s a p p e a r e d

    i n t h e e f f l u e n t

    p e r f u s a t e

    w i t h i n s e c o n d s a n d r e a c h e d

    a

    s t e a d y

    s t a t e w i t h i n

    t w o t o

    t h r e e m i n u t e s .

    The mean

    v a l u e

    w a s t a k e n

    f o r

    1 0

    r e a d i n g s

    t h r o u g h o u t t h e

    p e r i o d o f

    t h e

    p e r f u s i o n

    a n d t h e c o e f f i c i e n t

    o f

    v a r i a t i o n

    r a n g e d

    f r o m

    2 . 5 0 / o - 8 . 7 5 . T r a n s -

    m i s s i o n

    e l e c t r o n

    m i c r o s c o p y

    c o n f i r m e d a l m o s t

    e x c l u s i v e

    i n g e s t i o n

    o f

    p a r t i c l e s

    b y

    t h e

    K u p i f e r

    c e l l p o p u l a t i o n

    ( F i g

    3 ) .

    The

    f l u o r e s c e n c e o f t h e

    i n f l u e n t a n d

    e f f l u e n t

    p e r f u s a t e

    w a s m e a s u r e d

    ( e m i s s i o n

    5 4 0 n m / e x c i t a t i o n 4 6 4

    n m )

    a n d

    c l e a r a n c e

    c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n c e

    i n

    t h e

    t w o

    v a l u e s .

    KCCC w a s

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    a

    p e r c e n t -

    a g e o f

    t h e

    i n f l u e n t

    p e r f u s a t e .

    V i a b i l i t y

    c r i t e r i a w e r e

    a d j u d g e d

    d u r i n g a n d

    a t t h e e n d o f

    t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t .

    S u c c e s s f u l p e r -

    f u s i o n

    w a s b as e d

    o n

    t h e

    a p p r a i s a l

    o f

    t h e

    g r o s s

    a p p e a r a n c e

    o f t h e

    l i v e r ,

    w h e r e t h e r e

    w a s

    u n i f o r m b l a n c h i n g

    o f

    t h e

    l i v e r s u bs t an c e w i t h

    a l l

    l o b e s

    h a v i n g

    a

    h o m o g e n e o u s a p p e a r a n c e ,

    u n o b s t r u c t e d

    p e r f u s a t e

    f l o w a t

    a

    c o n s t a n t

    p r e s s u r e

    o f 1 0 cm H 2 O , a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f

    t h e

    p e r f u s a t e

    pH

    ( 7 . 2 - 7 A 4 ) .

    The e f f l u e n t

    p e r -

    f u s a t e i s

    a n a l y s e d

    t o e n s u r e t h a t p o t a s s i u m

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

    a n d t r a n s a m i n a s e

    ( A S T ,

    ALT,

    a n d

    LDH)

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e m a i n w i t h i n

    n o r m a l l i m i t s

    ( < 5

    m m o l / l a n d < 20 I U / 1

    g r e a t e r

    t h a n

    s e r u m

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,

    r e s p e c -

    t i v e l y ) .

    A f t e r

    p e r f u s i o n

    t h e

    v i a b i l i t y

    w a s

    a s s e s s e d

    u s i n g

    b o t h

    l i g h t

    a n d e l e c t r o n

    m i c r o s c o p y

    t o e x c l u d e h e p a t o c y t e

    s w e l l i n g

    a n d

    v a c u o l a t i o n ,

    l o s s o f

    m i c r o v i l l i ,

    a n d

    s w e l l i n g

    o f

    m i t o c h o n d r i a . The

    p e r f u s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

    t h e l i v e r s w e r e t h e

    same i n

    a l l

    g r o u p s

    s t u d i e d .

    A N I M A L M O D E L S

    ( F I G

    4 )

    F i g u r e

    1 :

    D i a g r a m m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

    o u r

    h y p o t h e s i s f o r

    t h e

    m e c h a n i s m

    o f s y s t e m i c

    e n d o t o x a e m i a .

    T h i s o u t l i n e s t h e r o l e

    o f

    t h e g u t - l i v e r

    a x i s

    i n

    t h e

    p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f

    e n d o t o x a e m i a

    i n

    e x t r a h e p a t i c

    b i l i a r y

    o b s t r u c t i o n .

    v e i n

    a n d

    t h e

    l i v e r

    i s o l a t e d

    w i t h

    1

    7G

    p o l y -

    s t y r e n e

    c a n n u l a e

    p l a c e d

    i n t h e

    p o r t a l

    and

    s u p r a d i a p h r a g m a t i c

    vena

    cava v i a t h e

    r i g h t

    a t r i u m .

    The

    h e p a t i c a r t e r y

    was

    c l i p p e d ,

    t h e

    i n f r a d i a p h r a g m a t i c

    vena

    cava

    was

    l i g a t e d ,

    a n d

    t h e

    l i v e r

    p e r f u s e d

    i n an

    a n t e g r a d e

    f a s h i o n

    t h r o u g h

    t h e

    p o r t a l

    v e i n

    ( F i g 2 ) .

    The

    p e r f u s i o n

    medium

    u s e d

    was

    h a e m o g l o b i n

    f r e e K r e b s -

    H e n s e l e i t

    b i c a r b o n a t e

    b u f f e r

    s u p p l e m e n t e d

    w i t h 0.5

    g l u c o s e

    and

    0.5

    a l b u m i n . T he

    t e s t

    p r o b e

    was

    f l u o r e s c e i n i s o t h y o c y a n a t e

    l a b e l l e d

    l a t e x

    p a r t i c l e s ,

    0 7 5

    , u m

    i n

    d i a m e t e r

    w i t h

    a

    c o e f f i c i e n t o f

    v a r i a t i o n f o r

    d i a m e t e r and f l u o -

    rescence

    o f

    l e s s t h a n

    5 ,

    a t

    a

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n

    o f

    1 0 5 / m l ,

    w h i c h

    was

    t h e

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n

    w h e r e b y

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l c l e a r a n c e

    was

    m a x i m a l , o b s e r v i n g

    zero o r d e r

    k i n e t i c s

    ( F l u o r e s b r i t e

    p a r t i c l e s ,

    P o l y s c i e n c e s ,

    N o r t h a m p t o n ,

    E n g l a n d ) .

    P e r f u s a t e

    was

    o x y g e n a t e d

    and h e a t e d

    ( 3 7 C )

    B i l e

    d u c t l i g a t i o n

    A n i m a l s

    w e r e

    g i v e n

    a n a n a e s t h e t i c

    c o c k t a i l

    o f

    0 . 1

    m l o f

    Hypnorm ( f e n t a n y l

    c i t r a t e , 0 . 3 1 5

    m g / m l ;

    f l u a n i s o n e ,

    1 0

    m g / m l ;

    J a n s s e n

    P h a r m a c e u t i c a l , O x f o r d , E n g l a n d ) ,

    a n d

    0 - 2 5

    mg

    o f

    d i a z e p a m

    ( R o c h e

    P r o d u c t s ,

    Welwyn

    G a r d e n

    C i t y ,

    E n g l a n d ) . T h r o u g h

    a

    1

    cm u p p e r

    m i d l i n e t h e

    common b i l e

    d u c t

    w a s

    m o b i l i s e d ,

    d o u b l y l i g a t e d

    w i t h

    5 / 0

    s i l k

    a t t h e

    p o r t a h e p a t i s

    a n d

    t h e n

    d i v i d e d .

    C h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y ( I D )

    a n d

    c h o l e d o c h v e s i c a l f i s t u l a

    ( E D )

    The

    c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y

    w a s

    p e r f o r m e d

    u s i n g

    a m o d i f i c a t i o n

    o f t h e

    t e c h n i q u e

    d e s c r i b e d

    b y

    R y a n

    e t a l

    i n

    1 9 7 7 . 1 9 The

    method

    u s e d was

    t h a t

    d e s c r i b e d

    b y

    D i a m o n d , 2 0

    w h e r e b y

    a t

    t h e

    i n i t i a l b i l e

    d u c t

    l i g a t i o n

    a

    s i l a s -

    t i c

    c a n n u l a

    (Dow C o m i n g ,

    R e a d i n g ,

    E n g l a n d )

    was

    i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e

    p r o x i m a l

    common

    b i l e

    d u c t a n d s e c u r e d

    u s i n g

    s i l k t i e s

    p l a c e d

    a r o u n d

    9 2 6

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  • 8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice

    3/8

    B i l i a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    p r o m o t e s

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l

    r e c o v e r y i n

    o b s t r u c t i v e

    j a u n d i c e

    F i g u r e

    2 :

    D i a g r a m m a t i c

    r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

    o f t h e

    components

    c o n s t i t u t i n g

    t h e

    i s o l a t e d

    organ

    p e r f u s i o n

    s y s t e m .

    T h e i m p o r t a n t

    component

    t h a t

    marries

    t h e

    p e r i s t a l t i c

    pump, oxygen

    s o u r c e , a n d

    r e s e r v o i r

    o f

    i n f l u e n t

    p e r f u s a t e

    i s t h e

    m u l t i b u l b

    oxygenator

    ( g l a s s

    l u n g ) .

    t h e

    common

    d u c t .

    The

    l o w e r

    e n d

    o f

    t h e

    c a n n u l a i s

    k i n k e d a n d l i g a t e d

    t o

    cause

    b i l i a r y

    o b s t r u c t i o n .

    The

    r e v e r s a l

    o p e r a t i o n i s

    t h e n

    s i m p l y a matter

    o f

    d i v i d i n g

    t h e

    l i g a t u r e

    a n d

    i n s e r t i n g

    t h e

    d i s t a l e n d

    o f

    t h e

    c a n n u l a i n t o

    t h e

    duodenum

    t h r o u g h

    a

    purse

    s t r i n g

    s u t u r e .

    The

    c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l

    f i s t u l a

    was

    i n i t i a l l y

    d e s c r i b e d

    b y

    B u r k e

    e t a l

    i n

    1 9 7 7 2 1

    and

    s u b -

    s e q u e n t l y

    t h e

    t e c h n i q u e

    was

    i m p r o v e d

    b y

    Diamond a n d

    R o w l a n d s i n

    1 9 9 0 . 2 2

    A t

    t h e

    i n i t i a l

    o p e r a t i o n

    a

    s i l a s t i c

    c a n n u l a

    i s

    i n s e r t e d

    i n t o t h e

    common

    b i l e

    d u c t a n d

    t h e

    l o w e r

    e n d

    i n t r o d u c e d

    i n t o t h e

    dome

    o f t h e

    u r i n a r y

    b l a d d e r

    t h r o u g h

    a s i l k

    purse

    s t r i n g s u t u r e .

    The

    m i d d l e

    p o r t i o n o f

    t h e

    c a n n u l a

    i s

    k i n k e d

    a n d

    l i g a t e d

    t o

    p r o d u c e

    b i l i a r y

    o b s t r u c t i o n .

    A t t h e

    r e v e r s a l

    p r o c e d u r e t h e

    l i g a t u r e

    i s

    r e l e a s e d

    per-

    m i t t i n g

    s t e r i l e

    e x t e r n a l

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    o f

    t h e

    b i l i a r y system v i a

    t h e

    b l a d d e r .

    T h i s

    model

    h a s

    o b v i o u s

    a d v a n t a g e s

    over

    o t h e r

    m e t h o d s

    o f

    e x t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e

    n a m e l y

    t h e

    d e c r e a s e d

    r i s k o f

    exogenous

    i n f e c t i o n and

    i n a d v e r t e n t

    d i s l o d g e m e n t o f

    t h e

    c a n n u l a .

    P o s t c h o l e s t a t i c

    c h o l e r e s i s

    occurs

    i n t h e

    i m m e d i a t e

    p e r i o d

    a f t e r

    l i g a t u r e

    r e l e a s e

    i n

    t h e

    CDVF

    group

    a n d

    must

    b e

    r e p l a c e d

    b y

    d a i l y s u b c u t a n e o u s

    i n j e c t i o n o f

    n o r m a l

    s a l i n e

    f o r

    f i v e

    d a y s

    a f t e r

    r e v e r s a l .

    NIM L

    GROUPS

    S i x

    groups

    o f

    a d u l t m a l e

    W i s t a r r a t s

    ( 2 5 0 -

    30 0

    g ) ( n =

    1 0

    per

    g r o u p )

    f r o m ou r

    b r e e d i n g

    c o l o n y

    were

    s t u d i e d .

    Sham

    o p e r a t e d ,

    w h e r e

    t h e

    b i l e

    d u c t was

    m o b i l i s e d

    b u t not

    d i v i d e d ,

    b i l e

    d u c t

    l i g a t i o n

    and d i v i s i o n

    (BDL)

    f o r

    t h r e e

    w e e k s ,

    and sham

    o p e r a t e d

    or

    BDL f o r

    t h r e e

    w e e k s f o l l o w e d

    b y

    a s e c o n d

    l a p a r o t o m y

    a f t e r

    2 1

    d a y s when

    e i t h e r CDVF

    or CDD

    was

    per-

    f o r m e d t o

    p e r m i t

    ED

    and

    ID

    r e s p e c t i v e l y

    f o r

    a

    f u r t h e r 2 1

    d a y

    p e r i o d .

    The

    a n i m a l s

    w ere

    f e d

    s t a n d a r d

    chow w i t h water

    a d

    l i b i t u m .

    ASSAYS

    P r i o r

    t o

    h e p a t i c

    p e r f u s i o n

    b l o o d

    s a m p l e s

    w ere

    c o l l e c t e d

    a s e p t i c a l l y

    f r o m

    t h e

    i n f e r i o r

    vena

    cava

    a n d

    i m m e d i a t e l y

    p l a c e d

    i n

    h e p a r i n i s e d

    v i a l s

    on

    i c e a n d

    s u b s e q u e n t l y

    c e n t r i f u g e d

    a t

    4 C .

    P l a s m a

    s a m p l e s

    were

    a l i q u o t e d

    a n d

    s t o r e d

    a t

    -70C f o r

    s u b s e q u e n t

    a s s a y .

    E n d o -

    t o x i n

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

    were

    a s s a y e d

    u s i n g

    t h e

    q u a n t i t a t i v e

    L i m u l u s

    L y s a t e

    c h r o m o g e n i c

    a s s a y

    ( Q u a d r a t e c h ,

    E p s o m ,

    E n g l a n d )

    a n d

    e x p r e s s e d

    i n

    p i c o g r a m s

    p e r

    m i l l i l i t r e .

    A n t i c o r e

    g l y c o l i p i d a n t i b o d y

    t h e

    r e l a t i v e

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n

    o f

    a n t i b o d i e s

    t o t h e

    core

    r e g i o n

    o f

    c i r c u l a t i n g

    e n d o t o x i n

    were

    m e a s u r e d

    u s i n g

    a n

    enzyme

    l i n k e d

    i m m u n o s o r b e n t

    a s s a y

    t e c h n i q u e

    t h a t

    u s e d

    m i c r o t i t r e

    p l a t e s

    c o a t e d

    w i t h a

    c o c k t a i l o f

    F i g u r e

    3 :

    T r a n s m i s s i o n

    e l e c t r o n

    m i c r o g r a p h

    o f

    a

    t y p i c a l

    h e p a t i c

    s i n u s o i d

    a f t e r p e r f u s i o n

    w i t h

    l a t e x

    p a r t i c l e s

    i n

    a

    n o r m a l

    r a t .

    T h e

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l

    ( K C )

    n u c l e u s i s

    s u r r o u n d e d

    b y

    l a t e x

    p a r t i c l e

    ( a r r o w e d ) .

    T h e

    h e p a t o c y t e s

    ( H )

    are

    i n

    c l o s e

    a p p o s i t i o n

    t o t h e

    s i n u s o i d a l

    c e l l s .

    9 2 7

    9 5

    o x y g e n

    5

    C O 2

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    C l e m e n t s , M c C a i g u e ,

    E r w i n , H a l l i d a y ,

    R o w l a n d s

    f ou r c or e

    h i g h l y

    c o n s e r v e d i n n e r c o r e

    g l y c o -

    l i p i d

    s t r u c t u r e s

    c o m p l e x e d

    w i t h p o l y m y x i n

    B

    s u l p h a t e a s

    d e s c r i b e d b y

    S c o t t

    a n d

    B a r c l a y . 2 3

    P r e d i l u t e d

    s a m p l e s w e r e

    i n c u b at e d w i t h

    t h e

    s o l i d

    p h a s e ,

    a n d

    b o u n d

    r a t I g G

    w a s

    d e t e c t e d

    u s i n g

    a

    s p e c i f i c a n t i r a t

    I g G - p e r o x i d a s e c o n -

    j u g a t e

    ( S e r o t e c , O x f o r d ,

    E n g l a n d ) .

    The

    r e s u l t s

    a r e

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s a p e r c e n t ag e o f

    t h e

    mean

    v a l u e

    o b t a i n e d

    f r o m

    a

    b a n k

    o f

    n o r m a l

    c o n t r o l

    r a t s . B i l i r u b i n

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e a s s a y e d

    u s i n g

    a

    s t a n d a r d

    t e c h n i q u e , a n d r e s u l t s

    e x p r e s s e d

    i n

    m i c r o m o l e s

    p e r l i t r e .

    I n t e r n a l

    d r a i n a g e ( I D )

    E x t e r n a l

    d r a i n a g e

    ( E D )

    C h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y

    B i l e d u c t

    l i g a t i o n

    C h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l

    f i s t u l a

    F i g u r e 4 : D i a g r a m m a t i c

    r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

    o f

    t h e a n i m a l m o d e l s u s e d i n t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t .

    T h i s

    c a r t o o n o u t l i n e s

    t h e

    m e t h o d

    o f

    i n t e m a l

    a n d e x t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e

    u s e d

    i n

    o u r

    l a b o r a t o r y .

    S u m m a r y o f

    t h e

    r e s u l t s

    o f

    K u p i f e r

    c e l l c l e a r a n c e

    c a p a c i t y

    i n

    j a u n d i c e d

    a n d

    r a t s

    t r e a t e d

    w i t h

    i n t e r n a l

    a n d

    e x t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    B i l i r u b i n

    ACGA

    E n d o t o x i n

    KCCC

    M o d e l

    ( , u m o l / l )

    (

    c o n t r o l ) ( p g / m l ) ( 0 )

    BDL

    1 6 8 ( 1 2 . 3 ) *

    3 4 0 . 3

    ( 6 0 ) *

    1 0 0

    ( 5 1 . 1 ) *

    1 4 - 6 ( 1 . 8 ) *

    Sham

    1 - 2

    ( 0 . 3 ) 1 2 0 - 2

    ( 8 . 5 ) 7 - 1

    ( 2 . 5 )

    3 8 - 5

    ( 1 - 4 )

    S/ED

    2 - 3 ( 1 . 1 )

    1 0 8

    ( 1 5 - 6 ) 2 - 9 ( 1 - 7 )

    3 4 - 4

    ( 2 )

    S / I D

    2 - 7

    ( 0 . 8 )

    1 4 0

    ( 1 6 - 5 )

    3 - 7 ( 2 . 5 )

    4 0 - 1 ( 3 . 4 )

    B/ED

    3 - 3

    ( 1 - 5 ) 1 1 0 - 6

    ( 7 . 2 )

    3 - 7

    ( 2 . 6 )

    3 3 . 9

    ( 1 9 ) t

    B / I D

    2 - 7 ( 0 . 9 ) 1 1 5 - 4

    ( 1 0 . 9 )

    7 - 5 ( 6 . 2 ) 4 2 - 9 ( 1 - 6 )

    D a t a a r e mean

    ( S E M ) .

    * p < 0 . 0 0 1 ,

    t p < 0

    0 1 .

    B D L = b i l e

    d u c t

    l i g a t i o n

    f o r t h r e e

    w e e k s ; sham=sham

    o p e r a t i o n

    f o r t h r e e

    w e e k s ;

    S/ED=sham

    o p e r a t i o n

    ( 3 / 5 2 )

    f o l l o w e d

    b y

    c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l

    f i s t u l a

    ( 3 / 5 2 ) ;

    S / I D = s h a m

    o p e r a t i o n

    ( 3 / 5 2 )

    f o l l o w e d

    b y

    c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y

    ( 3 / 5 2 ) ;

    B / E D = B D L

    ( 3 / 5 2 )

    f o l l o w e d

    b y c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l

    f i s t u l a

    ( 3 / 5 2 ) ;

    B/ID=BDL

    ( 3 / 5 2 )

    f o l l o w e d

    b y

    c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y

    ( 3 / 5 2 ) ;

    A C G A = a n t i c o r e

    g l y c o l i p i d

    a n t i b o d y ; K C C C = K u p f f e r

    c e l l c l e a r a n c e

    c a p a c i t y .

    e T T

    | t

    Sham

    S J C D D 1

    S I C D V F

    B o t h

    t h e s e m e t h o d s

    w e r e u s e d t o

    i n c r e a s e

    o u r

    s e n s i t i v i t y

    f o r

    s y s t e m i c

    e n d o t o x i n d e t e c -

    t i o n .

    The L A L

    a s s a y

    s e r v e s

    a s

    t h e

    g o l d

    s t a n d a r d

    m e t h o d

    f o r

    e n d o t o x i n

    m e a s u r e m e n t ,

    h o w e v e r ,

    t h i s

    t e c h n i q u e

    h a s b e e n

    p l a g u e d

    w i t h a

    v a r i e t y

    o f

    p h y s i c a l

    a n d

    t e c h n i c a l

    p r o b l e m s , w h i c h

    h a v e

    l i m i t e d

    i t s u s e f u l n e s s .

    The EndoCab

    a s s a y

    o v e r c o m e s

    many o f t h e

    p r o b l e m s

    a s s o c i a t e d

    w i t h

    d i r e c t

    m e a s u r e m e n t

    o f

    p l a s m a

    e n d o t o x i n .

    STATISTICAL

    ANALYSIS

    S t a t i s t i c a l

    a n a l y s e s

    w e r e

    p e r f o r m e d u s i n g

    t h e

    K r u s k a l - W a l l i s

    a n a l y s i s

    o f

    v a r i a n c e , Mann-

    W h i t n e y

    U

    t e s t ,

    a n d t h e

    S p e a r m a n

    r a n k c o r r e -

    l a t i o n

    c o e f f i c i e n t .

    D i f f e r e n c e s

    w e r e

    c o n s i d e r e d

    s i g n i f i c a n t

    a t

    t h e

    5

    l e v e l

    ( p < 0 - 0 5 ) .

    R e s u l t s

    a r e

    e x p r e s s e d

    a s

    mean

    ( S E M ) . C a l c u l a t i o n s

    w e r e

    p e r f o r m e d

    u s i n g

    A r c u s

    P r o s t a t i s t i c s

    s o f t -

    w a r e

    ( I a i n B u c h a n ,

    O x f o r d ,

    E n g l a n d ) .

    R e s u l t s

    The T a b l e

    s u m m a r i s e s

    t h e r e s u l t s o f

    t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t . M o r t a l i t y

    w a s

    m i n i m a l

    o v e r

    t h e

    c o u r s e o f t h e

    e x p e r i m e n t .

    F o u r r a t s d i e d :

    o n e

    f r o m t h e BDL

    g r o u p ,

    o n e

    f r o m t h e

    sham/ED

    g r o u p ,

    a n d t w o

    f r o m t h e

    B D U / E D

    g r o u p . The

    b i l e d u c t

    l i g a t e d r a t s w e r e

    c l i n i c a l l y

    j a u n d i c e d

    t h i n

    b u t w i t h s i m i l a r

    e n e r g y l e v e l s

    t o

    c o n t r o l

    a n i m a l s . The b i l e d u c t

    l i g a t e d r a t s

    l o s t more

    w e i g h t

    t h a n t h e

    sham

    o p e ra t ed a n i m al s

    b u t

    b y

    t w o

    w e e k s

    p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y w e r e s t a r t i n g

    t o

    r e c o u p t h e l o s s

    a n d g a i n e d

    w e i g h t a t

    a

    s i m i l a r

    r a t e

    t o

    c o n t r o l r a t s . B i l e

    d u c t

    l i g a t e d

    r a t s

    h a d

    p r o n o u n c e d

    d i l a t a t i o n

    o f

    t h e p r o x i m a l

    b i l e

    d u c t

    w i t h

    h e p a t o s p l e n o m e g a l y . The w e t

    l i v e r

    t o

    b o d y

    w e i g h t

    r a t i o

    w a s

    s i g n i f i c a n t l y

    i n c r e a s e d

    i n t h e

    j a u n d i c e d r a t s

    (BDL3 0 . 0 5 8 4

    ( 0 - 0 0 1 3 5 ) ,

    s h a m 3

    0 . 0 3 8 6

    ( 0 . 0 0 0 6 ) ,

    p

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    9 3 0

    C l e m e n t s , M c C a i g u e ,

    E r w i n , H a U l i d a y ,

    R o w l a n d s

    t h e

    r e s u l t o f d e p r es s e d

    h e p a t i c

    s i n u s o i d a l

    p e r f u -

    s i o n .

    I n c o n t r a s t ,

    o t h e r s

    h a v e s h o w n

    n o c h a n g e

    i n

    s i n u s o i d a l

    b l o o d f l o w

    i n t h e c a n i n e

    b i l e

    d u c t

    l i g a t i o n m o d e l

    a n d j a u n d i c e d

    p a t i e n t s . 3 8

    4 7

    L i t t l e i s

    k n o w n o f e v e n t s

    a t

    a

    m i c r o v a s c u l a r

    l e v e l w i t h i n

    t h e

    l i v e r . We h a v e

    s h o w n i n

    a n

    i m a g e a n a l y s i s

    s t u d y

    o f

    K u p f f e r c e l l s

    i n t h e

    j a u n d i c e d

    r a t t h a t d e s p i t e

    a n

    i n c r e a s e

    i n

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l s i z e

    a n d n u m b e r s

    w i t h

    e x c e s s i v e

    l y s o s o m a l b o d i e s t h e

    s i n o s o i d a l

    s p a c e i s

    m a s -

    s i v e l y

    c o m p r o m i s e d , w h i c h

    ma y

    e f f e c t u p t a k e

    o f p a r t i c l e s . 4 8

    We h a v e

    a l s o

    s h o w n t h a t t h e r e

    i s

    a d e c r e a s e

    i n m a j o r h i s t o c o m p a t i b i l i t y

    c o m p l e x

    c l a s s i c a n t i g e n

    e x p r e s s i o n

    o n m o n o n u c l e ar c e l l s

    i n

    t h e

    b i l e d u c t l i g a t e d

    r a t 4 9

    s u g g e s t i n g

    d e c r e a s e d a c t i v a t i o n

    o f t h e s e

    a n t i g e n

    p r e s e n t i n g

    c e l l s . D e s p i t e

    t h e

    l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n

    o n

    t h e

    e x a c t p a t h o p h y s i o l o g i c a l

    m e c h a n i s m

    o f

    d e p r e s s e d p h a g o c y t i c

    c a p a c i t y

    i n

    j a u n d i c e ,

    b i l i -

    a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    r e m a i n s

    t h e m a i n t h e r a p e u -

    t i c

    s t r a t e g y

    u s e d

    i n

    j a u n d i c e d p a t i e n t s .

    T h e r e

    i s

    c l i n i c a l a n d

    e x p e r i m e n t a l

    e v i d e n c e

    t h a t b i l i a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    r e s u l t s

    i n

    g l o b a l

    i m p r o v e m e n t

    i n h o s t

    immune

    f u n c t i o n .

    T h e r e

    i s s t i l l

    s o m e

    d i s a g r e e m e n t

    o n

    t h e

    p e r i o d

    o f

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    r e q u i r e d

    t o p e r m i t

    i m m u n o l o g i c a l

    r e c o v e r y

    o f

    t h e

    v a r i o u s

    c e l l u l a r

    s u b p o p u l a t i o n s

    c o n s t i t u t i n g

    t h e h o s t

    immune s y s t e m .

    W e

    h a v e s h o w n t h a t

    t h r e e w e e k s

    o f

    b i l i a r y

    d e c o m p r e s s i o n

    r e s u l t s

    i n

    n o r m a l i s a t i o n

    o f

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l

    c l e a r a n c e

    c a p a c i t y

    w i t h c o m p l e t e

    n e g a t i o n

    o f s y s t e m i c

    e n d o -

    t o x a e m i a .

    M o s t

    e x p e r i m e n t a l

    a n d

    c l i n i c a l e v i -

    d e n c e p o i n t s

    t o a

    r e c o v e r y p e r i o d

    o f a t

    l e a s t

    w e e k s

    a n d

    p o s s i b l y

    m o n t h s

    f o r f u l l

    i m m u n o -

    l o g i c a l

    r e c o v e r y 3 7

    3 9

    5 0 5 2

    a l t h o u g h

    m o r e

    r e c e n t l y

    D i n g

    e t

    a l

    h a v e

    s h o w n

    t h a t h e p a t i c

    c l e a r a n c e

    o f

    r a d i o l a b e l l e d

    E s c h e r i c h i a

    c o l i

    h a s

    r e t u r n e d

    t o

    n o r m a l

    w i t h i n

    d a y s o f

    i n t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y d e c o m p r e s s i o n , 3 8

    a l t h o u g h

    t h e r a t s

    u n d e r

    s t u d y

    w e r e s u b j e c t e d

    t o a

    s h o r t e r

    p e r i o d

    o f

    b i l e

    d u c t l i g a t i o n

    -

    t h a t

    i s ,

    1 4

    d a y s .

    We

    c o n c u r w i t h t h e

    f i n d i n g s

    o f Gouma e t

    a l

    t h a t

    i n t e r n a l

    b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e

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    t h a n e x t e r n a l d r a i n a g e . 5 3

    The i m p l i c a t i o n

    o f

    t h i s

    f i n d i n g

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    Gram

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    l u m e n . 5 4

    5 5

    I t

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    K u p f f e r

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    K u p f f e r

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    K u p i f e r

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    o n c e l l u l a r

    immune f u n c t i o n . 3 '

    W e

    a r e

    p r e s e n t l y i n v e s t i g a t i n g

    t h e p r i m a r y r o l e

    o f

    e n d o t o x i n

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    c e l l d y s f u n c t i o n

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    s u m m a r y

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    n o r m a l i s i n g

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    p r e s s u r e s

    w i t h i n t h e b i l i a r y

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    i s i m p o r t a n t

    t o c o m p l e m e n t

    t h i s w i t h

    r e s t o r a -

    t i o n o f

    g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l

    b i l e

    f l o w .

    The p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f

    c o m p l i c a t i o n s

    o c c u r r i n g

    i n b i l i a r y o b s t r u c t i o n i s c o m p l e x

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    u n d o u b t e d l y m u l t i f a c t o r i a l .

    To d a t e

    t h e r e i s

    l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n

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    s h o u l d b e a i m e d

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    t h e

    e f f e c t s o f e n d o t o x a e m i a

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    t i o n a l , p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l

    a n d i m m u n o l o g i c a l

    s t r a t e g i e s o f a u g m e n t i n g K u p f f e r

    c e l l

    f u n c -

    t i o n ,

    a n d

    p r o m o t i n g g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l

    m u c o s a l

    i n t e g r i t y .

    1 A r m s t r o n g

    C P , D i xo n J M , T a y l o r

    T V ,

    D a v i e s GC.

    S u r g i c a l

    e x p e r i e n c e

    o f

    d e e p l y

    j a u n d i c e d p a t i e n t s

    w i t h

    b i l e

    d u c t

    o b s t r u c t i o n . B r 7 S u r g

    1 9 8 4 ;

    7 1 : 2 3 4 - 8 .

    2 P a i n J A, C a h i l l

    C J ,

    B a i l e y

    ME.

    P e r i o p e r a t i v e

    c o m p l i c a t i o n s

    i n o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e : t h e r a p e u t i c

    c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

    B r

    J f

    S u r g

    1 9 8 5 ;

    7 2 : 9 4 2 - 5 .

    3

    Holman

    J M ,

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    L F ,

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    F G .

    S e p s i s

    i n

    m a n a g e -

    m e n t

    o f

    c o m p l i c a t e d

    b i l i a r y

    d i s o r d e r s . Am

    J f

    S u r g

    1 9 7 9 ;

    1 3 8 : 8 0 9 - 1 3 .

    4

    D i a m o n d T ,

    R o w l a n d s B J . E n d o t o x a e m i a

    i n

    o b s t r u c t i v e

    j a u n d i c e .

    HPB

    S u r g

    1 9 9 1 ;

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    8 1 - 9 4 .

    5 D e i t c h

    E A .

    The

    i m m u n o c o m p r o m i s e d

    h o s t .

    S u r g

    C l i n N o r t h

    Am

    1 9 8 8 ;

    6 8 :

    1 8 1 - 9 0 .

    6

    B r a d f i e l d

    J W B .

    C on tr ol o f

    s p i l l o v e r :

    t h e

    i m p o r t a n c e

    o f

    K u p f f e r

    c e l l f u n c t i o n

    i n c l i n i c a l

    m e d ic i ne . L an c e t 1 9 74 ; i i :

    8 8 3 - 6 .

    7

    C l e m e n t s W DB,

    H a l l i d a y M I , M c C a i g u e

    M D , B a r c l a y G R ,

    R o w l a n d s

    B J .

    Th e

    e f f e c t s

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    e x t r a h e p a t i c o b s t r u c t i v e

    j a u n d i c e o n K up f fe r

    c e l l c l e a r a n c e

    c a p a c i t y ( K C C C ) .

    A r c h

    S u r g

    1 9 9 3 ;

    1 2 8 : 2 0 0 - 5 .

    8

    F o u t c h

    P G .

    p r o s p e c t i v e

    a s s e s s m e n t

    o f

    r e s u l t s f o r n e e d l e -

    k n i f e

    p a p i l l o t o m y

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    s t an d ar d e n d o s c op i c s p h i n c t e r o -

    t o m y .

    G a s t r o i n t e s t E n d o s c

    1 9 9 5 ;

    4 1 :

    2 5 - 3 2 .

    9 v a n d e n

    B o s c h

    R P ,

    v a n

    d e r

    S c h e l l i n g

    G P , K l i n k e n b i j l

    J H ,

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    P G ,

    v a n B l an k e n st e i n M, J e e k e l

    J .

    G u i d e l i n e s

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    t h e

    a p p l i c a t i o n

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    o f t h e

    p a n c r e a s .

    Ann

    S u r g

    1 9 9 4 ;

    2 1 9 : 1 8 - 2 4 .

    1 0

    L i l l i m o e

    KD ,

    S a u t e r

    P K ,

    P i t t

    HA ,

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    C J ,

    C a m e r o n

    J L .

    C u r r e n t

    s t a t u s o f

    s u r g i c a l p a l l i a t i o n

    o f

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    c i n o m a .

    S u r g G y n e c o l

    O b s t e t

    1 9 9 3 ;

    1 7 6 :

    1 - 1 0 .

    1 1

    B o e n d e r

    J ,

    N i x G A , d e R i dd e r

    MA, D e e s

    J ,

    S c h u t t e

    H E , v a n

    B u u r e n HR,

    e t a l .

    E n d o s c o p i c

    s p h i n c t e r o t o m y a n d b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e

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    p a t i e n t s

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    c h o l a n g i t i s

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    t o

    common

    b i l e

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    Am

    J

    G a s t r o e n t e r o l 1 9 9 5 ;

    9 0 : 2 3 3 - 8 .

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    S i k o r a

    S S , K a p o o r R ,

    P r a d e e p

    R , K a p o o r VK,

    S a x e n a

    R ,

    K a u s h i k

    S P . P a l l i a t i v e

    s u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f m al i gn an t

    o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .

    E u r

    J

    S u r g

    O n c o l

    1 9 9 4 ;

    2 0 : 5 8 0 - 4 .

    1 3 B a k k e v o l d K E ,

    K a m b e s t a d B .

    M o r b i d i t y

    a n d

    m o r t a l i t y a f t e r

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    p a l l i a t i v e

    p a n c r e a t i c

    c a n c e r s u r g e r y . R i s k

    f a c t o r s

    i n f l u e n c i n g

    t he s h o r t - t e r m r e s u l t s .

    Ann

    S u r g 1 9 9 3 ;

    2 1 7 : 3 5 6 - 6 8 .

    1 4 L a i

    E C ,

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    C Y ,

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    S T ,

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    e t a l .

    S u r g e r y

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    a n a l y s i s

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    m o r t a l i t y . S u r g e r y

    1 9 9 2 ;

    1 1 2 : 8 9 1 - 6 .

    1 5 S u

    C H ,

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    WY. F a c t o r s

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    a n d

    m o r t a l i t y

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    t r a c t

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    W o r l d

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    S u r g

    1 9 9 2 ;

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    5 3 6 - 4 0 .

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    D i a m o n d

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    T h o m p s o n

    R L E ,

    R o w l a n d s B J .

    D e v e l o p m e n t a n d

    r e v e r s a l

    o f

    e n d o t o x a e m i a a n d

    e n d o -

    t o x i n

    r e l a t e d d e a t h

    i n o b s t r u c t i v e

    j a u n d i c e . S u r g e r y

    1 9 9 0 ;

    1 0 8 :

    3 7 0 - 5 .

    1 7

    C l e m e n t s WDB, H a l l i d a y

    M I , R o w l a n d s

    B J .

    M e a s u r i n g

    K u p f f e r

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    t e c h n i q u e .

    B i o c h e m

    S o c

    T ra ns 1 9 9 4; 2 2 :

    2 4 S .

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    Hems

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    B e r r y

    M N,

    K r e b s

    HA .

    G l u c o n e o g e n e s i s

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    t h e

    p e r f u s e d

    r a t

    l i v e r . B i o c h e m J f 1 9 6 6 ; 1 0 1 : 2 8 4 - 9 2 .

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    R y a n C J ,

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    d e n o s t o m y

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    j a u n d i c e . J f

    S u r g

    R e s

    1 9 7 7 ; 2 3 : 3 2 1 - 3 1 .

    2 0 Diamond

    T ,

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    S ,

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    i m p r o v e d

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    L a b A n i m a l S c i

    1 9 9 1 ;

    4 1 :

    8 2 - 3 .

    2 1

    B u r k e

    V ,

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    D E ,

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    J .

    E f f e c t s o f

    b i l i a r y

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    t h e

    r a t .

    J

    Med M i c r o b i o l

    1 9 7 7 ;

    1 0 :

    2 4 1 - 4 .

    2 2

    Diamond T ,

    R o w l a n d s

    B J . C h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l f i s t u l a :

    a

    m o d e l

    f o r

    s t e r i l e

    ' e x t e r n a l '

    b i l i a r y

    d r a i n a g e . S u r g

    R e s

    Commun

    1 9 9 0 ; 8 : 1 3 1 - 8 .

    2 3

    S c o t t B B , B a r c l a y

    RG.

    E n d o t o x i n - P o l y m y x i n

    c o m p l e x e s

    i n

    a n

    i m p r o v e d

    e n z y m e - l i n k e d

    i m m u n o s o r b e n t

    a s s a y

    f o r

    I g G

    a n t i b o d i e s i n b l o o d d o n o r

    s e r a t o g r a m - n e g a t i v e

    e n d o -

    t o x i n

    c o r e g l y c o l i p i d s .

    V o x

    S a n g 1 9 8 7 ; 5 2 :

    2 7 2 - 8 0 .

    2 4

    B l a m e y

    S L ,

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    KCH,

    G i l m o u r

    W H,

    O s b o u r n e

    DH,

    C a r t e r DC. P r e d i c t i o n o f r i s k i n

    b i l i a r y

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    B i l i a t y d e c o m p r e s s i o n

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    S u r g

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    a n d

    wound

    h e a l i n g . BrJ

    S u r g

    1 9 9 0 ;

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    2 9 W a r d l e

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    1 9 7 0 ;

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    3 0 B a i l e y ME.

    E n d o t o x i n ,

    b i l e s a l t s

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    S u r g

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    D i a m o n d

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    S u rg R e s

    Commun

    1 9 8 9 ;

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    3 3 C l e m e n t s

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    R o w l a n d s B J . C o n c l u s i v e

    e v i d e n c e

    f o r

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    o b s t r u c t i o n .

    G u t 1 9 9 3 ; 3 4 ( s u p p l

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  • 8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice

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    W D Clements, M McCaigue, P Erwin, et al.recovery in obstructive jaundice.Biliary decompression promotes Kupffer cell

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