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8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice
1/8
G u t
1 9 9 6 ; 3 8 :
9 2 5 - 9 3 1
B i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
promotes
K u p i f e r
c e l l
recovery
in obstructive
aundice
W
D B
C l e m e n t s ,
M c C a i g u e ,
P E r w i n , I
H a l l i d a y ,
B
J
R o w l a n d s
A b s t r a c t
B a c k g r o u n d - J a u n d i c e d
p a t i e n t s u n d e r -
g o i n g
s u r g i c a l p r o c e d u r e s
h a v e an
i n c r e a s e d
r i s k
o f
Gram
n e g a t i v e
s e p s i s
w i t h
p o t e n t i a l
m o r b i d i t y
and
m o r t a l i t y .
D e p r e s s e d
K u p f f e r
c e l l
c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y
(KCCC)
p r e d i s p o s e s
j a u n d i c e d
p a t i e n t s
t o
e n d o t o x a e m i a
and
i t s s e q u e l a e .
B i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
r e m a i n s
t h e
main t h e r a -
p e u t i c
s t r a t e g y
i n
o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .
Aims-This
s t u d y
i n v e s t i g a t e s
t h e
e f f i c a c y
o f
i n t e r n a l
( I D ) and
e x t e r n a l
b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e ( E D )
on
KCCC
i n
an
e x p e r i m e n -
t a l
model
o f e x t r ah e p at i c
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c -
t i o n .
M e t h o d s - A d u l t
male W i s t a r
r a t s
( 2 5 0 - 3 0 0
g )
were
a s s i g n e d
t o on e
o f
s i x
g r o u p s :
sham o p e r a t e d ,
where
t h e
b i l e
d u c t
was
m o b i l i s e d
b u t
n o t
d i v i d e d ;
b i l e
d u c t l i g a t i o n
(BDL)
f o r
t h r e e
w e e k s ,
and
sham o p e r a t e d
o r
BDL f o r
t h r e e
w e e k s
f o l l o w e d b y
a s e c o n d
l a p a r o t o m y
and
f u r t h e r
2 1
d a y s
o f
ID
o r
ED, b y
w ay
o f
c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
o r
c h o l e d o -
c h o v e s i c a l
f i s t u l a r e s p e c t i v e l y .
KCCC
w as
m e a s u r e d
u s i n g
an
i s o l a t e d
h e p a t i c
p e r f u -
s i o n
t e c h n i q u e
w i t h
FITC
l a b e l l e d l a t e x
p a r t i c l e s
( 0 . 7 5
, u )
a s
t h e
t e s t
p r o b e .
Plasma
was
a s s a y e d
f o r
b i l i r u b i n ,
e n d o t o x i n ,
and
a n t i c o r e
g l y c o l i p i d
a n t i b o d y
(ACGA)
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .
R e s u l t s - J a u n d i c e d
r a t s
had
r e d u c e d
KCCC
( p < 0 . 0 0 1 ) ,
i n c r e a s e d
c o n c e n t r a -
t i o n s
o f ACGA
(p
8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice
2/8
C l e m e n t s ,
M c C a i g u e , E r v i n , H a l l i d a y ,
R o w l a n d s
T i s s u e
d a m a g e / o r g a n
f a i l u r e
T N F o c , I L 1 l a , l L 1 - 0 ,
I L 6 , 1 L 8 , s u p e r o x i d e
I n c r e a s e d
K u p f f e r c e l l
?
s e c r e t i o n
S y s t e m i c
e n d o t o x a e m i a
A /
t o
a
p h y s i o l o g i c a l
s t a t e
i n
a
' g l a s s l u n g ' ( P e t e r
B r o o k s , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y ,
O x f o r d ,
E n g l a n d )
a n d
d e l i v e r e d a t a c o n s t a n t
f l o w r a t e o f 2 5
m l / m i n .
The l i v e r w a s i n i t i a l l y p e r f u s e d
w i t h
b u f f e r
a l o n e
f o r
1 0
m i n u t e s t o
p e r m i t
a c c l i m a -
t i s a t i o n o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n . S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
b u f f e r
c o n t a i n i n g
l a t e x
p a r t i c l e s
w a s
p e r f u s e d
f o r a f u r t h e r 1 0
m i n u t e s
a n d
1
m l
s a m p l e s o f
e f f l u e n t
p e r f u s a t e
c o l l e c t e d
f r o m t h e
h e p a t i c
v e i n s a t o n e
m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s .
F l u o r e s c e n t
p a r t i c l e s a p p e a r e d
i n t h e e f f l u e n t
p e r f u s a t e
w i t h i n s e c o n d s a n d r e a c h e d
a
s t e a d y
s t a t e w i t h i n
t w o t o
t h r e e m i n u t e s .
The mean
v a l u e
w a s t a k e n
f o r
1 0
r e a d i n g s
t h r o u g h o u t t h e
p e r i o d o f
t h e
p e r f u s i o n
a n d t h e c o e f f i c i e n t
o f
v a r i a t i o n
r a n g e d
f r o m
2 . 5 0 / o - 8 . 7 5 . T r a n s -
m i s s i o n
e l e c t r o n
m i c r o s c o p y
c o n f i r m e d a l m o s t
e x c l u s i v e
i n g e s t i o n
o f
p a r t i c l e s
b y
t h e
K u p i f e r
c e l l p o p u l a t i o n
( F i g
3 ) .
The
f l u o r e s c e n c e o f t h e
i n f l u e n t a n d
e f f l u e n t
p e r f u s a t e
w a s m e a s u r e d
( e m i s s i o n
5 4 0 n m / e x c i t a t i o n 4 6 4
n m )
a n d
c l e a r a n c e
c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e d i f f e r e n c e
i n
t h e
t w o
v a l u e s .
KCCC w a s
e x p r e s s e d
a s
a
p e r c e n t -
a g e o f
t h e
i n f l u e n t
p e r f u s a t e .
V i a b i l i t y
c r i t e r i a w e r e
a d j u d g e d
d u r i n g a n d
a t t h e e n d o f
t h e
e x p e r i m e n t .
S u c c e s s f u l p e r -
f u s i o n
w a s b as e d
o n
t h e
a p p r a i s a l
o f
t h e
g r o s s
a p p e a r a n c e
o f t h e
l i v e r ,
w h e r e t h e r e
w a s
u n i f o r m b l a n c h i n g
o f
t h e
l i v e r s u bs t an c e w i t h
a l l
l o b e s
h a v i n g
a
h o m o g e n e o u s a p p e a r a n c e ,
u n o b s t r u c t e d
p e r f u s a t e
f l o w a t
a
c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e
o f 1 0 cm H 2 O , a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f
t h e
p e r f u s a t e
pH
( 7 . 2 - 7 A 4 ) .
The e f f l u e n t
p e r -
f u s a t e i s
a n a l y s e d
t o e n s u r e t h a t p o t a s s i u m
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
a n d t r a n s a m i n a s e
( A S T ,
ALT,
a n d
LDH)
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e m a i n w i t h i n
n o r m a l l i m i t s
( < 5
m m o l / l a n d < 20 I U / 1
g r e a t e r
t h a n
s e r u m
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
r e s p e c -
t i v e l y ) .
A f t e r
p e r f u s i o n
t h e
v i a b i l i t y
w a s
a s s e s s e d
u s i n g
b o t h
l i g h t
a n d e l e c t r o n
m i c r o s c o p y
t o e x c l u d e h e p a t o c y t e
s w e l l i n g
a n d
v a c u o l a t i o n ,
l o s s o f
m i c r o v i l l i ,
a n d
s w e l l i n g
o f
m i t o c h o n d r i a . The
p e r f u s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
t h e l i v e r s w e r e t h e
same i n
a l l
g r o u p s
s t u d i e d .
A N I M A L M O D E L S
( F I G
4 )
F i g u r e
1 :
D i a g r a m m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
o u r
h y p o t h e s i s f o r
t h e
m e c h a n i s m
o f s y s t e m i c
e n d o t o x a e m i a .
T h i s o u t l i n e s t h e r o l e
o f
t h e g u t - l i v e r
a x i s
i n
t h e
p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f
e n d o t o x a e m i a
i n
e x t r a h e p a t i c
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
v e i n
a n d
t h e
l i v e r
i s o l a t e d
w i t h
1
7G
p o l y -
s t y r e n e
c a n n u l a e
p l a c e d
i n t h e
p o r t a l
and
s u p r a d i a p h r a g m a t i c
vena
cava v i a t h e
r i g h t
a t r i u m .
The
h e p a t i c a r t e r y
was
c l i p p e d ,
t h e
i n f r a d i a p h r a g m a t i c
vena
cava
was
l i g a t e d ,
a n d
t h e
l i v e r
p e r f u s e d
i n an
a n t e g r a d e
f a s h i o n
t h r o u g h
t h e
p o r t a l
v e i n
( F i g 2 ) .
The
p e r f u s i o n
medium
u s e d
was
h a e m o g l o b i n
f r e e K r e b s -
H e n s e l e i t
b i c a r b o n a t e
b u f f e r
s u p p l e m e n t e d
w i t h 0.5
g l u c o s e
and
0.5
a l b u m i n . T he
t e s t
p r o b e
was
f l u o r e s c e i n i s o t h y o c y a n a t e
l a b e l l e d
l a t e x
p a r t i c l e s ,
0 7 5
, u m
i n
d i a m e t e r
w i t h
a
c o e f f i c i e n t o f
v a r i a t i o n f o r
d i a m e t e r and f l u o -
rescence
o f
l e s s t h a n
5 ,
a t
a
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f
1 0 5 / m l ,
w h i c h
was
t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
w h e r e b y
K u p f f e r
c e l l c l e a r a n c e
was
m a x i m a l , o b s e r v i n g
zero o r d e r
k i n e t i c s
( F l u o r e s b r i t e
p a r t i c l e s ,
P o l y s c i e n c e s ,
N o r t h a m p t o n ,
E n g l a n d ) .
P e r f u s a t e
was
o x y g e n a t e d
and h e a t e d
( 3 7 C )
B i l e
d u c t l i g a t i o n
A n i m a l s
w e r e
g i v e n
a n a n a e s t h e t i c
c o c k t a i l
o f
0 . 1
m l o f
Hypnorm ( f e n t a n y l
c i t r a t e , 0 . 3 1 5
m g / m l ;
f l u a n i s o n e ,
1 0
m g / m l ;
J a n s s e n
P h a r m a c e u t i c a l , O x f o r d , E n g l a n d ) ,
a n d
0 - 2 5
mg
o f
d i a z e p a m
( R o c h e
P r o d u c t s ,
Welwyn
G a r d e n
C i t y ,
E n g l a n d ) . T h r o u g h
a
1
cm u p p e r
m i d l i n e t h e
common b i l e
d u c t
w a s
m o b i l i s e d ,
d o u b l y l i g a t e d
w i t h
5 / 0
s i l k
a t t h e
p o r t a h e p a t i s
a n d
t h e n
d i v i d e d .
C h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y ( I D )
a n d
c h o l e d o c h v e s i c a l f i s t u l a
( E D )
The
c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
w a s
p e r f o r m e d
u s i n g
a m o d i f i c a t i o n
o f t h e
t e c h n i q u e
d e s c r i b e d
b y
R y a n
e t a l
i n
1 9 7 7 . 1 9 The
method
u s e d was
t h a t
d e s c r i b e d
b y
D i a m o n d , 2 0
w h e r e b y
a t
t h e
i n i t i a l b i l e
d u c t
l i g a t i o n
a
s i l a s -
t i c
c a n n u l a
(Dow C o m i n g ,
R e a d i n g ,
E n g l a n d )
was
i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e
p r o x i m a l
common
b i l e
d u c t a n d s e c u r e d
u s i n g
s i l k t i e s
p l a c e d
a r o u n d
9 2 6
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3/8
B i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
p r o m o t e s
K u p f f e r
c e l l
r e c o v e r y i n
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e
F i g u r e
2 :
D i a g r a m m a t i c
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f t h e
components
c o n s t i t u t i n g
t h e
i s o l a t e d
organ
p e r f u s i o n
s y s t e m .
T h e i m p o r t a n t
component
t h a t
marries
t h e
p e r i s t a l t i c
pump, oxygen
s o u r c e , a n d
r e s e r v o i r
o f
i n f l u e n t
p e r f u s a t e
i s t h e
m u l t i b u l b
oxygenator
( g l a s s
l u n g ) .
t h e
common
d u c t .
The
l o w e r
e n d
o f
t h e
c a n n u l a i s
k i n k e d a n d l i g a t e d
t o
cause
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
The
r e v e r s a l
o p e r a t i o n i s
t h e n
s i m p l y a matter
o f
d i v i d i n g
t h e
l i g a t u r e
a n d
i n s e r t i n g
t h e
d i s t a l e n d
o f
t h e
c a n n u l a i n t o
t h e
duodenum
t h r o u g h
a
purse
s t r i n g
s u t u r e .
The
c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l
f i s t u l a
was
i n i t i a l l y
d e s c r i b e d
b y
B u r k e
e t a l
i n
1 9 7 7 2 1
and
s u b -
s e q u e n t l y
t h e
t e c h n i q u e
was
i m p r o v e d
b y
Diamond a n d
R o w l a n d s i n
1 9 9 0 . 2 2
A t
t h e
i n i t i a l
o p e r a t i o n
a
s i l a s t i c
c a n n u l a
i s
i n s e r t e d
i n t o t h e
common
b i l e
d u c t a n d
t h e
l o w e r
e n d
i n t r o d u c e d
i n t o t h e
dome
o f t h e
u r i n a r y
b l a d d e r
t h r o u g h
a s i l k
purse
s t r i n g s u t u r e .
The
m i d d l e
p o r t i o n o f
t h e
c a n n u l a
i s
k i n k e d
a n d
l i g a t e d
t o
p r o d u c e
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
A t t h e
r e v e r s a l
p r o c e d u r e t h e
l i g a t u r e
i s
r e l e a s e d
per-
m i t t i n g
s t e r i l e
e x t e r n a l
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
o f
t h e
b i l i a r y system v i a
t h e
b l a d d e r .
T h i s
model
h a s
o b v i o u s
a d v a n t a g e s
over
o t h e r
m e t h o d s
o f
e x t e r n a l
b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e
n a m e l y
t h e
d e c r e a s e d
r i s k o f
exogenous
i n f e c t i o n and
i n a d v e r t e n t
d i s l o d g e m e n t o f
t h e
c a n n u l a .
P o s t c h o l e s t a t i c
c h o l e r e s i s
occurs
i n t h e
i m m e d i a t e
p e r i o d
a f t e r
l i g a t u r e
r e l e a s e
i n
t h e
CDVF
group
a n d
must
b e
r e p l a c e d
b y
d a i l y s u b c u t a n e o u s
i n j e c t i o n o f
n o r m a l
s a l i n e
f o r
f i v e
d a y s
a f t e r
r e v e r s a l .
NIM L
GROUPS
S i x
groups
o f
a d u l t m a l e
W i s t a r r a t s
( 2 5 0 -
30 0
g ) ( n =
1 0
per
g r o u p )
f r o m ou r
b r e e d i n g
c o l o n y
were
s t u d i e d .
Sham
o p e r a t e d ,
w h e r e
t h e
b i l e
d u c t was
m o b i l i s e d
b u t not
d i v i d e d ,
b i l e
d u c t
l i g a t i o n
and d i v i s i o n
(BDL)
f o r
t h r e e
w e e k s ,
and sham
o p e r a t e d
or
BDL f o r
t h r e e
w e e k s f o l l o w e d
b y
a s e c o n d
l a p a r o t o m y
a f t e r
2 1
d a y s when
e i t h e r CDVF
or CDD
was
per-
f o r m e d t o
p e r m i t
ED
and
ID
r e s p e c t i v e l y
f o r
a
f u r t h e r 2 1
d a y
p e r i o d .
The
a n i m a l s
w ere
f e d
s t a n d a r d
chow w i t h water
a d
l i b i t u m .
ASSAYS
P r i o r
t o
h e p a t i c
p e r f u s i o n
b l o o d
s a m p l e s
w ere
c o l l e c t e d
a s e p t i c a l l y
f r o m
t h e
i n f e r i o r
vena
cava
a n d
i m m e d i a t e l y
p l a c e d
i n
h e p a r i n i s e d
v i a l s
on
i c e a n d
s u b s e q u e n t l y
c e n t r i f u g e d
a t
4 C .
P l a s m a
s a m p l e s
were
a l i q u o t e d
a n d
s t o r e d
a t
-70C f o r
s u b s e q u e n t
a s s a y .
E n d o -
t o x i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
were
a s s a y e d
u s i n g
t h e
q u a n t i t a t i v e
L i m u l u s
L y s a t e
c h r o m o g e n i c
a s s a y
( Q u a d r a t e c h ,
E p s o m ,
E n g l a n d )
a n d
e x p r e s s e d
i n
p i c o g r a m s
p e r
m i l l i l i t r e .
A n t i c o r e
g l y c o l i p i d a n t i b o d y
t h e
r e l a t i v e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f
a n t i b o d i e s
t o t h e
core
r e g i o n
o f
c i r c u l a t i n g
e n d o t o x i n
were
m e a s u r e d
u s i n g
a n
enzyme
l i n k e d
i m m u n o s o r b e n t
a s s a y
t e c h n i q u e
t h a t
u s e d
m i c r o t i t r e
p l a t e s
c o a t e d
w i t h a
c o c k t a i l o f
F i g u r e
3 :
T r a n s m i s s i o n
e l e c t r o n
m i c r o g r a p h
o f
a
t y p i c a l
h e p a t i c
s i n u s o i d
a f t e r p e r f u s i o n
w i t h
l a t e x
p a r t i c l e s
i n
a
n o r m a l
r a t .
T h e
K u p f f e r
c e l l
( K C )
n u c l e u s i s
s u r r o u n d e d
b y
l a t e x
p a r t i c l e
( a r r o w e d ) .
T h e
h e p a t o c y t e s
( H )
are
i n
c l o s e
a p p o s i t i o n
t o t h e
s i n u s o i d a l
c e l l s .
9 2 7
9 5
o x y g e n
5
C O 2
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C l e m e n t s , M c C a i g u e ,
E r w i n , H a l l i d a y ,
R o w l a n d s
f ou r c or e
h i g h l y
c o n s e r v e d i n n e r c o r e
g l y c o -
l i p i d
s t r u c t u r e s
c o m p l e x e d
w i t h p o l y m y x i n
B
s u l p h a t e a s
d e s c r i b e d b y
S c o t t
a n d
B a r c l a y . 2 3
P r e d i l u t e d
s a m p l e s w e r e
i n c u b at e d w i t h
t h e
s o l i d
p h a s e ,
a n d
b o u n d
r a t I g G
w a s
d e t e c t e d
u s i n g
a
s p e c i f i c a n t i r a t
I g G - p e r o x i d a s e c o n -
j u g a t e
( S e r o t e c , O x f o r d ,
E n g l a n d ) .
The
r e s u l t s
a r e
e x p r e s s e d
a s a p e r c e n t ag e o f
t h e
mean
v a l u e
o b t a i n e d
f r o m
a
b a n k
o f
n o r m a l
c o n t r o l
r a t s . B i l i r u b i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e a s s a y e d
u s i n g
a
s t a n d a r d
t e c h n i q u e , a n d r e s u l t s
e x p r e s s e d
i n
m i c r o m o l e s
p e r l i t r e .
I n t e r n a l
d r a i n a g e ( I D )
E x t e r n a l
d r a i n a g e
( E D )
C h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
B i l e d u c t
l i g a t i o n
C h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l
f i s t u l a
F i g u r e 4 : D i a g r a m m a t i c
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f
t h e a n i m a l m o d e l s u s e d i n t h e
e x p e r i m e n t .
T h i s
c a r t o o n o u t l i n e s
t h e
m e t h o d
o f
i n t e m a l
a n d e x t e r n a l
b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e
u s e d
i n
o u r
l a b o r a t o r y .
S u m m a r y o f
t h e
r e s u l t s
o f
K u p i f e r
c e l l c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y
i n
j a u n d i c e d
a n d
r a t s
t r e a t e d
w i t h
i n t e r n a l
a n d
e x t e r n a l
b i l i a r y d e c o m p r e s s i o n
B i l i r u b i n
ACGA
E n d o t o x i n
KCCC
M o d e l
( , u m o l / l )
(
c o n t r o l ) ( p g / m l ) ( 0 )
BDL
1 6 8 ( 1 2 . 3 ) *
3 4 0 . 3
( 6 0 ) *
1 0 0
( 5 1 . 1 ) *
1 4 - 6 ( 1 . 8 ) *
Sham
1 - 2
( 0 . 3 ) 1 2 0 - 2
( 8 . 5 ) 7 - 1
( 2 . 5 )
3 8 - 5
( 1 - 4 )
S/ED
2 - 3 ( 1 . 1 )
1 0 8
( 1 5 - 6 ) 2 - 9 ( 1 - 7 )
3 4 - 4
( 2 )
S / I D
2 - 7
( 0 . 8 )
1 4 0
( 1 6 - 5 )
3 - 7 ( 2 . 5 )
4 0 - 1 ( 3 . 4 )
B/ED
3 - 3
( 1 - 5 ) 1 1 0 - 6
( 7 . 2 )
3 - 7
( 2 . 6 )
3 3 . 9
( 1 9 ) t
B / I D
2 - 7 ( 0 . 9 ) 1 1 5 - 4
( 1 0 . 9 )
7 - 5 ( 6 . 2 ) 4 2 - 9 ( 1 - 6 )
D a t a a r e mean
( S E M ) .
* p < 0 . 0 0 1 ,
t p < 0
0 1 .
B D L = b i l e
d u c t
l i g a t i o n
f o r t h r e e
w e e k s ; sham=sham
o p e r a t i o n
f o r t h r e e
w e e k s ;
S/ED=sham
o p e r a t i o n
( 3 / 5 2 )
f o l l o w e d
b y
c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l
f i s t u l a
( 3 / 5 2 ) ;
S / I D = s h a m
o p e r a t i o n
( 3 / 5 2 )
f o l l o w e d
b y
c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
( 3 / 5 2 ) ;
B / E D = B D L
( 3 / 5 2 )
f o l l o w e d
b y c h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l
f i s t u l a
( 3 / 5 2 ) ;
B/ID=BDL
( 3 / 5 2 )
f o l l o w e d
b y
c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
( 3 / 5 2 ) ;
A C G A = a n t i c o r e
g l y c o l i p i d
a n t i b o d y ; K C C C = K u p f f e r
c e l l c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y .
e T T
| t
Sham
S J C D D 1
S I C D V F
B o t h
t h e s e m e t h o d s
w e r e u s e d t o
i n c r e a s e
o u r
s e n s i t i v i t y
f o r
s y s t e m i c
e n d o t o x i n d e t e c -
t i o n .
The L A L
a s s a y
s e r v e s
a s
t h e
g o l d
s t a n d a r d
m e t h o d
f o r
e n d o t o x i n
m e a s u r e m e n t ,
h o w e v e r ,
t h i s
t e c h n i q u e
h a s b e e n
p l a g u e d
w i t h a
v a r i e t y
o f
p h y s i c a l
a n d
t e c h n i c a l
p r o b l e m s , w h i c h
h a v e
l i m i t e d
i t s u s e f u l n e s s .
The EndoCab
a s s a y
o v e r c o m e s
many o f t h e
p r o b l e m s
a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h
d i r e c t
m e a s u r e m e n t
o f
p l a s m a
e n d o t o x i n .
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
S t a t i s t i c a l
a n a l y s e s
w e r e
p e r f o r m e d u s i n g
t h e
K r u s k a l - W a l l i s
a n a l y s i s
o f
v a r i a n c e , Mann-
W h i t n e y
U
t e s t ,
a n d t h e
S p e a r m a n
r a n k c o r r e -
l a t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t .
D i f f e r e n c e s
w e r e
c o n s i d e r e d
s i g n i f i c a n t
a t
t h e
5
l e v e l
( p < 0 - 0 5 ) .
R e s u l t s
a r e
e x p r e s s e d
a s
mean
( S E M ) . C a l c u l a t i o n s
w e r e
p e r f o r m e d
u s i n g
A r c u s
P r o s t a t i s t i c s
s o f t -
w a r e
( I a i n B u c h a n ,
O x f o r d ,
E n g l a n d ) .
R e s u l t s
The T a b l e
s u m m a r i s e s
t h e r e s u l t s o f
t h e
e x p e r i m e n t . M o r t a l i t y
w a s
m i n i m a l
o v e r
t h e
c o u r s e o f t h e
e x p e r i m e n t .
F o u r r a t s d i e d :
o n e
f r o m t h e BDL
g r o u p ,
o n e
f r o m t h e
sham/ED
g r o u p ,
a n d t w o
f r o m t h e
B D U / E D
g r o u p . The
b i l e d u c t
l i g a t e d r a t s w e r e
c l i n i c a l l y
j a u n d i c e d
t h i n
b u t w i t h s i m i l a r
e n e r g y l e v e l s
t o
c o n t r o l
a n i m a l s . The b i l e d u c t
l i g a t e d r a t s
l o s t more
w e i g h t
t h a n t h e
sham
o p e ra t ed a n i m al s
b u t
b y
t w o
w e e k s
p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y w e r e s t a r t i n g
t o
r e c o u p t h e l o s s
a n d g a i n e d
w e i g h t a t
a
s i m i l a r
r a t e
t o
c o n t r o l r a t s . B i l e
d u c t
l i g a t e d
r a t s
h a d
p r o n o u n c e d
d i l a t a t i o n
o f
t h e p r o x i m a l
b i l e
d u c t
w i t h
h e p a t o s p l e n o m e g a l y . The w e t
l i v e r
t o
b o d y
w e i g h t
r a t i o
w a s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y
i n c r e a s e d
i n t h e
j a u n d i c e d r a t s
(BDL3 0 . 0 5 8 4
( 0 - 0 0 1 3 5 ) ,
s h a m 3
0 . 0 3 8 6
( 0 . 0 0 0 6 ) ,
p
8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice
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8/10/2019 Biliary Decompression Promotes Kupifer Cell Recovery in Obstructive Aundice
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9 3 0
C l e m e n t s , M c C a i g u e ,
E r w i n , H a U l i d a y ,
R o w l a n d s
t h e
r e s u l t o f d e p r es s e d
h e p a t i c
s i n u s o i d a l
p e r f u -
s i o n .
I n c o n t r a s t ,
o t h e r s
h a v e s h o w n
n o c h a n g e
i n
s i n u s o i d a l
b l o o d f l o w
i n t h e c a n i n e
b i l e
d u c t
l i g a t i o n m o d e l
a n d j a u n d i c e d
p a t i e n t s . 3 8
4 7
L i t t l e i s
k n o w n o f e v e n t s
a t
a
m i c r o v a s c u l a r
l e v e l w i t h i n
t h e
l i v e r . We h a v e
s h o w n i n
a n
i m a g e a n a l y s i s
s t u d y
o f
K u p f f e r c e l l s
i n t h e
j a u n d i c e d
r a t t h a t d e s p i t e
a n
i n c r e a s e
i n
K u p f f e r
c e l l s i z e
a n d n u m b e r s
w i t h
e x c e s s i v e
l y s o s o m a l b o d i e s t h e
s i n o s o i d a l
s p a c e i s
m a s -
s i v e l y
c o m p r o m i s e d , w h i c h
ma y
e f f e c t u p t a k e
o f p a r t i c l e s . 4 8
We h a v e
a l s o
s h o w n t h a t t h e r e
i s
a d e c r e a s e
i n m a j o r h i s t o c o m p a t i b i l i t y
c o m p l e x
c l a s s i c a n t i g e n
e x p r e s s i o n
o n m o n o n u c l e ar c e l l s
i n
t h e
b i l e d u c t l i g a t e d
r a t 4 9
s u g g e s t i n g
d e c r e a s e d a c t i v a t i o n
o f t h e s e
a n t i g e n
p r e s e n t i n g
c e l l s . D e s p i t e
t h e
l a c k o f i n f o r m a t i o n
o n
t h e
e x a c t p a t h o p h y s i o l o g i c a l
m e c h a n i s m
o f
d e p r e s s e d p h a g o c y t i c
c a p a c i t y
i n
j a u n d i c e ,
b i l i -
a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
r e m a i n s
t h e m a i n t h e r a p e u -
t i c
s t r a t e g y
u s e d
i n
j a u n d i c e d p a t i e n t s .
T h e r e
i s
c l i n i c a l a n d
e x p e r i m e n t a l
e v i d e n c e
t h a t b i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
r e s u l t s
i n
g l o b a l
i m p r o v e m e n t
i n h o s t
immune
f u n c t i o n .
T h e r e
i s s t i l l
s o m e
d i s a g r e e m e n t
o n
t h e
p e r i o d
o f
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
r e q u i r e d
t o p e r m i t
i m m u n o l o g i c a l
r e c o v e r y
o f
t h e
v a r i o u s
c e l l u l a r
s u b p o p u l a t i o n s
c o n s t i t u t i n g
t h e h o s t
immune s y s t e m .
W e
h a v e s h o w n t h a t
t h r e e w e e k s
o f
b i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
r e s u l t s
i n
n o r m a l i s a t i o n
o f
K u p f f e r
c e l l
c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y
w i t h c o m p l e t e
n e g a t i o n
o f s y s t e m i c
e n d o -
t o x a e m i a .
M o s t
e x p e r i m e n t a l
a n d
c l i n i c a l e v i -
d e n c e p o i n t s
t o a
r e c o v e r y p e r i o d
o f a t
l e a s t
w e e k s
a n d
p o s s i b l y
m o n t h s
f o r f u l l
i m m u n o -
l o g i c a l
r e c o v e r y 3 7
3 9
5 0 5 2
a l t h o u g h
m o r e
r e c e n t l y
D i n g
e t
a l
h a v e
s h o w n
t h a t h e p a t i c
c l e a r a n c e
o f
r a d i o l a b e l l e d
E s c h e r i c h i a
c o l i
h a s
r e t u r n e d
t o
n o r m a l
w i t h i n
d a y s o f
i n t e r n a l
b i l i a r y d e c o m p r e s s i o n , 3 8
a l t h o u g h
t h e r a t s
u n d e r
s t u d y
w e r e s u b j e c t e d
t o a
s h o r t e r
p e r i o d
o f
b i l e
d u c t l i g a t i o n
-
t h a t
i s ,
1 4
d a y s .
We
c o n c u r w i t h t h e
f i n d i n g s
o f Gouma e t
a l
t h a t
i n t e r n a l
b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e
i s a b e t t e r o p t i o n
t h a n e x t e r n a l d r a i n a g e . 5 3
The i m p l i c a t i o n
o f
t h i s
f i n d i n g
h i g h l i g h t s
t h e
i m p o r t a n c e
o f
r e - e s t a b l i s h i n g
b i l e f l o w
t o
t h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l
t r a c t .
I t
i s
r e c o g n i s e d
t h a t b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
p r o m o t e s
b a c t e r i a l
t r a n s l o c a t i o n
a n d
t h i s i s
r e l a t e d
i n
p a r t ,
t o
t h e
o v e r g r o w t h
o f
Gram
n e g a t i v e
a e r o b i c o r g a n i s m s ,
w h i c h
o c c u r s
when
t h e
e m u l s i f y i n g
a c t i o n
o f b i l e
s a l t s a r e
a b s e n t
f r o m
t h e
g u t
l u m e n . 5 4
5 5
I t
i s
p l a u s i b l e
t h a t b a c t e r i a l
t r a n s l o c a t i o n
i n i t i a t e s
t h e i n f l u x
o f
e n d o t o x i n
i n t o
t h e
p o r t a l
c i r c u l a t i o n ,
w h i c h
a c t i v a t e s t h e
K u p f f e r
c e l l
p o p u l a t i o n
t o s e c r e t e
p r o i n f l a m m a t o r y
c y t o k i n e s
l o c a l l y .
I n h i g h
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
t h e s e c y t o k i n e s
a r e t o x i c
t o
K u p f f e r
c e l l s
a n d
h e p a t o c y t e s .
T h e y ma y
a l s o
c a u s e
m i c r o c i r c u l a t o r y
d i s t u r b a n c e s
t h a t
w i l l
d e p r e s s
d e l i v e r y
o f
e n d o t o x i n s t o
t h e
K u p i f e r
c e l l s .
G r e v e
e t a l
i n
a n
e l o q u e n t
s t u d y
s h o w e d
t h e
i m m u n o s u p p r e s s a n t
e f f e c t s o f
e n d o t o x i n
o n c e l l u l a r
immune f u n c t i o n . 3 '
W e
a r e
p r e s e n t l y i n v e s t i g a t i n g
t h e p r i m a r y r o l e
o f
e n d o t o x i n
i n K u p f f e r
c e l l d y s f u n c t i o n
u s i n g
g e r m
f r e e
a n i m a l s .
I n
s u m m a r y
t h i s
s t u d y
c o n f i r m s
t h e
t h e r a p e u t i c p o t e n t i a l
o f
i n t e r n a l
b i l i a r y
d e c o m p r e s s i o n
i n r e s t o r i n g
K u p f f e r
c e l l p h a g o c y t i c
f u n c t i o n
a n d
e l i m i n a t i o n
o f
s y s t e m i c
e n d o t o x a e m i a
w i t h
i t s
c o n s e q u e n t
s e c r e t o r y
s e q u e l a e .
A l t h o u g h d e c o m p r e s s i o n
o f
t h e
b i l i a r y t r e e
i s i m p o r t a n t
i n
n o r m a l i s i n g
h y d r o s t a t i c
p r e s s u r e s
w i t h i n t h e b i l i a r y
t r e e , i t
i s i m p o r t a n t
t o c o m p l e m e n t
t h i s w i t h
r e s t o r a -
t i o n o f
g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l
b i l e
f l o w .
The p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y o f
c o m p l i c a t i o n s
o c c u r r i n g
i n b i l i a r y o b s t r u c t i o n i s c o m p l e x
a n d
u n d o u b t e d l y m u l t i f a c t o r i a l .
To d a t e
t h e r e i s
l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n
a v a i l a b l e
i n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s
o n t h e r o l e
o f c y t o k i n e s
i n b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
R e s e a r c h
s h o u l d b e a i m e d
a t
e l u c i d a t i n g
t h e
e f f e c t s o f e n d o t o x a e m i a
o n K u p f f e r
c e l l s e c r e -
t o r y c a p a c i t y
a n d i n v e s t i g a t i n g p o t e n t i a l
n u t r i -
t i o n a l , p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l
a n d i m m u n o l o g i c a l
s t r a t e g i e s o f a u g m e n t i n g K u p f f e r
c e l l
f u n c -
t i o n ,
a n d
p r o m o t i n g g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l
m u c o s a l
i n t e g r i t y .
1 A r m s t r o n g
C P , D i xo n J M , T a y l o r
T V ,
D a v i e s GC.
S u r g i c a l
e x p e r i e n c e
o f
d e e p l y
j a u n d i c e d p a t i e n t s
w i t h
b i l e
d u c t
o b s t r u c t i o n . B r 7 S u r g
1 9 8 4 ;
7 1 : 2 3 4 - 8 .
2 P a i n J A, C a h i l l
C J ,
B a i l e y
ME.
P e r i o p e r a t i v e
c o m p l i c a t i o n s
i n o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e : t h e r a p e u t i c
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .
B r
J f
S u r g
1 9 8 5 ;
7 2 : 9 4 2 - 5 .
3
Holman
J M ,
R i k k e r s
L F ,
Moody
F G .
S e p s i s
i n
m a n a g e -
m e n t
o f
c o m p l i c a t e d
b i l i a r y
d i s o r d e r s . Am
J f
S u r g
1 9 7 9 ;
1 3 8 : 8 0 9 - 1 3 .
4
D i a m o n d T ,
R o w l a n d s B J . E n d o t o x a e m i a
i n
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e .
HPB
S u r g
1 9 9 1 ;
4 :
8 1 - 9 4 .
5 D e i t c h
E A .
The
i m m u n o c o m p r o m i s e d
h o s t .
S u r g
C l i n N o r t h
Am
1 9 8 8 ;
6 8 :
1 8 1 - 9 0 .
6
B r a d f i e l d
J W B .
C on tr ol o f
s p i l l o v e r :
t h e
i m p o r t a n c e
o f
K u p f f e r
c e l l f u n c t i o n
i n c l i n i c a l
m e d ic i ne . L an c e t 1 9 74 ; i i :
8 8 3 - 6 .
7
C l e m e n t s W DB,
H a l l i d a y M I , M c C a i g u e
M D , B a r c l a y G R ,
R o w l a n d s
B J .
Th e
e f f e c t s
o f
e x t r a h e p a t i c o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e o n K up f fe r
c e l l c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y ( K C C C ) .
A r c h
S u r g
1 9 9 3 ;
1 2 8 : 2 0 0 - 5 .
8
F o u t c h
P G .
p r o s p e c t i v e
a s s e s s m e n t
o f
r e s u l t s f o r n e e d l e -
k n i f e
p a p i l l o t o m y
a n d
s t an d ar d e n d o s c op i c s p h i n c t e r o -
t o m y .
G a s t r o i n t e s t E n d o s c
1 9 9 5 ;
4 1 :
2 5 - 3 2 .
9 v a n d e n
B o s c h
R P ,
v a n
d e r
S c h e l l i n g
G P , K l i n k e n b i j l
J H ,
M u l d e r
P G ,
v a n B l an k e n st e i n M, J e e k e l
J .
G u i d e l i n e s
f o r
t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n
o f
s u r g e r y
a n d e n d o p r o s t h e s e s
i n t h e p a l l i -
a t i o n
o f o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e
i n
a d v a n c e d c a n c e r
o f t h e
p a n c r e a s .
Ann
S u r g
1 9 9 4 ;
2 1 9 : 1 8 - 2 4 .
1 0
L i l l i m o e
KD ,
S a u t e r
P K ,
P i t t
HA ,
Y e o
C J ,
C a m e r o n
J L .
C u r r e n t
s t a t u s o f
s u r g i c a l p a l l i a t i o n
o f
p e r i a m p u l l a r y
c a r -
c i n o m a .
S u r g G y n e c o l
O b s t e t
1 9 9 3 ;
1 7 6 :
1 - 1 0 .
1 1
B o e n d e r
J ,
N i x G A , d e R i dd e r
MA, D e e s
J ,
S c h u t t e
H E , v a n
B u u r e n HR,
e t a l .
E n d o s c o p i c
s p h i n c t e r o t o m y a n d b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e
i n
p a t i e n t s
w i t h
c h o l a n g i t i s
d u e
t o
common
b i l e
d u c t s t o n e s .
Am
J
G a s t r o e n t e r o l 1 9 9 5 ;
9 0 : 2 3 3 - 8 .
1 2
S i k o r a
S S , K a p o o r R ,
P r a d e e p
R , K a p o o r VK,
S a x e n a
R ,
K a u s h i k
S P . P a l l i a t i v e
s u r g i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f m al i gn an t
o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .
E u r
J
S u r g
O n c o l
1 9 9 4 ;
2 0 : 5 8 0 - 4 .
1 3 B a k k e v o l d K E ,
K a m b e s t a d B .
M o r b i d i t y
a n d
m o r t a l i t y a f t e r
r a d i c a l a n d
p a l l i a t i v e
p a n c r e a t i c
c a n c e r s u r g e r y . R i s k
f a c t o r s
i n f l u e n c i n g
t he s h o r t - t e r m r e s u l t s .
Ann
S u r g 1 9 9 3 ;
2 1 7 : 3 5 6 - 6 8 .
1 4 L a i
E C ,
Ch u KM ,
Lo
C Y ,
M ok
F P ,
F a n
S T ,
Lo
CM ,
e t a l .
S u r g e r y
f o r
m a l i g n a n t
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e :
a n a l y s i s
o f
m o r t a l i t y . S u r g e r y
1 9 9 2 ;
1 1 2 : 8 9 1 - 6 .
1 5 S u
C H ,
P e n g
F K ,
L u i
WY. F a c t o r s
a f f e c t i n g m o r b i d i t y
a n d
m o r t a l i t y
i n
b i l i a r y
t r a c t
s u r g e r y .
W o r l d
J f
S u r g
1 9 9 2 ;
1 6 :
5 3 6 - 4 0 .
1 6
D i a m o n d
T ,
D o l a n S ,
T h o m p s o n
R L E ,
R o w l a n d s B J .
D e v e l o p m e n t a n d
r e v e r s a l
o f
e n d o t o x a e m i a a n d
e n d o -
t o x i n
r e l a t e d d e a t h
i n o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e . S u r g e r y
1 9 9 0 ;
1 0 8 :
3 7 0 - 5 .
1 7
C l e m e n t s WDB, H a l l i d a y
M I , R o w l a n d s
B J .
M e a s u r i n g
K u p f f e r
c e l l
c l e a r a n c e
c a p a c i t y (KCCC) u s i n g a n
i s o l a t e d
h e p a t i c p e r f u s i o n
t e c h n i q u e .
B i o c h e m
S o c
T ra ns 1 9 9 4; 2 2 :
2 4 S .
1 8
Hems
R ,
R o s s
B D ,
B e r r y
M N,
K r e b s
HA .
G l u c o n e o g e n e s i s
i n
t h e
p e r f u s e d
r a t
l i v e r . B i o c h e m J f 1 9 6 6 ; 1 0 1 : 2 8 4 - 9 2 .
1 9
R y a n C J ,
Than
T , B l um ga r t
LH. C h o l e d o c h o d u o -
d e n o s t o m y
i n t h e r a t
w i t h
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e . J f
S u r g
R e s
1 9 7 7 ; 2 3 : 3 2 1 - 3 1 .
2 0 Diamond
T ,
D o l a n
S ,
R o w l a n d s
B J . An
i m p r o v e d
t e c h -
n i q u e
f o r c h o l e d o c h o d u o d e n o s t o m y
i n
t h e r a t
w i t h
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e .
L a b A n i m a l S c i
1 9 9 1 ;
4 1 :
8 2 - 3 .
2 1
B u r k e
V ,
S t o n e
D E ,
Beaman
J .
E f f e c t s o f
b i l i a r y
d i v e r s i o n
o n
i n t e s t i n a l m i c r o f l o r a
i n
t h e
r a t .
J
Med M i c r o b i o l
1 9 7 7 ;
1 0 :
2 4 1 - 4 .
2 2
Diamond T ,
R o w l a n d s
B J . C h o l e d o c h o v e s i c a l f i s t u l a :
a
m o d e l
f o r
s t e r i l e
' e x t e r n a l '
b i l i a r y
d r a i n a g e . S u r g
R e s
Commun
1 9 9 0 ; 8 : 1 3 1 - 8 .
2 3
S c o t t B B , B a r c l a y
RG.
E n d o t o x i n - P o l y m y x i n
c o m p l e x e s
i n
a n
i m p r o v e d
e n z y m e - l i n k e d
i m m u n o s o r b e n t
a s s a y
f o r
I g G
a n t i b o d i e s i n b l o o d d o n o r
s e r a t o g r a m - n e g a t i v e
e n d o -
t o x i n
c o r e g l y c o l i p i d s .
V o x
S a n g 1 9 8 7 ; 5 2 :
2 7 2 - 8 0 .
2 4
B l a m e y
S L ,
F e a r o n
KCH,
G i l m o u r
W H,
O s b o u r n e
DH,
C a r t e r DC. P r e d i c t i o n o f r i s k i n
b i l i a r y
s u r g e r y . B r J S u r g
1 9 8 3 ; 7 0 : 5 3 5 - 8 .
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B i l i a t y d e c o m p r e s s i o n
p r o m o t e s
K u p i f e r
c e l l r e c o v e r y
i n o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e 9 3 1
2 5
P i t t HA , C a m e r o n
J L ,
P o s t i e r
RG,
G a d a c z
TR.
F a c t o r s
a f f e c t i n g m o r t a l i t y
i n
b i l i a r y
t r a c t s u r g e r y . Am
J S u r g
1 9 8 1 ; 1 4 1 :
6 6 - 7 2 .
2 6 W a i t
R B ,
K a h n g KU .
R e n a l
f a i l u r e c o m p l i c a t i n g
o b s t r u c -
t i v e j a u n d i c e .
Am
J f
S u r g
1 9 8 9 ; 1 5 7 :
2 5 6 - 6 3 .
2 7
H u n t DR,
A l l i s o n M E M ,
P r e n t i c e
CRM, B l u m g a r t
L H .
E n d o t o x a e m i a ,
d i s t u r b a n c e
o f
c o a g u l a t i o n ,
a n d o b s t r u c -
t i v e
j a u n d i c e .
Am
J
S u r g
1 9 8 2 ; 1 4 4 :
3 2 5 - 9 .
2 8
G r a n d e L ,
G a r c i a - V a l d e c a s a s
J C ,
F u s t e r J , V i s a J ,
P e r a
C .
O b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e
a n d
wound
h e a l i n g . BrJ
S u r g
1 9 9 0 ;
7 7 :
4 4 0 - 2 .
2 9 W a r d l e
EN , W r i g h t
NA . E n d o t o x i n
a n d
a c u t e r e n a l
f a i l u r e
a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e .
BM J
1 9 7 0 ;
4 :
4 7 2 - 4 .
3 0 B a i l e y ME.
E n d o t o x i n ,
b i l e s a l t s
a n d
r e n a l
f u n c t i o n
i n
o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .
B r J _
S u r g
1 9 7 6 ;
6 6 : 3 9 2 - 7 .
3 1 G r e v e
J W ,
Gouma
D J , S o e t e r s P B ,
Buurman
W A.
S u p p r e s s i o n
o f c e l l u l a r i m m u n i t y
i n o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e
i s
c a u s e d
b y e n d o t o x i n s :
a
s t u d y w i t h g e r m
f r e e r a t s .
G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y
1 9 9 0 ; 9 8 :
4 7 8 - 8 5 .
3 2
D i a m o n d
T ,
R o w l a n d s
B J .
E n d o t o x a e m i a
i n o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e :
t h e
r o l e o f g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l
b i l e
f l o w .
S u rg R e s
Commun
1 9 8 9 ;
5 : 1 1 - 6 .
3 3 C l e m e n t s
B , H a l l i d a y
I ,
E r w i n P ,
M c C a i g u e
M,
B a r c l a y
G R ,
R o w l a n d s B J . C o n c l u s i v e
e v i d e n c e
f o r
e n d o t o x a e m i a
i n
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
G u t 1 9 9 3 ; 3 4 ( s u p p l
4 ) :
F 2 2 3 .
3 4 v a n
F u r t h
R .
C u r r e n t
v i e w
o n t h e
m o n o n u c l e a r p h a g o c y t i c
s y s t e m .
I m m u n o b i o l o g y 1 9 8 2 ;
1 9 :
1 6 - 2 2 .
3 5 B u r s u k e r
I , G o l d m a n R .
On
t h e
o r i g i n
o f m a c r o p h a g e
h e t -
e r o g e n e i t y :
a
h y p o t h e s i s .
J
R e t i c u l o e n d o t h e l
S o c 1 98 3;
3 3 :
2 0 7 - 2 0 .
3 6
P a i n
J A .
R e t i c u l o e n d o t h e l i a l
f u n c t i o n i n o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n -
d i c e .
BrJ S u r g
1 9 8 7 ;
7 4 :
1 0 9 1 - 4 .
3 7
M e g i s o n
SM , D u n n
CW , H o r t o n
J W ,
Chao H . E f f e c t s
o f
r e l i e f
o f
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
o n
m o n o n u c l e a r p h a g o c y t e
s y s t e m f u n c t i o n
a n d
c e l l m e d i a t e d
i m m u n i t y .
B r
J
S u r g
1 9 9 1 ;
7 8 : 5 6 8 - 7 1 .
3 8
D i n g
J W ,
A n d e r s s o n R , S t e n r a m
U ,
L u n d e r q u i s t
A ,
B e n g m a r k
S .
E f f e c t s
o f b i l i a r y d e c o m p r e s s i o n
o n
r e t i c u -
l o e n d o t h e l i a l
f u n c t i o n
i n
j a u n d i c e d
r a t s . B r
J
S u r g
1 9 9 2 ;
7 9 : 6 4 8 - 5 2 .
3 9 K a t z
S , Y a n g R ,
R o d e f e l d
M J ,
F o l k e n i n g
W J ,
G r o s f e l d J L .
I m p a i r e d
h e p a t i c
b a c t e r i a l
c l e a r a n c e i s
r e v e r s e d
b y
s u r g i -
c a l
r e l i e f o f
o b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e .
J
P e d i a r r
S u r g
1 9 9 1 ;
2 6 :
4 0 1 - 6 .
4 0
H a f s t r o m
L ,
H o l m b e r g
S B . V a s c u l a r
c l e a r a n c e
o f
p a r t i c u -
l a t e s u b s t a n c e s :
f u n c t i o n
o f t h e r e t i c u l o e n d o t h e l i a l s y s t e m
o r m e a s u r e m e n t
o f
l i v e r b l o o d
f l o w ?
E u r J
S u r g
1 9 9 2 ;
1 5 8 :
1 6 5 - 6 .
4 1 Normann
S J . K i n e t i c s
o f p h a go c y t o s i s
I I :
a n a l y s i s
o f
i n
v i v o
c l e a r a n c e
w i t h d e m o n s t r a t i o n
o f c o m p e t i t i v e
i n h i b i t i o n
b e t w e e n
s i m i l a r
a n d
d i s s i m i l a r
f o r e i g n
p a r t i c l e s . L a b
I n v e s t
1 9 7 4 ;
3 1 :
1 6 1 - 9 .
4 2
F o x E S ,
Thomas P , B r o i t m a n
S . H e p a t i c
m e c h a n i s m s
f o r
c l e a r a n c e
a n d
d e t o x i f i c a t i o n
o f
b a c t e r i a l
e n d o t o x i n s .
J
N u t r
1 9 9 0 ;
1 :
6 2 0 - 8 .
4 3 M a t h i s o n
J C, U le vi tc h
R J . C l e a r a n c e ,
t i s s u e d i s t r i b u t i o n
a n d
c e l l u l a r
l o c a l i z a t i o n
o f
I V i n j e c t e d
LPS
i n
r a b b i t s .
J f
I m m u n o l
1 9 7 9 ; 1 2 3 : 2 1 3 3 - 4 3 .
4 4
F o x
E S ,
B r o i t m a n
S A ,
Thomas P .
The m a c r o p h a g e
8 0
kD a
e n d o t o x i n
b i n d i n g p r o t e i n
i s n o t p r e s e n t
o n
K u p f f e r
c e l l s .
G a s t r o e n t e r o l o g y
1 9 9 0 ;
9 8 :
A 5 8 6 .
4 5
T o t h C A ,
Thomas
P . L i v e r
e n d o c y t o s i s a n d
K u p f f e r
c e l l s .
H e p a t o l o g y 1 9 9 2 ;
1 6 : 2 5 5 - 6 6 .
4 6 T ak ig uc hi
S , K o g a
A . E f f e c t s
o f b i l e
a c i d s
a n d
e n d o t o x i n
o n
t h e
f u n c t i o n a n d m o r p h ol o g y
o f c u l tu r e d
h a m s t e r K u p f f e r
c e l l s .
V i r c h o w s
A r c h i v B
C e l l
P a t h o l
1 9 8 8 ;
5 4 :
3 0 3 - 1 1 .
4 7
O h l s o n E G .
The
e f f e c t
o f b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
o n
t h e d i s t r i -
b u t i o n
o f t h e
h e p a t i c
b l o o d
a n d r e t i c u l o e n d o t h e l i a l
s y s t e m
i n
d o g s .
A c t a
C h i r S c a n d
1 9 7 2 ;
1 3 8 : 1 5 9 - 6 4 .
4 8
C l e m e n t s
W D B , H a m i l t o n
P ,
Cameron S , R o w l a n d s
B J .
M o r p h o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e
o f K u p f f e r
c e l l a c t i v a t i o n
i n
b i l -
i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n .
BrJSurg
1 9 9 4 ; 8 1 :
1 8 1 4 - 5 .
4 9 C l e m e n t s
W D B , C r o c k a r d
A ,
H o p e r
M, R o w l a n d s
B J .
M a j o r
h i s t o c o m p a t a b i l i t y
c l a s s
I I
a n t i g e n e x p r e s s i o n
i n
e x p e r i m e n t a l
b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n . B r
J f S u r g 1 99 4;
8 1 :
7 5 7 - 8 .
5 0
R o u g h n e e n
P T ,
Gouma D J , K u l k a r n i
AD, F a n s l o w
WE,
R o w l a n d s
B J .
I m p a i r e d
s p e c i f i c
c e l l - m e d i a t e d
i m m u n i t y
i n e x p e r i m e n t a l b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
a n d
i t s r e v e r s i b i l i t y
b y
i n t e r n a l d r a i n a g e .
J
S u r g
R e s
1 9 8 6 ;
4 1 :
1 1 3 - 2 5 .
5 1 Thompson
R L E , H o p e r
M,
D i a m o n d T ,
R o w l a n d s
B J .
D e v e l o p m e n t
a n d
r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f
T
l y m p h o c y t e
d y s f u n c -
t i o n
i n
e x p e r i m e n t a l
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e .
BrJ
S u r g 1 9 9 0 ;
7 7 :
1 2 2 9 - 3 2 .
5 2 S c o t t - C o n n e r
C E ,
G r o g a n
J B .
The
p a t h o p h y s i o l o g y
o f
b i l -
i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
a n d
i t s
e f f e c t
o n
p h a g o c y t i c
a n d immune
f u n c t i o n . 7 S u r g R e s
1 9 9 4 ;
5 7 : 3 1 6 - 3 6 .
5 3
G r e v e
JWM,
Gouma
D J ,
B u u r m a n
W A .
C o m p l i c a t i o n s
i n
o b s t r u c t i v e
j a u n d i c e :
r o l e
o f e n d o t o x i n s . S c a n d
J
G a s t r o e n t e r o l 1 9 9 2 ;
2 7
( s u p p l
1 9 4 ) :
8 - 1 2 .
5 4
C l e m e n t s
W D B ,
E r w i n
P ,
H a l l i d a y
M I ,
B a r c l a y R G ,
R o w l a n d s
B J .
E x t r a h e p a t i c b i l i a r y
o b s t r u c t i o n
p r o m o t e s
b a c t e r i a l
t r a n s l o c a t i o n .
Am
J f
S u r g
1 9 9 3 ;
1 6 5 :
7 4 9 .
5 5
D e i t c h
E A , S i t t i g
K ,
L i
M, B e r g R ,
S p e c i a n
RD .
O b s t r u c t i v e j a u n d i c e p r o m o t e s
b a c t e r i a l
t r a n s l o c a t i o n
f r o m t h e g u t .
AmJSurg 1 9 9 0 ;
1 5 9 :
7 9 - 8 4 .
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W D Clements, M McCaigue, P Erwin, et al.recovery in obstructive jaundice.Biliary decompression promotes Kupffer cell
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