BigBang and Beyond 2

8/4/2019 BigBang and Beyond 2

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Did someone monkeyed with the laws of nature ?


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Big bang Theory:---

This is a theory that the whole

universe started as a small

compact ball of energy known asa "singularity". Most peopleestimate that it was "smaller than

a soccer ball".


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Theories of the Origin of theUniverse Theological Theories: Greek Mythology (Chaos)

Hinduism (Cosmic sleep of gods)

Chinese creation myth (Pangu) Biblical account of the creation (God)

Scientific Theories:

Continuous creation

Big Bang Theory the commonly acceptedtheory


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Big Bang

Technically, there was no bang Technically, galaxies are not moving away

from each other

Reality: space expands

When there are more space between galaxies,they move away from each other

Analogy: dots on an expanding balloon

Isaiah 45:12 I have stretched out the heavens...

Its only ancient document that mentions anexpanding Universe


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Expanding balloon the space

between dots was increased..


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Universe is expandingin

this manner........

If every thing is moving away from usand things farther are moving faster


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Exapansion takes in this manner


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Expanding Universe

Space itself is expanding, not matter flying apart withinspace.

Examples:

dots

rubber band

raisin bread ants on a balloon

It does not mean we are at the center

of the Universe every part of the Universe sees

everything moving away from it


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Evidence for the Big Bang

Theory predicts an expanding universe Confirm by Red Shift (Doppler effect) in

spectrum

Theory predicts cosmic backgroundradiation Background radiation was discovered in

1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson,who later won the Nobel Prize for thisdiscovery


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But does it give us enough

time? Suppose you break all chemical bonds in

the simplest organism (a bacteria) and put

those atoms under ideal chemical conditions Question: How long would it take for it to

reassemble?


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Answer: 10100,000,000,000years!

Written out completely, that would be:

1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, (on and

on)


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So, is it feasible?

10100,000,000,000 yrs is impossiblebecause Hydrogen atoms would decay after [~1033 years]

500,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years

Heat death of the universe will occur at 80,000,000,000years

Big Bang restricts the age of the universe to be


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Beyond the Big Bang

Big Bang Theory explains how the Universe firststarted but leaves many unanswered questions

Time, Space and Matter were created in the BigBang Before the bang, there were no time, no space and no matter

Physics has not solved the question Whats before the BigBang

If I hear a small bang, I will ask Who or what causedit So Who or what caused the Big Bang ?

Other factors determine how the Universe willdevelop: Amount of matter in the Universe

Physical properties of the matter

Strength of the fundamental forces


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Fundamental Forces in Physics

Gravitational force Attractive force between objects with mass

Weakest, long range

Electromagnetic force

Attractive and repulsive

Long range, 1039 times stronger than gravity

Nuclear Weak force Cause neutrons to decade into a protons

Range


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Precondition for Life

Stars of the right type for sustaining lifesupportable planets only can occur during acertain range of ages for the universe.

stars of the right type only can form for a

narrow rangeof values of the gravitationalconstant

Living cells consists of light and heavyelements (Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, and

metals such as Iron, Copper, ect) To make both light and heavy elements, the

strengths of the fundamental forces must liewithin a very narrow rangeof values

Many many other preconditions exists


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The strength of theGravitational force If gravitational force was made a bit stronger, stars will be

more massive and burn more violently and unstable:

More harmful radiation to lifedeadly to life

If gravitational force was made a bit weaker, stars are toolight and do not become super-novae:

Element heavier than iron are only formed when starsexplode as a super-novae; no life possible without them


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Nuclear Reaction

Electrons can only occupy a number of specific orbits aroundthe nucleus each orbit represents a certain energy level

So also, nucleus of atomscan occupy a number of specific

energy levels

In a nuclear reaction, the Law of Conservation of Energymust hold:

Kinetic + nuclear energy before =Kinetic + nuclear energy after


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Nuclear Reaction 2

When nuclei collide, they form a new nucleus:

If the energy level of the new nucleus is very differentfrom one ofits natural energy state, the new nucleus is unstable and willdecompose (radio-activity):


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Nuclear Resonance

If sum total of kinetic and nuclear energy before and after are

very close to each other, the nuclear reaction will proceed veryrapidly

In such case, we say there is Nuclear Resonance

Resonance between atomic nuclei depends on:

Structure of the nuclei involved

Temperature under which the nuclear reaction takes place

Resonance between atomic nuclei are extremely rare in nature.


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Nuclear Reaction in Stars

Matter are converted into energy in stars through anumber of nuclear reactions

The three primary nuclear reactions (after these, thestar is almost burned up) are:

Proton-proton cycle

Helium fusion

Carbon cycle


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Proton-proton cycle

The proton-proton cycle will burn Hydrogen into Helium (firstphase of star development)

When all Hydrogen are burned, phase 2 kicksin


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Helium Fusion After all the Hydrogen is converted to Helium, the

star converts Helium to. What ? Here we have a major problem...

When two Helium nuclei are fused into Beryllium-8,the resulting Beryllium-8 isotope is highly unstable

Beryllium-8 has a half life of 10-16 seconds !!!

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

< 0.0000000000000001 sec

According to the physics of Beryllium-8,

stars cannot burn Helium


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A Stellar Mystery

Dilemma: According to the physical properties of Beryllium-8, stars

cannot burn beyond Helium

Yet,Helium is being converted in Carbon in stars all the time

First proposed solution: Triple collision

Helium

Helium

Helium

Carbon-12

Triple collisions are extremely rare and the rarity cannot

explain the abundance of carbon


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Ed Salpeters solution...

Faced with the dilemma that stars convert Helium intoCarbon at great rate, and no plausible explanation for thisprocess, the astrophysicist Ed Salpeter proposed thefollowing solution in 1952:

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

Helium

Carbon-12BUT Berylliumis extremely unstable


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Fred Hoyles insight

Fred Hoyle realized that the only way thatSalpeters solution can produce Carbonat the ratethat is happening in stars is:

Helium

HeliumBeryllium-8

Nuclear resonance !!!

(Very fast reaction)

Helium

Carbon-12Problem: there is no known energy level

of the Carbon-12 nucleus that is near

the sum total energy values of He and Be


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Yet another amazingcoincidence...

We are not out of the wood yet... Heavier elementsmust be formed specifically:

You want to form Oxygen (necessary for life !)

But you want to keep some Carbon (also necessary for life)

Carbon-12

Helium

Oxygen-16


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A missed resonance

In order to have this nuclear reaction going:

You need a natural energy level of Oxygen-16 close to the

sum total of the energy levels of Carbon-12 and Helium But not too close - if the level is too close, most or all

Carbon-12 will be converted, so you want this energylevel to be off a bit

Carbon-12

Helium

Oxygen-16


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Place your bet...

Suppose X represents the critical mass of theUniverse, what do you think that the total of massof the Universe is ?

There are so many possible values to pick from forthe total mass of the Universe

An does it matter how much mass there is in the Universe?? (You will be amazed by the results)

0 X


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(Not) The End

(just out of time)


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BigBang and Beyond 2