Big Stick Diplomacy President Theodore Roosevelt Negotiate peacefully, but will back up with military action (big stick) if needed In action: -Great White Fleet -Roosevelt Corollary -Involvement in DR -Panama Canal Crash Course Imperialism Dollar Diplomacy President William Howard Taft Promote U.S. investments abroad to help ensure stability in other regions would lead to good relations In action: -Chinas railroads -Nicaragua's financial affairs Moral Diplomacy President Woodrow Wilson Interact with countries whose beliefs are similar to those of the U.S. thereby damaging those who are not like us (Spread democracy) In action: -Philippines territorial status & plan for independence -Puerto Rico U.S. citizens, limited self-govt Exceptions: -Tampico Incident -Pancho Villa & Gen. Pershing/Expeditionary Force Immediate spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances (Allied Powers GB, France, Russia) (Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey) Wilson declares U.S. neutral *Difficult to protect trade & not favor either side Economy tied to GB & FR **Orders for supplies helped bring U.S. out of a recession U.S. allowed banks to loan $$$ GB & FR Sinking of the Lusitania (5/7/1915) German torpedo; 128 Americans drowned Sinking of the Sussex (3/1916) attack on unarmed merchant ship Sussex Pledge Germany promised not to sink without warning Ethnic influences newer immigrants tended to favor their ancestries **Most of public favored Allies For Lusitania Fear German victory would upset balance of power Preparedness -National Defense Act: increased Army -Built more warships Against Preparedness lead to war involvement Populists, Progressives, Socialists **Wilson re-elected in 1916 He kept us out of war. Unrestricted submarine warfare -resumed Jan Zimmerman Telegram -Telegram from Germany to Mexico intercepted March Asks Mexico to ally w/ Germany regain lost territories in return Russian Revolution -Revolutionaries overthrow czar & declare a republic -Moral diplomacy ***U.S. declares wars on April 6, 1917*** The Selective Service Act Created system to register men b/w 21 & 30 for possible draft into military Approx. 2.8 million drafted; 2 million enlisted African American involvement -400,000 served -Segregated units The Committee on Public Information Important to mobilize public to support the war Led by George Creel Worked to convince the public that America was fighting a righteous war for freedom and democracy 75,000 4-Minute Men gave speeches urging citizens to buy Liberty Bonds and conserve fuel and food Propaganda films and posters portrayed the Ger. as barbaric enemies of freedom Needed quick mobilization 100s of wartime agencies & commissions created -War Industries Board set production priorities & centralized control of raw materials/prices ( Bernard Baruch) -Food Administration pushed for conservation of food, making sure troops had food (Herbert Hoover) -Fuel Administration preserved coal; closed nonessential factories; daylight savings (Harry Garfield) -Railroad Administration coordinate traffic & standardized equipment (William McAdoo) -National War Labor Board mediate disputes b/w workers & employees (Taft) Nativists took advantage of hysteria American Protection League - against all things German Propaganda campaign promoted natl mood of suspicion Espionage Act -Imprisonment for 20 yrs if try to incite rebellion in armed forces or obstruct draft Sedition Act -Prohibited disloyal remarks about U.S. govt **Debs jailed for speaking against war Schenck v. United States -Upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act -Justice Holmes - right to speech can be limited if a clear & present danger to public safety Great Migration -Labor shortage 4 million men in armed forces -Demand encouraged 400,000 southern blacks to move to northern industrial cities Mexican migration -Crossed border to take mining & agricultural jobs -Mainly in SW, some to midwest factories Women filled 1000s of jobs left by behind by soldiers many working for 1 st time Some served in Navy & Army Led to support for suffrage movement passage of 19 th amendment Naval Strategy -Ship construction -Convoy system to escort merchant ships American Expeditionary Force -Gen. John J. Pershing -Support weak areas of BR & FR troops -Later, segment of Western Front ***Armistice signed Nov. 11, 1918 U.S. death totals 49,000 combat deaths 112, 432 total b/c of disease On January 8, 1918 Wilson announced a peace program, the Fourteen Points General principles of conduct that included open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments, and impartial mediation of colonial claims Specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries Called for a general association of nations that would protect great and small states alike The League of Nations - keep the peace by encouraging its members to solve problems by negotiation Jan Wilson attends to defend Fourteen Points Difficult as most wanted to punish Germany D.L. George (GB), G. Clemenceau (FR), V. Orlando (IT), Wilson (US) Big Four Wilson compromises on most points except League of Nations Germany disarmed & stripped of colonies in Asia/Africa; admit guilt in war; pay reparations to GB & FR Allow self-determination in former territories gained from Central powers Signers join League of Nations (Article X calls for each member to protect independence of other nations) Congressional approval needed to ratify treaty in U.S. Senate divided into 3 groups Internationalists who supported the treaty Irreconcilables who opposed the treaty (Many fear League would cause more involvement in foreign affairs) Reservationists who were willing to accept the treaty with changes that would clarify or limit the Leagues authority over American actions (Henry Cabot Lodge) U.S. never ratifies treaty nor joins League Demobilization -4 million men needs jobs taken by women & African Americans -Economy slows down -Buying sprees inflation & boom Red Scare -fear of Communism fuels xenophobia -Palmer Raids: Orders mass arrests of anarchists, socialists, etc -6,000 ppl arrested w/ little evidence Labor Conflicts -Strikes & fears of revolutions turned tide against unions -Series of strikes in 1919 many required troops to help break strike Race Riots -Resentment of competition for jobs & housing -Leads to violence in many cities -Chicago: 40 killed, 500 injured -South did not improve increase in violence & lynchings