BIG IPA CHECKLIST -Standard American Speech-

VOWELS bull ALL are VOICED bull ~ lAo 1 h occur only in one-syllable words or in stressed syllables

IfUNstressed S ~ aIL u ~ U

i~t Or any can become a

bull a is NEVER STRESSED

bull -ed endings are J d ie Inort t d tie W-gtmiddotkf (ie-preceded by an unvoiced consonant) cJ ie -ptcencl (if preceded by a voiced cons or vowel)

Ih 1a s mrstc r ta sbull -ious

-ous endings ) S ie I p refo s-DOUS vas a~~~tras

I ~ -r s bull -ience endings = tans o anca texdrat1S pelJan

bull be de pre re prefixes that are Unstressed are ~ ie brk~ z

d lt) f1 cL ~ bull ing is ALWAYS r~ never1t) prf~EVl-t

J bull T rtv t u bull MODIFICATION of c 1 -= ~ J

occurs in Unstressed endings ofie ies ied y or compound words with y == leV rcJexn ieha=ptl yErrJz jtneerJlcL J7

bull aa Use with spellings ang ank anch IBetjqcrr-bae kal ~tJkJ~ bull 0 must be Unstressed and is almost always in the 1 st syllable RARE ie obe1 I

bull IN ALL OTHER CASES 0 ~ atr ie l eM( J~ Sl1ci middotALL I-SYLLABLE WORDS ARE cnr

) has au aw ai ou spellings ie gt4 a- rr1 1~1e~ I b) ~ 9tfh ~ ~gtta j) has ospellings ko-t) boft-UW1) cWlW1on +r~) tgtt I

and ~ ie hPtI bm rr K PrYl a-rL +rP tn PV

SW1lJ WP MP-t~ WP2

bullbull 1)a4~ cl 1 dv-awt~ CALVl )0 has a spellings and is usually FOREIGN Ie r

YVi -~ e

bull LITTLE words of from what was the a are a when UNSTRESSED

ieo aV j-trarn Maihwa7~a d

t r bull DIPHTHONGS ac =a et l1li e

bull i and u ARE NEVER USED IN DIPHTHONGS

DIPHTHONGSOFr t~ a~ ~ j~ tr~

NEVERUSE ~ Occur at the end of a word or when the next sound is a consonant Ifyou see a VOWEL on either side of any r sound s-t~ r s 9 the r MUST change to a CONS~NANT r iF 1t

ie e 1 h~ hr~ v v - ina) heAAI~ hr rr V)OJ J J c01IC7 r

This rule applies in a single word OR in a phrase where you are linking I I

ie never ~DU V) ruva r-- a~~n t Jh

pr~e t = p rrPEt3 r- t1

CONSONANTS ~ TWO KINDS - voiced - feel vibration on throat b J Z J ) r

voiceless or unvoiced - no vibration -I J k j f 5 bull COGNATES - the mirror image of a consonant whereby the sound is proshy

duced with the articulators in the same postion but with added voice

bull ALL Plosives have cognates p - b t ~ It - 3 I he J

bull ASPIRATION of p t k occurs when foUowed by a vowel sound kaet~X when followed by a stop or pause cLovn-t when followed by I t l tthA

second semester amend these rules to apply only in stressed syllables

bull dr and tr spellings are always 1 rand d r NEVER 1r and dar

bull str spellings are always 51 Y NEVER fi r

bull ng spellings are always a middot e voiceless - theta (think GREEK as in Theatre came from Greece) ~ voiced - runic (think da as in da bums Brooklynese)

bull sand z endings as plural possessive or conjugated verb I s - follows an Unvoiced consonant ie htJp~ I rcks Raeti z -follows a VOICED consonant or a VOWEL ie rAt7 jrJsa dp9Z

h bull When have to means must use haeff u-Usedto jui -eu (~tt lVeaAICSIlAJ4e JI~kAtoit)

bull Supposed to S~~Of~ t~ (IA~ it MlZaMlP 1IcbuLdft

)

I J In bull L - CLEAR when followed by a vowel sound ie Qi 1AJ7I b Jt j V

DARK when followed by a consonant or a pause ie fr ~ ()1JJ cL sAt h~ bull R consonant occurs when the nrst sound in the word is r ie ~Eo cL I

when it is followed by a vowel sound iet ea t) ~r ra-

notice it should always begin a syllable if it can and you will see it followed by a vowel in the IPA

bullh w j - NEVER occur at the ends of words ie 0 h 011 W 0 t1 ~ WaU

Never before ing iemiddotS Iii r) = du lJ ~ t1 tgt J -- noW

Withis wra unless the next word begins with e ie wr~eit~ 1 C~ t5u~e~ ~ )

ju glide - occurs in the spellings t d n th with u eu ue ew following

tjul I cDuk nj u-ljuozdt dJuIe ~ and ~ arto~tional ~nd usually reserved for heightened texts Ie SJli Irt LJLt- ~V

NEVER use it with an 0 in the s~elling (except for you ju) or with consonants blends ie ~e ~-e) ~~e) +r-wt

Chew - avoid clsd~ and kaernk -keep the ju clear in these h Combos

dtdju Iltaemju

STRESS bull ALL MULTISYLLABIC WORDS f h II bull PRIMARY - indicated above and to the left or on the vowel ie dr t emiddotIl

bull SECONDARY - some polysyllabic words have a secondary stress that is indishycated below and to the left It usually occurs when the word is more than 3 syllables bull -- J J Ie tdl0 sr Vk r asr

also un - as a prefIX often gets secondary stress especially in Shakespeare and other heightened texts

I AnMn BUT it can also be Unstressed ie Jnrtm~kdb~ - anar)Y ~ Lit

dV rt Wtalr f a t1~ bull RULES that apply for primary stress also hold for secondary stress

LINKING bull AIDS flow and affects rhythm Usually reflects our natural speech

I

bull RULES i 1) consonant to same consonant ie h13ttadex 2) consonant to its cognate ie hpt__ d09 3) consonant to any vowel ie no-t teuroaeiJdYu - ~ 4) vowel to any vowel ie Va Lcileno_ ax

bull Ifyou choose to pause or stop linking does not occur -=

bull R between words becomes a consonant and links ie nre r~ +~ (see diphthongs of r section) VC ar r Z

SYLLABles bull The only syllable without a vowel so short a distance from consonant to the

Next consonant that there is no room for you to say a

bull I m and n only bull NEVER stressed and usually at the end of a word bull NEVER one-syllable (except in lnjrwal spee~ ~ hirv a) bull CONTRACTIONS lJrclnt lGu-clnt hcevl1ih wP2ltt

I bullbull TRENDS m - sm zm endings - Sl~ZM JrtA n Zh1 Jtl

n - tten tton dden den endlDgs - bAt~ tjf~I ~~U

1- able ibleblettleddle endings - ~tt~ tzsabf ex6~ HINT the closer the consonant sound before the m n or I

in your mouth to the m n or l the more likely it is to be syllabic ie

tn dn nt zm YES bull bullbull I

kan gan NOT syllabic

LENGTH 3 kinds Full Half bull Short VOWELS 5 ONLY =rc 1

RULES for FULL HALF

1) Must be stressed or I-syll +li 1) Must be stressed or I-syll AJJ1lz) Final sound ArJ1I2) Followed by a vowel Iru lU o~3) Followed by up to 2(1 or 2) 3) Followed by up to 2(1 or 2)Suts

voiced consonants frin voiceless consonants ba- ) Z- cep4) Followed by 1 voiced then 10 t~

1 voiceless consonant ~ n

DIPHTHONGS 5 ONLY

FULL or NONE - No half length for diphthongs

RULES I I 1) Must be stressed or I-syU taoe~middot pounda~

AtJO 2) Must be in FINAL SYLLABLE ~ EXCEPTIONS ANl(3) Any consonant (up to 2 following) MUST be voiced

drcsa-$cL yZ~ d I$8 ~ 5 r NO ~ ( 7e IS ~ ~ )

d IVais No 1L Sf6~ )