H Ni - 2010

GII

PH

P T

CH

C

C

C

C N

C

ANG

PHT

TRI

N,

CN

G

N

G S

NG

TRO

NG

RN

G V

GN

R

NG

N

L

C TH

AM G

IA G

IM

MT

R

NG

V S

UY

THO

I R

N

G BIN I KH HUBIN I KH HU V REDD

Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rngv gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc pht trin

Reducing Emission from Deferestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rngv gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc pht trin

Reducing Emission from Deferestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

H Ni - 2010

GII PHP TCH CC CC NC ANG PHT TRIN, CNG NG SNG TRONG RNG V GN RNG N LC

THAM GIA GIM MT RNG V SUY THOI RNG

BIN I KH HUBIN I KH HU V REDD

ng ch bin: V Th Hin - Lng Th Trng

Cng s tham gia ca:Cn b, nhn vin CERDA v CSDM

Bin i kh hu v REDD

2 3

Gii php tch cc cc nc ang pht trin, cng ng sng trong rng v gn rng n lc tham gia gim mt rng v suy thoi rng

LI TA

D n m bo s tham gia ca nhm dn tc thiu s trong qu trnh thc hin Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v suy thoi rng (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degaradation - REDD) cp quc t v quc gia - GLO-4248 GLO 09/750 - do NORAD ti tr v c thc hin bi Tebtebba - CERDA - CSDM, giai on 6/2009-5/2010. Nng cao nhn thc v Bin i kh hu v gii php gim thiu bin i kh hu thng qua chng trnh Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng cho cng ng dn tc thiu s, cng ng sng trong v gn rng l mt ni dung quan trng c thc hin v l l do bin son cun sch nh ny. Thng qua cun sch nh, nhm tc gi hy vng cng vi cc cuc hi tho v tp hun i km, cn b v ngi dn a phng hiu c nhng thng tin c bn v Bin i kh hu v gii php gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng (REDD v REDD+). Trn c s , cng ng a phng c c nhng sng kin ti cp ca mnh tham gia vo cng cuc chng bin i kh hu thng qua cc sng kin bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng.

Cc thng tin trong cun sch c tham kho v trch dn t cc ti liu trong nc v quc t. Cc ch c cp mang tnh thi s v ang trong qu trnh tho lun, do vy kh trnh khi nhng thiu st, nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca Bn c.

Nhm tc gi

PH LC

1. Khi nim v Kh hu, Bin i kh hu v nhng biu hin ca Bin i kh hu 4

2. Nhng thch thc quan trng nht i vi con ngi nu gi tc Bin i kh hu nh hin nay 6

3. Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam 8

4. Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh 12

5. Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu 22

6. Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu 28

7. Khi nim v Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc ang pht trin (REDD) 31

8. Nguyn tc c bn ca REDD 33

9. Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin REDD 35

10. Yu cu k thut khi tham gia thc hin REDD: Qun l, o c, Gim st 39

11. Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti Vit Nam - Chng trnh UN -REDD Vit Nam 42

12. Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam, vai tr v v th ca cng ng dn tc thiu s khi thc hin REDD 46

54

Kh hu l g? Kh hu l biu th ca mt h thng tng hp bao gm 5 yu t chnh tng tc vi nhau: Khng kh Nc Phn ng bng ca tri t B mt t Sinh quyn

Bin i kh hu l g?

Bin i kh hu l s thay i ca h thng kh hu gm kh quyn, thu quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn hin ti v trong tng lai bi cc nguyn nhn t nhin v nhn to.

Kh quyn l bu khng kh bao quanh tri t, bao gm nhiu loi cht kh (kh Nit, xy, Cacbonic...) v cc phn t ca nhiu cht khc.

Thy quyn bao gm; bin, h, sng, m, nc ngm, lch sui (di dng cht lng) v cc ni bng (di dng cht rn).

Sinh quyn l ton b th gii sinh vt cng vi cc yu t ca mi trng bao quanh chng trn tri t, bao gm c cc hot ng ca sinh vt , ang v s tn ti trn v tri t.

Thch quyn l lp t ca v Tri t nm st bn di kh quyn (nu l trn cn) v nm st bn di thy quyn (nu l di nc).

Biu hin ca Bin i kh hu

Bin i kh hu c biu hin chiu hng tng ca nhit , tng mc nc bin, thay i ch ma, thay i lng ma, thay i ch gi, tt c u theo chiu hng mnh ln cng vi nguy c lm tng cc thm ha thin nhin.

KHI NIM V KH HU, BIN I KH HUV NHNG BIU HIN CA BIN I KH HU

Bin i kh hu v REDD Khi nim v Kh hu, Bin i kh hu v nhng biu hin ca Bin i kh hu1

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Nhng thch thc quan trng nht i vi con ngi nu gi tc Bin i kh hu nh hin nay2

i vi An ninh lng thc

Do bin i kh hu, sn lng lng thc s gim khong 15%;

i vi An ninh nng lng

Nng lng b thiu, y l vn c th nh hng lu di cc quc gia.

V Ngun nc

Nhit ton cu tip tc tng s gy ra hn hn nhiu ni hn s y thm 50 triu ngi trn th gii vo cnh ngho i trong vi thp k ti.

Suy thoi a dng sinh hc

Bin i kh hu lm tng nguy c dit chng ca ng thc vt, lm mt ngun gen qu him, bnh dch mi c th pht sinh.

Thm ha Sinh thi do tan bng hai cc tri t

Nhiu thnh ph ca cc quc gia ven bin ang ng trc nguy c b nc bin dng hu qu trc tip ca s tan bng Bc v Nam cc. Trong s 33 thnh ph c quy m dn s 8 triu ngi vo nm 2015, t nht 21 thnh ph c nguy c cao b nc nhn chm ton b hoc mt phn.

Lnh th c nguy c b thu hp

Mt s nc c mc ri ro cao do nc bin dng dn n lnh th b thu hp vi th t l Trung Quc, n , Bangladesh, Vit Nam, Indonesia, Nht Bn, Ai Cp, Hoa K, Thi Lan v Philippine.

i vi nhng ngi dn sng ph thuc vo rng, do lng ma gim v s gia tng nhit lm gia tng hn hn v gia tng cc v chy rng

Trong 2 thp k qua, thit hi do thin tai ngy cng gia tng v s thit hi c tnh: Khong 3 triu ngi cht, 200 triu ngi b

nh hng Thit hi hng nm c tnh khong 40 t la,

50 triu ngi nh hng

D kin 50 nm sau thin tai s tng gp 4 ln v s ngi chu nh hng c th ln n 2 t ngi

Ngun: Thng k ca H KT-XH, LHQ, 2003

NHNG THCH THC QUAN TRNG NHT I VI CON NGINU GI TC BIN I KH HU NH HIN NAY

Thit hi do thin tai v Bin i kh hu trn quy m ton cu

6 7

Bin i kh hu v REDD

8 9

Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam3Tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam Nu mc nc bin dng cao 1 mt, Vit Nam s b mt 12% din tch t ai ni c tr ca 23% s dn Bin i kh hu lm cho cc trn bo thng xuyn xy ra hn vi mc tn ph nghim trng hn Nhit tng v lng ma thay i s nh hng n nng nghip v ngun nc

Vit Nam v Bin i kh hu

Thin tai, c bit l bo, l, lt, hn hn ngy cng gia tng v tn sut, cng v quy m; tc ng nghim trng n cc hot ng sn xut, i sng v cc lnh vc kinh t - x hi nh nng nghip, ti nguyn nc, qun l vng ven bin, lm nghip, thy sn, nng lng, giao thng vn ti, du lch v c bit l nh hng n sc khe con ngi.

Biu hin Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam Nhit trung bnh nm tng khong 0,1oC/thp

k. Trong mt s thng ma h nhit tng khong 0,1-0,3oC/thp k

Ma ln thng xuyn gy l c bit ln Lng ma gim v ma kh v tng trong ma

ma L c bit ln xy ra thng xuyn min

Trung v min Nam ng i ca bo dch chuyn v pha Nam v

ma bo dch chuyn vo cc thng cui nm ENSO nh hng mnh hn n ch thi tit

v c trng kh hu ca nhiu vng Vit Nam; Mc nc bin dng t 2,5cm-3,0cm/thp k

trong th k qua Hn hn xy ra hng nm hu ht cc khu vc

ca c nc.

Tc ng n Nng nghip Vo nhng nm 2070, cc loi cy trng c th

phi di chuyn ln n cao 550 m v hng ln pha Bc t 100 km n 200 km so vi hin ti. Cy nhit i gim

Mt phn rt ln din tch ca ng bng sng Hng v sng Cu Long c th b ngp lt do nc bin dng

Tc ng n Ti nguyn nc Thay i ch ma c th gy l nghim trng

vo ma ma v hn hn vo ma kh Gia tng v cng v s lng cc cn bo,

ging t gy l ln v ngp lt, l qut, trt l t v xi mn

Gia tng thiu ht nc, tng nhu cu dng nc, do vy i hi cao hn v p ng cp nc v c th dn n mu thun s dng nc

Ngun: Thng bo quc gia ln th nht

Tc ng n Lm nghip Nc bin dng lm thay i din tch rng

ngp mn Phn b ranh gii cc kiu rng nguyn sinh, th

sinh c th b dch chuyn Tng nguy c tit chng ca ng thc vt,

ngun gen qu him Tng nguy c chy rng Dch bnh pht tn mnh hn v rng hn

BIN I KH HU VIT NAMV TC NG TIM N CA BIN I KH HU TI VIT NAMVit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia chu tn tht nng n nht khi mc nc bin dng v bin i kh hu.

Bin i kh hu v REDD Bin i kh hu Vit Nam v tc ng tim n ca Bin i kh hu ti Vit Nam

10 11

Tc ng n Thy sn v Ngh c Nhit tng ln lm ngun thy v hi sn b

phn tn. Cc loi c nhit i (km gi tr kinh t, tr c Ng) tng ln, cc loi c cn nhit i (c gi tr kinh t cao) gim

Tr lng cc loi hi sn b gim st do: - C c th di c - Gim khi lng

Tc ng n vng ven bin Din tch rng ln ca ng bng sng Hng,

sng M Kng v ven bin min Trung s b ngp lt do nc bin dng

Nc bin dng s nh hng n vng t ngp nc ca b bin Vit Nam, nghim trng nht l cc khu vc rng ngp mn ca C Mau, thnh ph H Ch Minh v Nam nh

Tc ng n Nng lng v Giao thng Cc dn khoan du kh b nh hng bi bo t, lc

Cng bin v giao thng c thit k theo s liu lch s s b nh hng, khng cn ph hp na

Gim sn lng in do thiu nc

Ch thy vn khng n nh, dn n mu thun trong vn hnh thy in

Tiu th nhiu nng lng hn do nhit v m tng

Tc ng n Sc khe Bin i kh hu lm xut hin nhiu loi bnh

l v ang lan mnh quy m ton cu. Nhiu loi bnh trc y ch c tr trong mt khu vc a l nh, nay lan mnh ra nhiu vng

Hin nay ghi nhn c 30 cn bnh mi xut hin trong 3 thp k qua. S bng n bnh cha tng thy k t khi cuc cch mng cng nghip a con ngi n sng tp trung ti cc th

Theo T chc Y t th gii (WHO), tri t nng ln c th s lm cho 150.000 ngi cht v 5 triu ngi b mc cc chng bnh khc nhau. Con s trn c th tng gp i vo nm 2030

H sinh thi nui dng cuc sng, cung cp cho con ngi thc n, khng kh v c nc na ang b nh hng

Bin i kh hu tng mt s nguy c i vi ngi bnh do thay i c tnh trong nhp sinh hc ca con ngi

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh

12 13

Hiu ng nh knh - Nhit tri t nng lnCc loi kh nh knh do con ngi to ra lm cho tm chn bao bc tri t ngy cng dy hn ngn cn hi nng, nhit t mt tri chiu xung v nhit t lng tri t thot tr li khng gian v tr. Do vy nhit tri t ngy cng nng ln.

Cc loi kh thi gy Hiu ng nh knh

Cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra rng kh thi CO2 l nguyn nhn chnh gy nn Hiu ng nh knh, bin i kh hu v tri t nng ln.

Cc loi kh nh knh l cc thnh phn ha hc nh: HCFs; PFFs; CFCs; SF6; N2O; CH4; hi nc, CO2

4NGUYN NHN CA BIN I KH HU, HIU NG NH KNH V KH GY HIU NG NH KNH

Hiu ng nh knh

S dng nng lngha thch

Mt tri

t, cht trng, tn ph rng

Nng nghip

Hiu ng nh knh l g ? Kh quyn ca tri t hot ng vi c ch nh hot ng ca nh knh. Tm chn c tc dng nh knh bao bc tri t cho php tia nng mt tri i vo bu kh quyn ca tri t, mang nhit n i dng, mt t, kh quyn v gi nhit bn trong bu kh quyn. Hin tng ny c gi l Hiu ng nh knh.

Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh

14 15

Cc ngun kh gy hiu ng nh knh ti cc nc pht trin

CC NC PHT TRIN

Cc ngun kh gy hiu ng nh knh ti cc nc ang pht trin

CC NC ANG PHT TRIN

Ti cc nc pht trin phn ln kh nh knh sinh ra do t nhin liu ha thch (than, du, kh).

CH4N20

F-GasesCO2 t s dng

nhin liu ha thch

11%6%

2%

81%

Ti cc nc ang pht trin kh nh knh pht ra do thay i s dng t, do mt rng l nguyn nhn rt ln.

S dngnhin liu ha thch

CH4

N20F-Gases

Thay i s dng t v rng

41%

16%

10%0%

33%Hiu ng nh knh

Tm chn c tc dng ging nh knh bao bc ly tri t

Hi nng, nhit b cn, quay tr li tri t

Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh

16 17

Kh nh knh bt ngun t u?

Kh thi CO2 v kh nh knh khc sinh ra t u?

T cng nghip:

Cc nh my in, nh my, cng xng thp, nh my ha cht

T s dng xng du v kh ga:

Tu ln, t v my mc s dng xng du v kh ga

T khai thc du m v t du T cht cy, ph rng, lp m, lt t khai thc qung

Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn nhn ca Bin i kh hu, Hiu ng nh knh v kh gy hiu ng nh knh

Kh thi CO2 sinh ra t u? Kh thi CO2 thot ra t u?

Thay i s dng t, chuyn i rng sang cc mc ch khc nh nh my thy in, ng giao thng

Khi t b cy xi, kh CO2 t lng t thot ln bay vo kh quyn

Rng b t, kh CO2 sinh ra i vo kh quyn

Cht cy: Khi mt cy b n ng, cy s khng cn c vai tr l b cha Carbon, khng cn hp th CO2 t bu kh quyn na

Kh nh knh sinh ra t u ?

Chn th gia sc vi s lng ln mt lng ln kh CH4 v CO2 sinh ra t phn bay vo kh quyn

18 19

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu

22 23

5RNG V VAI TR CA RNG TRONG CNG CUC P NG VI BIN I KH HU

Th no l rng?Theo Ngh nh th Kyoto, rng c nh ngha nh sau:

Din tch ti thiu: 0,05 ha-1,00ha T l che ph tng tn ti thiu: 10%-30% Chiu cao tim nng ti thiu: 2m-5m

Vai tr ca rng Rng ng vai tr quan trng vo qu trnh

pht trin thng qua vic cung cp g, lm sn ngoi g, cc dch v mi trng (a dng sinh hc, iu tit ngun nc, chng xi mn, du lch sinh thi...)

Rng l ni sinh sng ca nhiu triu ngi Rng l ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng Rng l b cha, hp th v lu gi CO2

Carbon c lu gi u trong rng?Carbon c lu gi trong cy: phn sinh khi sng trn mt t, r, thm ti, g cht, thm mc v t

Vai tr ca rng trong vic hp th v lu tr CarbonMt s con s v d tr Carbon tnh theo din tch rng trn ton th gii nh sau: Rng l kho d tr Carbon quan trng vi khong

283 Gt Carbon cha trong sinh khi sng, khong 38 Gt trong g cht v khong 317 Gt trong t v thm mc

Tng tr lng Carbon ca rng nm 2005 khong 638 Gt

Tng lng Carbon hp th trn b mt tri t khong 2,4 Gt/nm, phn ln trong s hp th bi rng

Vai tr ca rng ngp mn v rng Trm Rng ngp mn l cc di phng h bo v t

nng nghip, khu dn c, bin khi tc hi ca bo v xi, ng thi thc y qu trnh bi t ven bin v m rng t ra pha bin

Rng Trm, rng ngp mn hn ch pht thi kh Carbon t than bn

Ti sao rng quan trng i vi Bin i kh hu?Vai tr ca rng l b cha, hp th v lu gi Carbon s khng cn hoc gim i nu rng b trit h hoc b ngho i.

Vic s dng rng v pht thi kh nh knh Mt rng, suy thoi rng v s dng t nng

nghip l ngun pht thi chnh cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh do cc hot ng ca con ngi gy ra ti cc nc ang pht trin

c tnh lng CO2 pht thi do mt rng trong nhng nm 90 khong 5,8Gt/nm, chim khong 20% lng CO2 tng lng pht thi hng nm (Theo IPPC 2007)

G cht

Thm mc

Sinh khi trn mt t, tng

cy cao

Thm ti

Phn r di mt t

t

Bin i kh hu v REDD Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu

24 25

Mt s t liu, hnh nh v mt rng, suy thoi rng v s dng t nng nghip ti Vit Nam

Rng v phn b din tch rng

Din tch rng gim mnh t 1943 n 1995 ti Vit Nam

Phn b rng nm 1995Phn b rng nm 1943

Mt rng Mt rng

Suy thoi rng Khai thc g Trm ti vng rng c than bn

Bin i kh hu v REDD Rng v vai tr ca rng trong cng cuc p ng vi Bin i kh hu

26 27

Chuyn i rng trn t than bn thnh t canh tc nng nghip v nui tm to ra mt lng pht thi kh CO2 khng l

Chuyn rng ngp mn nui tm bn o C Mau, Vit Nam

Chuyn i rng thnh t trng cy hng ha, cy cng nghip trn din rng

Cch s dng t truyn thng ca ngi dn tc thiu s

Cc nh khoa hc cho bit: Canh tc truyn thng theo kiu trng nhiu loi

cy khc nhau trn nhng din tch nh, t c b hoang nh k c chng minh l cch tt duy tr lp ph ca rng

Khng nn coi vic s dng t v rng truyn thng nh m t trn l ph rng hay lm suy thoi rng

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu

TH GII LM G NG PH VI BIN I KH HU?

6

28 29

Hy gi tri t trong lnh

Th gii lm g ng ph vi Bin i kh hu ?

Nm 1992, cc nc nht tr rng nhit v thi tit ton cu thay i mt cch nhanh chng v bt thng

Trong khun kh Lin hip quc, cc quc gia quyt nh hng nm gp nhau tho lun ti sao vn ny li din ra v cn phi lm g i ph vi Bin i kh hu

Cho n COP15, Copenhagen thng 12/2009, Gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng (REDD) v REDD+ c xem l im sng thnh cng nht trong qu trnh thng tho gia cc nc, c ghi nhn l bin php tng i r tin v yu cu v cng ngh phc tp hn cc gii php khc

Ti hi tho cc nh m phn quc t v rng t chc vo u thng 3/2010 ti Vit Nam, nht tr trc mt tp trung n lc vo REDD v REDD+

Hi ngh cc bn ln th 15 (COP15) ca Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v Bin i kh hu (UNFCCC) ti Copenhagen 12/2009

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B30 31

Khi nim v Gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng ti cc nc ang pht trin (REDD)7

37 nc trn th gii c la chn thc hin REDD, trong c Vit Nam

REDD L G? REDD l ch vit tt ting Anh c ngha l: Gim pht thi kh nh knh t gim mt rng Gim pht thi kh nh knh t gim suy thoi

rng Thc hin ti cc nc ang pht trin, v d ti

Vit Nam

Mt rng v Suy thoi rng l g?

Mt rng: khi rng b cht trng hoc chuyn i sang mc ch s dng khc lu di

Suy thoi rng: khi cu trc v chc nng ca rng b tc ng bi cc yu t tiu cc bn ngoi, v d: chy rng, cht n g ci, o bi trit h thc b

REDD+ l g?

Ti cc cuc hi m quc t gn y, cc nc b sung thm 3 ni dung cho REDD v c gi l REDD+, 3 ni dung b sung bao gm: Bo tn, tng a dng sinh hc Tng cng d tr Carbon t rng Qun l rng bn vng

Cc thnh phn ca REDD+

REDD+ bao gm: Gim pht thi kh nh knh thng qua gim

mt rng Gim pht thi kh nh knh thng qua gim suy

thoi rng Bo tn tng a dng sinh hc Tng cng d tr Carbon t rng Qun l rng bn vng

V vy, cc hot ng phc hi, trng mi, ti sinh, s dng rng bn vng u c th c tnh vo vic tng hp th v d tr Carbon ca rng.

REDD v REDD+ l c hi to thu nhp mi v bn vng cho cc cng ng sng gn rng v trong rng v cng l c hi ngi dn tham gia vo cuc chin chng bin i kh hu mang li li ch cho chnh mnh v cng ng th gii.

Nguyn tc ca REDD

Nguyn tc chnh ca REDD rt n gin l:

Cn phi gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng. Nu iu ny khng din ra th s khng c hng li hoc khng to c thu nhp.

Bin i kh hu v REDD 1

B32 33

8 Nguyn tc c bn ca REDD

REDD v REDD+ l gii php tch cc to ra ng c cho cc nc ang pht trin gim tnh trng mt rng v gim suy thoi rng, t gim pht thi kh nh knh v tng lng Carbon c hp th v lu gi trong rng.

Cc nc cng nghip pht trin b ra mt khon ti chnh chuyn cho cc nc ang pht trin n p cho cc nc ny khi h dng tnh trng tn ph rng v lm mt rng.

Nh vy:

Cc nc ang pht trin phi lm g?Cc nc ang pht trin cn trin khai cc d n v chnh sch nhm ngn chn mt rng v suy thoi rng tng lng Carbon lu tr trong rng.

Cc nc pht trin nhn li g?Cc nc pht trin khng phi ct gim lng kh thi qu hn mc v h tr tin lu gi lng Carbon trong cc khu rng ti cc nc ang pht trin.

Khi tham gia REDD, tng nc s o m v gim st lng pht thi CO2 t mt rng v suy thoi rng trong phm vi bin gii nc mnh.

Sau mt thi gian nht nh tng nc s tnh ton lng gim pht thi v nhn c s lng Tn ch Carbon rng tng ng. Cc Tn ch Carbon sau c th c em bn trn th trng Carbon ton cu.

NGUYN TC C BN CA REDD

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin RED

34 35

9

Khi nim

Hn mc Carbon, Tn ch Carbon.

Hn mc Carbon l lng Carbon c php pht thi n nh cho tng nc.

Tn ch Carbon c to ra khi gim c mt lng kh pht thi nht nh.

Nu bn mun pht thi nhiu hn mc cho php, bn phi mua Tn ch Carbon c to ra bi ai hoc mua Hn mc Carbon ca ai khng dng ht.

n v trao i

Mt Tn ch Carbon hay Hn mc Carbon tng ng vi 1 tn Carbon c dng trao i mua bn gia Bn mua vi Bn bn.

C ch mua bn trao i Carbon thng qua REDD l nh th no? Ngi mua mua Tn ch Carbon c ngha l h

mua quyn c thi kh nh knh thay cho vic ct pht thi kh nh knh

Ngi bn bn Tn ch Carbon t hot ng bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng

Nu khng tham gia vo hot ng trng v s dng rng bn vng s khng c thu nhp

NGUYN TC V C CH TI CHNH THC Y V THC HIN REDD

C ch ti chnh v cch thc chi tr trong REDD cn ang trong giai on tho lun?

Chi tr trong REDD thng qua Qu quc t hoc thng qua c ch th trng Carbon, hoc phi hp c hai loi trn. Tin c tr cho ngi ch ca t rng khi ngui ch ny dng vic cht ph rng v lu gi lng Carbon trong rng.

C ch ti chnh v cch thc chi tr trong REDD cn ang trong giai on tho lun, c 2 xut:

xut 1: Thnh lp cc Qu cp quc t hoc cp vng chi tr

xut 2: Hnh thnh th trng, quy nh Hn mc Carbon v Tn ch Carbon, cc nc cng nghip mua bn Tn ch Carbon trc tip vi cc nc ang pht trin

Chi tr REDD qua cc Qu Qu c hnh thnh cp ton cu hay cp

khu vc

Chnh ph, cng ty v cc c nhn cng gp tin cng ti tr cho cc Chng trnh hay D n REDD

Cc chnh ph dng tin thu chi cho cc hot ng lm tn hi n mi trng

Mt s Qu quc t v Qu song phng c thnh lp h tr cc nc ang pht trin chun b cho REDD trong thi gian ny

Cc ngun tin t Qu s c a n cc cng ng bo v v s dng rng mt cch bn vng

Cc chnh ph nhn ngun tin t Qu, hng nm bo co cho c quan ca Lin hip quc v Bin i kh hu v tin trnh bo v v bo tn rng ti nc mnh

Tnh cng bng trong REDD Lm r quyn s dng t v quyn s dng

rng trn t rng Duy tr ti nguyn rng v sinh k ca ngi dn

sng ph thuc vo rng Vinh danh cho ngi hay cng ng bo v rng

bng vic tha nhn ton cu rng h l nhng ngi qun l rng c trch nhim

Chi tr REDD thng qua ccQu quc t v Qu khu vc

Chi tr Carbon thng qua c ch th trng

Bin i kh hu v REDD Nguyn tc v c ch ti chnh thc y v thc hin REDD

36 37

Tn ch Carbon c mua bn nh th no?

Cn phi gim pht thi kh nh knh t mt rng v suy thoi rng. Nu iu ny khng din ra th s khng c hng li hoc khng to c thu nhp

Ngi tham gia REDD, bo v, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng bn Tn ch Carbon to ra

Cng ty pht thi qu hn mc phi mua Tn ch Carbon duy tr hot ng

Ngi khng tham gia REDD ng ngoi cuc

Hn mc Carbon c n nh cho tng nc

Hn mc Carbon khng dng ht c th bn

Ngi mua

Ngi mua

Ngi bn

Ngi bn

Ngi kim chng c lp

Ngi kim chng c lp

Mua bn Hn mc Carbon

Mua bn Tn ch Carbon

Sn xut v s dng Nng

lng sch

Trng v s dng rng bn vng

To Tn ch Carbon bn

Mua Tn chCc bon

Pht thi qu hn mc nn cng ty phi

ng nh my gim pht thi

Thay v ng nh my, cng ty mua Tn ch Carbon tng ng

vi lng pht thi qu hn mc duy tr nh

my hot ng

Cng ty mua tn ch Carbon thay cho vic gim pht thi kh nh knh Cng ty pht thi qu hn mc mua Tn ch Carbon

duy tr hot ngCng ty mua Tn ch Carbon ca ngi bo v, trng v s dng rng bn vng thay cho vic gim pht thi kh nh knh Ngi bo v, trng rng v s dng

rng bn vng to Tn ch Carbon v bn Tn ch Carbon to ra

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Yu cu k thut khi tham gia thc hin REDD: Qun l, o c, Gim st

38 39

10

Thc hin REDD bao gm Qun l, o c, Gim st1. Qun l rng2. o c rng 3. Gim st cc kt qu ca REDD v cng b cng

khai kt qu

Qun lQun l bao gm Bo v rng v Qun l rng bn vng. Qun l rng m bo lng Carbon t rng khng b mt hoc c tng ln trong thi gian di.

o c, xc nh lng Carbon o c rng bng vic iu tra rng, bao gm: Vin thm (Vin thm l khoa hc thu nhn thng

tin ca b mt tri t m khng tip xc vi b mt tri t. V d: chp nh t v tinh)

Xc nh tiu chun trn thc a o m ti thc a Thu thp v qun l s liu

Gim st kt qu gim st cc kt qu mt cch chnh xc cn

gim st o c thng xuyn C s gim st ca bn th ba c lp Cng b s liu kt qu gim st cng khai

Ngi dn c th tham gia iu tra, gim st rng Ngi dn a phng c th thu thp cc s liu

v Carbon t tiu chun v iu tra thc a Trong thc t, khng cn o to nhiu nhng

vn o c, gim st c v c th d dng thu c s liu v Carbon nh m s lng cy, m cc loi cy, o ng knh ngang ngc ca cy

Ngi dn, cng ng sng gn rng c kh nng gim st rng thng xuyn v hiu qu

Mi nc tham gia REDD u phi tin hnh iu tra rng thu thp s liu cn thit phc v cho tnh ton lng gim pht thi ca rng.

Cn c mt c s d liu ng tin cy v c t chc tt.

Do vy cn i ng cn b c o to chuyn nghip vn hnh h thng ny.

Cn mt h thng qun l minh bch.

Ngi dn phi c tham gia y trong cc giai on thc hin REDD.

Ngi dn t nguyn tham gia, c bit trc, c tham vn v c thng bo y thng tin v ng thun.

Cn mt c ch chia s li ch cng bng v hp l.

c c uy tn vi ngi s mua Tn ch Carbon, vi nh u t cn m bo lng d tr Carbon c duy tr u n trong rng. m bo Tn ch Carbon l tin cy, iu ny c ngha l 1 Tn ch Carbon c trao i trn th trng ng bng 1 tn gim pht thi c thc trn thc t v c gi lu di.

Do vy: Cc kt qu qun l v o c rng trong REDD

cn c gim st thng xuyn Cn la chn tiu chun minh bch gim st Cc kt qu c kim chng bi t chc c lp

th ba v thng tin cng khai

Mi nc s tnh ton khi lng kh nh knh c gim v sau yu cu c cp mt lng Tn ch Carbon nht nh. Yu cu ny c kim chng bi mt bn th ba. T chc th ba ny s nh gi cc s liu v tnh ton khng nh rng yu cu cp Tn ch Carbon ca nc ny l tin cy v chnh xc.

YU CU K THUT KHI THAM GIA THC HIN REDD V REDD+: QUN L, O C, GIM ST

Mt s yu cu v qun l v tiu chun khi thc hin REDD v REDD+

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B40 41

Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng

CHNG TRNH GIM PHT THI KH NH KNHT N LC GIM MT RNG V GIM SUY THOI RNG Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam

C quan thc hin: B NNPTNT, UBND tnh Lm ngCc c quan i tc Lin hip quc: UNDP, FAO, UNEP

Chng trnh UN - REDD Vit Nam

Vit Nam l 1 trong 9 nc lm m hnh th nghim v REDD. Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam c Lin hip quc ti tr v hin ang thc hin trong thi gian 20 thng. Lm ng l tnh c chn lm th nghim. C quan ch tr l Tng cc lm nghip, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (B NNPTNT).

Mc tiu ca Chng trnh UN-REDD ti Vit Nam Mc tiu lu di ca Chng trnh UN-REDD

Vit Nam l gip Chnh ph Vit Nam xy dng c s cho vic thc hin REDD v gp phn gim pht thi Carbon

Mc tiu c th l tng cng th ch v nng lc cho B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ti Trung ng v a phng m bo n nm 2012 Vit Nam sn sng thc hin REDD

Ba hp phn ca Chng trnh Hp phn 1: Tng cng nng lc k thut v

th ch cho c quan iu phi v REDD cp trung ng

Hp phn 2: Nng cao nng lc qun l REDD v chi tr dch v mi trng (PES) ti cp a phng thng qua vic lp v thc hin k hoch pht trin bn vng

Hp phn 3: Hnh thnh c ch chia s thng tin v hp tc v REDD gia cc nc trong khu vc h lu sng M Kng

Cc u tin chnh ca Chng trnh: Xy dng chin lc quc gia v REDD Hnh thnh h thng theo di, bo co v kim

chng (MRV) Xy dng chun tham chiu (REL) Xy dng c ch chia s li ch v gn kt cc i

tc c lin quan Tham vn kin cng ng v.v... Chia s kin thc, nng cao nhn thc, ng gp

cho thc hin REDD trn th gii

Cp trung ng:

Tng cng nng lc k thut v th ch cho c quan iu phi v REDD cp trung ng - B NNPTNT

Cp tnh, huyn, x: Tng cng nng lc S, Ban, Ngnh Lng ghp REDD vo k hoch s dng t Nng cao nhn thc ca cn b, nhn dn a

phng v vai tr ca rng v REDD Trin khai th im REDD ti hai huyn thuc tnh

Lm ng

Chun b tt cho vic bn chng ch Carbon c kim chng c lp, m bo chia s li ch cng bng gia nh nc v cc bn tham gia qun l, bo v rng.

Phi hp REDD vi chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng (PES) v cc chng trnh d n qun l v bo v rng.

Vit Nam chia s kt qu thc hin Chng trnh UN-REDD Vit Nam ti COP15 - Copenhagen 12/2009.

Chin lc v phng php tip cn tng th ca Chng trnh

11

DO LIN HIP QUC TI TR THC HIN TI VIT NAM, 2009 - 2010- CHNG TRNH UN-REDD VIT NAM

Bin i kh hu v REDD Chng trnh gim pht thi kh nh knh t n lc gim mt rng v gim suy thoi rng

42 43

Phng php tip cn ca Chng trnh da trn kt qu

Cc chuyn gia, t chc gii nht trong nc v quc t c huy ng thc hin Chng trnh

Phng php tip cn i tc m bo phi hp hiu qu cc ng gp trong nc v ti tr ca ngoi nc

Phng php tip cn c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan. S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan s cng c cho qu trnh pht trin bn vng

Chia s kin thc, nng cao nhn thc, ng gp cho thc hin REDD trn th gii

Chng trnh gii quyt nhiu vn xuyn sut K hoch hng qu, hng nm v l cn c

gim st

Bnh ng gii c thc hin c bit l nhn mnh s tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh

- Ti thiu 30% ph n tham gia cc hot ng

- Lng ghp gii trong cc hot ng nng cao nng lc+ Cn bng gii trong cc nhm tham gia tp

hun, o to, t vn+ Lng ghp gii trong truyn thng, tuyn

truyn

Chin lc v phng php tip cn tng th ca Chng trnh UN-REDD

Bin i kh hu v REDD

B

Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam, vai tr v v th ca cng ng dn tc thiu s khi thc hin REDD

44 45

12

V th, vai tr ca ngi dn tc thiu s khi tham gia REDD

Ngi dn tc c th c v th ngang bng trong cc m phn v tha thun v REDD.

Ngi dn tc c th a ra cc sng kin ca ring h v tr thnh i tc REDD ca cc Qu, c quan bo tn, cng ty t nhn v cc t chc chi tr ti chnh cho cng sc bo v rng ca h.

Ngi dn tc thiu s vi REDD ti Vit Nam. Cc ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc

Cng ng ngi dn tc thiu s Vit Nam s l mt trong nhng ch th quan trng trong qu trnh thc thi REDD.

Ngi dn tc ng mt vai tr quan trng trong n lc hn ch mt rng v suy thoi rng cng nh vic ngn chn nn khai thc, vn chuyn v bun bn g bt hp php Nh nc khuyn khch cng ng dn tc thiu

s tham gia thc hin REDD m bo s tham gia ca cng ng dn tc

thiu s trong qu trnh thc hin REDD va bo v quyn li ca chnh bn thn v gp phn tng tnh minh bch trong qun l rng

Cng ng dn tc thiu s tham gia vo qu trnh theo di v gim st pht thi Carbon do mt rng v suy thoi rng

y mnh cng tc giao t, giao rng cho h gia nh v cng ng

NGI DN TC THIU S VI REDD TI VIT NAM, VAI TR V V TH CA CNG NG DN TC THIU S KHI THC HIN REDD

Hy n lc tham gia vo cng cuc chng Bin i kh hu mang li li ch ca chnh mnh v cng ng bng hot ng bo v rng, trng rng v s dng rng bn vng.

Thit k v in ti cng ty c phn In La Bn In theo giy php xut bn s:...............................................

BIN I KH HU L IU KHNG QUN L CTC NG CA BIN I KH HU L KHNG TRNH KHI

John Schelinhuber

Nh ti tr: C quan Hp tc Pht trin Na Uy - Norad

TRUNG TM NGHIN CU & PHT TRIN VNG CAOCENTRE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN UPLAND AREAS (CERDA)

P801- Chung c Ngn hng Nng nghip - Ngch 106/10 - Ng 106,ng Hong Quc Vit, qun Cu Giy, H Ni.

Tel: 04 62690174 Fax: 04 62690848 Email: cerdahanoi@hn.vnn.vn