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Bibliography
A. UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES
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Index
Abbas, Ghulam, 103, 127, 129–30Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammed
Abbas and, 103, 129–30, 138accession of Kashmir to India, 106,
112, 221, 223Ayub Khan and, in 1964, 313background of, 102Bakshi and, 130, 188, 224Bengal crisis and, 188condominium of India and
Pakistan, 223, 313confederation of India, Pakistan,
and Kashmir, 313Delhi Agreement and, 220–3deposition of Maharaja, demand
for, 220–2dismissal and imprisonment of,
224–5independence, stance on, 118,
127–30, 138, 147, 188,219–20, 222–4
Indian government and, 190,219–20, 222, 224
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 106,108, 108n22, 111–12, 116–18,126–32, 138, 143–4, 146–7
Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 213land reforms in Kashmir and,
189–90, 219Maharaja and, 102, 108, 147–8,
220
Muslim Conference and, 102National Conference and, 102–3,
188, 220, 223–4Pakistan, relationship with,
106, 113, 116, 127–8, 145,313
plebiscite, stance on, 117–18,127–8, 144
political opponents and 219political outlook of, 103Praja Parishad and, 219–20, 222release from prison, 312rift with Nehru, 219–25standing in Kashmir valley, 147–8,
220, 223Abyssinia, 16Accession of states, India’s policy on,
29, 33–4, 71, 102Acheson, Dean, 206, 215, 217–18Aeronautical and Industrial Research
Corporation, 94Afghanistan, 191, 228Akhnur, 119Aksai Chin, 228–9, 240, 245–9,
252–3, 257, 260–2, 266, 284,286, 288, 315
Alexander, Horace, 129Ali, Laik. See LaikAli, Mohammed, 112, 116, 128, 139,
141, 144Ali, S.M., 250
340 INDEX
All India Congress Committee, 83,182
All Jammu and Kashmir MuslimConference. See MuslimConference
Allahabad, 12America. See United States of AmericaAntonov, Sergei, 253–4Anwar, Khurshid, 106Ardagh, Major General Sir J., 228Article 370, of Indian constitution,
148, 221–2Arunachal Pradesh, 227Assam, 34, 169, 185, 229, 244Attlee, Clement,
Bengal crisis and, 174, 178–80, 183Hyderabad crisis and, 96Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
126–7, 131, 139–40, 142Kashmir crisis (1951), 205, 208
Auchinleck, Field Marshal Claude,109
Australia, 177–8, 180–1, 202Ayub (Khan), 212, 217–18, 268, 311Ayyangar, N. Gopalaswami, 44, 114,
130, 136, 194, 222Azad, Maulana, 188–9, 223–4,
224n168Azad Kashmir, 189
forces of, 114, 116, 127, 134,145–6
leadership of, 105, 118, 127, 130,132, 137–8, 145, 195
Babariawad, 35, 38–9, 41–2, 47–53,56, 60–1, 63
Bajpai, Sir Girja Shankarbackground of, 21Bengal crisis and, 157–8, 170–1,
177–8, 180, 188China, views on, 233, 235–7Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 112,
127, 135–6, 147
Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 192,205, 216
political outlook of, 21secretary general of ministry of
external affairs, 21Tibet and, 233
Bakshi, Ghulam Mohammedprime minister of Kashmir, 224–5Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 130Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 213independence for Kashmir, 188,
224Baltistan, 114Banerjee, P.K., 290–1Bantwa, 51, 54, 56, 63Baramula, 108–9, 123Beas (river), 196–7Beijing, 23, 237, 239, 243, 245Benediktov, Ivan, 307Bengal, 3, 9, 28, 34, 148, 311–12Bengal crisis, 149–87
aftermath, 185–7Amrita Bazar Patrika and, 168, 172Ansar, role of, 150army, internal use of, 153, 181Australia and, 177–8, 180–2Britain and, 157–8, 165, 170–1,
174, 177–80, 182–4British officers in India and, 163,
169, 179cabinet and, 166, 173–5, 183Cameron’s murder, impact of,
181–2Canada and, 177–80, 182chiefs of staff and, 163, 168–9,
171Congress Party and, 159–61,
165–7, 173–4, 181–2Defence Committee of the Cabinet
(DCC) and, 168–9defence policy and, 155defence secretary (of India) and,
161, 163
INDEX 341
deputy high commissioner of Indiain Dhaka and, 156, 160
editors of Calcutta newspapers and,168, 172
exchange of minorities, 159, 161,169, 170–3, 175, 182n137
external pressure on Pakistan,157–8, 165, 170–1, 174, 178
Hindu Mahasabha and, 150, 152,159, 166, 181, 181n131
joint declaration, 166, 171–2, 174joint fact-finding commissions,
156–8, 162, 164joint tour by prime ministers,
157–8, 160, 162, 164–5, 170Kashmir and, 155, 157–8, 185,
187lessons of, 187Liaquat’s visit to East Pakistan, 176military intervention in East
Pakistan and, 153–4, 159–61,163, 165–6, 166n66, 168–9,172, 175
military mobilization and, 162–3,167–8, 170–1, 176–8, 182, 184
military planning and, 155, 162,168–9
Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,156–7, 159, 164, 166, 170–2,182–3
Nehru-Liaquat pact, 175, 185,187
Nehru’s speech of 23 February1950, 161–2
Nehru’s speech of 3 March 1950,167–8, 170
Nehru’s speech of 17 March 1950,172–4
Nehru’s visits to Calcutta, 168–9,172
origins of, 150, 152, 160Pakistan’s assessment of, 169–70,
175–6, 184
Pakistan’s military and, 162,169–70, 175–7
Pakistan’s strategy, 164–5, 170,176–7
parliament and, 152, 155, 161–2,165, 172–3, 182, 185
Partition (of India) and 152–4,158, 160, 164
press in India and, 153, 163,168–9, 172–3, 176
press in Pakistan and, 155, 165prime ministers’ meeting, 171–2,
178, 182–5proposals advanced by India,
156–7, 162, 166proposals advanced by Pakistan,
156–7, 159, 164proscribing movement of refugees,
157–8, 164, 166provincial governments and, 166public opinion in India and, 153,
155–6, 160, 163–5, 168–9,172, 174, 176, 178
public opinion in Pakistan and,155, 158, 171, 176, 183
refugees, flow of, 150, 152–3,156–7, 161, 165, 167, 169,172, 174, 184
reputational concerns of Pakistan,158–9, 183
resignation, Nehru’s plans for,160–2, 173–4
Socialist Party and, 166, 166n66strategy, 153–6, 161–3, 165,
167, 169, 171, 173, 175,184
Times of India and, 173United Nations (UN) and, 170United States of America (US) and,
157, 168, 170–1, 174, 177,179–80, 182
violence in East Pakistan and, 150,152, 156, 158, 160, 165
342 INDEX
violence in West Bengal and, 150,152–3, 155–6, 165, 181
Benichou, Lucien, 90–1Bhattacharjea, Ajit, 117Bhimbar, 114–15, 134Bhutan, 230, 238Bhutto, Sir Shah Nawaz
appointment as Dewan ofJunagadh, 32
background of, 32Junagadh crisis and, 33, 36–7, 52,
59, 61–2Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 32, 310Bogra, Mohammed Ali, 225–6Bombay, 38, 40, 77, 85–6, 102Bomdila, 305Border Roads Organization, 271Boundary dispute with China,
227–66agreement with China on Tibet,
238, 240–1, 243Aksai Chin and, 228–9, 240,
245–9, 252–3, 257, 260–2, 266Ardagh alignment, 228–9, 240Assam Himalaya and, 229, 235,
256asylum to Dalai Lama and, 251Bara Hoti and, 243, 245–6, 249Beru Bari judgment and, 262–3Bhutan and, 230, 238Burma and, 244–5, 256Cabinet and, 263Chinese maps, Indian concerns
about, 243–7Chinese claim lines of 1956 and
1960, 266compromise solution, India’s idea
of, 263–5Congress Party and, 258construction of roads by China,
concerns about, 244, 245–6deficit of trust and, 255–7, 261,
263–4, 266
eastern sector, 235, 244–5, 247,255, 259–63
geography of, 227Himmatsinhji Committee and,
235–6, 238, 240historical legacy and, 227–30, 248,
260Indian army, role of, 233–4, 246,
259Indian nationalism and, 256Indian patrolling, 244, 246–7, 257Indian policy on Tibet, China’s
concerns about, 249–52infiltration, Indian concerns about,
233–4, 236, 239, 242–3Intelligence Bureau (IB) and,
245–6irredentism of China, 230, 233,
236–9, 257, 261Jan Sangh and, 262Kongka Pass, clash at, 257, 260Longju, clash at, 252MacDonald alignment, 228–9, 240McMahon Line and, 229–31,
234–8, 244–5, 247, 252, 255,257, 259, 261–2
middle sector, 243–6, 249negotiations with China, 236–7,
239–40, 242–4, 246–7, 249,252–3, 260
Nehru-Zhou correspondence,246–9, 255–6, 259, 261
Nehru-Zhou talks of June 1954,241–2
Nehru-Zhou talks of October1954, 243, 247
Nehru-Zhou talks of January 1957,245, 247, 249
Nehru-Zhou talks of April 1960,261, 264–5
Nehru’s directive of July 1954,242–3
Nepal and, 230
INDEX 343
new maps issued by India, 240,242–3, 247
North East Frontier Agency(NEFA) and, 227, 236, 239,247, 253, 256–7, 259–60
official correspondence, 246–7,252
officials’ meeting and report, 266package deal involving Ladakh and
NEFA, option of, 261–6parliament and, 252–3, 255–6,
258–60, 262–3press in India and, 252, 257–8,
258n90, 262public opinion in India and, 253,
257–8, 260, 262, 264reputation for firmness, India and,
233, 235, 239–40, 256, 264securing the boundary and 233–6,
238, 241–4, 259security concerns of India, 256–7Sikkim and, 230, 238Simla Conference of 1914 and,
229–30, 235, 238Soviet Union and, 253–4, 254n78,
255, 261status quo and, 248–9, 255, 259Tawang and, 230, 235Tibet and, 229–30, 233–8, 245,
249–52, 256Uttar Pradesh government and,
239, 241western sector, 240, 244, 246–9,
252–3, 255–7, 259–60, 261–3white paper and 253withdrawal of troops and 259–60Xinjiang-Tibet road (through Aksai
Chin), 245, 245–7, 252–3, 260Britain, 16–17, 19, 47
Bengal crisis and, 157–8, 165,170–1, 174, 177–80, 182–4
grand strategy in South Asia, 125,190
Hyderabad crisis and, 67–8, 71Junagadh crisis and, 42Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 115,
122, 125–31, 134, 138–9,141–4
Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 190,192, 194, 199–201, 203, 205,207–8, 210–12, 214, 216
Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 310
Bucher, General RoyHyderabad crisis and, 80, 85Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 115,
124, 132, 134–5, 135n129,136, 142–3
Bunker, Ellsworth, 250n61Burma, 244, 256
Cabinet, 23–5Bengal crisis and, 166, 173–5boundary dispute with China, 263China crisis and, 287Hyderabad crisis and, 31, 70, 76,
84, 88, 91–3Junagadh crisis and, 36, 38, 39–40,
45, 49–50, 55, 62Kashmir crisis (1947–8), 122, 147
Cabinet Mission, 28Cabot, John, 289–90Cairo, 23Calcutta, 152–3, 156, 168Cameron, A.L., 181, 182n137Canada, 129, 147, 177–80, 205Cariappa, General K.M., 133, 193–4,
217Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
214, 250Chaudhuri, Major General J.N., 85,
133Chen, Yi, 284, 286, 288, 290–1Chenab (river), 140–1, 189, 226Chhatari (nawab of ), 68, 71–3, 75Chiang, Kai-shek. See, Jiang Jieshi
344 INDEX
Chiefs of Staff Committee, 23, 85,278–9
China crisis, 267–309army and, 267–9, 271–4, 277–8,
284–5, 292–3, 294–7, 300–1,303–4
Assam Rifles and, 267balance of payments and, 278build-up of forces, 271–3, 276,
277n36, 285, 292Burma and, 283cabinet and, 287Congress Party and, 279chiefs of staff and, 272–3, 278–9,
282–3, 305China’s decision to attack, 291–2,
298–9, 301, 304China’s strategy, 285, 289–90,
298–9Chinese patrolling towards 1960
claim line, 271, 273, 275, 285Chip Chap valley incident (1961),
273–4Chip Chap valley stand-off, 286civil-military relations and, 268–9,
271, 277, 296, 301, 304–5Communist Party of India and,
307Cuban missile crisis and, 301–2,
309defence policy and, 278, 309–10diplomacy, 283–4, 286–8, 290–1,
299, 306forward policy, 273–7, 277n36,
283–5, 287, 291–3, 296,298
Galwan valley stand-off, 287Great Leap Forward, failure of,
284, 292, 298Indian patrolling, 271–2Intelligence Bureau (IB) and, 271,
273–5, 277–8Jan Sangh and, 294
Joint Intelligence Committee and,278
Kashmir and, 309–10Khrushchev-Nehru
correspondence, 306–8Laos accord and, 288–9logistical problems, 270–3, 276,
285, 293, 295military intelligence and, 270, 279military operations (October–
November 1962), 304–5, 308military planning, 268, 270–2,
294–5, 297–8, 300–1, 303–4official correspondence, 291, 296,
299Pakistan and, 309–10parliament and, 275, 277, 283,
291press in India and, 287, 291, 294,
301public opinion in India and, 283,
290–1, 294, 298, 304Sino-Soviet relationship and,
280–2, 298–300, 302–3, 307–8Soviet Union and, 280–2, 288,
290, 299–303, 306–9strategy, 270, 274, 276, 277n36,
279–80, 282–3, 293–4, 297–8,300–1
Swatantra Party and, 294Taiwan and, 285, 289–90Tawang, withdrawal from, 305Thagla ridge stand-off, 293–8,
300–1, 303–4Tibet and, 291, 298“the three reconciliations and the
one reduction,” 284, 288, 296United States of America (US) and,
280, 285, 289–90, 307–10unilateral ceasefire by China, 308war with China, Indian
expectations and, 270–2, 276,278–80, 282–3, 286, 295–6
INDEX 345
Western military supplies to India,307, 309
withdrawal of troops, 283–4, 286,288, 291
Zhou’s three point proposal,306–7
China, Republic of, 130Chittagong, 177Cold War, 1, 17, 125Commonwealth, 68, 70, 73, 125–6,
139, 179–80, 189, 199,212–13, 294
Communist Party of India (CPI), 95,307
Congo, 5Congress Party, 12, 15, 154
Bengal crisis and, 159–60, 165–7,173–4
boundary dispute with China and,258
China crisis and, 279Hyderabad crisis and, 65, 67, 83Junagadh crisis and, 28–9, 33, 38Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
102Cotton, Sydney, 94, 94n115Crocker, Walter, 282Cunningham, Sir George, 106, 109,
111–12Czechoslovakia, 16
Dalai Lama, 249, 251Dange, Shripad, 307Dasgupta, C., 47, 115, 124,
135n129Defence Committee of the Cabinet
(DCC)Bengal crisis and, 168–9British officers in, 24creation of, 23, 46–7Hyderabad crisis and, 84–6, 96Junagadh crisis and, 49, 52–5,
56–7, 59–61
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,107–8, 108n22, 110, 114, 119,121–2, 133
Dehra Dun, 88Delhi, 73–4, 82, 92–3, 108n22,
110–11, 116, 182–4, 207, 209Demchok, 241–2Deng, Xiaoping, 271, 284Desai, M.J., 22, 273–4, 276, 295–6Desai, Morarji, 38, 263Dewan (of Junagadh). See BhuttoDhaka, 152, 156, 160, 165Dhebar, U.N., 39–40Dixon, Sir Owen, 147, 181, 187,
188–9Domel, 58, 107, 132–3, 135Dras, 135, 142Dutt, Subimal, 22, 200, 250n61
East Bengal. See East PakistanEast Pakistan, 3, 9, 150, 152–3,
156–60, 162, 164, 167, 169,171, 176, 185, 196, 198, 250,311
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 144Elmhirst, Air Chief Marshal Thomas,
163
Foreign Affairs Committee, 23–4,273
France, 16–17, 71, 212–13
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand(Mahatma), 12, 15–16, 40, 78,101, 160
Gandhi, Samaldas, 40, 62Geneva, 137–8, 288Gilgit, 114, 130, 132, 139–41Goa, 5, 18Gopal, Sarvepalli, 1, 98, 145, 238,
260Gracey, General Douglas
Bengal crisis and, 170, 175–6
346 INDEX
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 109,133–5, 143
Grafftey-Smith, Sir Laurence, 178–9Graham, Frank, 189, 194–5, 197,
201, 204, 211, 214–17Gromyko, Andrei, 286Gujrat, 119, 122Gundevia, Y.D., 310Guomindang, 236, 249–50, 289Gurdaspur, 103
Hall, Rear Admiral J.T.S., 42Henderson, Loy, 180Himachal Pradesh, 227Himmatsinhji Committee, 235–6,
239–40Hindu Mahasabha, 150, 152Hyderabad, 3, 4, 9, 18, 26, 28, 101
accession to India, 29–30, 67–8,72
administrative and securitystructures of, 65, 93
attacks on Muslims after Indianinvasion, 98–9
desire for independence, 29, 44,67
political geography of, 65Hyderabad crisis, 65–100
aftermath, 98–100accession, India’s calls for, 76, 78,
80–1, 83, 86–7, 89, 91armaments, Hyderabad’s
procurement of, 77, 94–5Britain and, 67–8, 71, 96cabinet and, 31, 70, 76, 84, 91–3chiefs of staff and, 85clashes between Indian and
Hyderabad forces, 85–6, 97communal situation, India’s
concerns about, 71, 75, 77–80,85, 87, 89–91, 95–7
Communist Party of India (CPI)and, 95
Defence Committee of the Cabinet(DCC) and, 84–6, 96
deployment of forces, 84–5diplomatic exchanges, 80–2, 98economic blockade, 69, 77, 81, 89,
94France and, 71general staff and, 80, 85Ittehad-i-Muslimeen (Ittehad) and,
69, 70–1, 73–5, 78–84, 89–90,93, 95
Jinnah’s calculations, 67, 69Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting, 74Junagadh and, 68, 76Kashmir and, 74–7, 80, 88, 90, 93,
96–7military action, 98military calculations of Hyderabad,
86, 93military planning, 80, 84–6, 90military preparations by
Hyderabad, 93–4Nehru’s meetings with Hyderabad’s
representatives, 81–3, 86, 88, 90Nizam-Monckton correspondence,
68–9, 76Nizam-Mountbatten
correspondence, 67–8, 70,72–3, 75–6, 81–4
Operation Polo, 80, 84–6, 98Pakistan and, 68–70, 73–5, 77–9,
85, 90, 94–6plebiscite, option of, 87–91plebiscite and state government
reforms, 89–93proclamation of independence by
Nizam, 67provincial governments and, 77,
80–2, 85, 97public opinion and, 77, 79, 81,
94–7Razakar and, 77–8, 81, 83, 86,
91–2, 95, 97–8
INDEX 347
state government reforms, 77–9,81–4, 86
standstill agreement, 73–5, 76–80strategy, 84, 88, 90, 94, 97treaty with India, 68, 70, 72–3,
86–9United States and, 70, 96United Nations (UN) and, 76, 91,
96–8Hyderabad State People’s Congress,
65, 79, 83
Iftikharuddin, Mian, 105, 129–30India, 5, 7, 9, 27–8, See also specific
topicsIndian Civil Service, 7, 21, 29Indian National Congress. See
Congress PartyInstrument of Accession (of Kashmir),
108, 108n22, 148Intelligence Bureau (IB), 24–5,
245–6, 271, 273–5, 277–8International Red Cross, 162, 164Ismail, Mirza, 86Ismay, General Hastings, 41, 45–6,
60, 110, 116Ittehad-i-Muslimeen (Ittehad), 65, 69,
70–1, 73–5, 79–83, 89–90, 93,95
Ivelaw-Chapman, Air MarshalRonald, 169
Jammu, 103, 108n22, 114, 118–19,121, 123, 132, 140–2, 189,219–20, 222, 226
Jammu and Kashmir. See KashmirJammu and Kashmir Division, 114Jan Sangh, 222, 262, 294, 313Japan, 16Jha, Prem Shankar, 108n22Jhangar, 115, 123–4, 132Jhansi, 168Jhelum, 115, 119, 122, 134, 142
Jiang, Jieshi, 285, 289Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 8
Hyderabad crisis and, 67–70, 72,74–5
Junagadh crisis and, 32–3, 34–5,37, 43, 50, 59–61
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 103,106–12, 119–21, 126, 133
princely states and 28, 34–5, 43,60–1, 67, 110–11
Jodhpur, 28Johnson, W.H., 228Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC),
24, 278–9, 279n45Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee,
23–4, 89–90Jones, Harvey, 59, 63Junagadh (princely state of ), 3, 4, 9,
23, 101, 125Junagadh crisis, 27–64
accession to India, 29, 31–2accession to Pakistan, 31–6, 42–3,
62Babariawad and, 35–6, 38–9,
41–2, 47–53, 56–7, 60–1,63
Bantwa and, 51, 54, 56–7, 63Bombay government and, 38Britain and, 42cabinet and, 36, 38, 39–40, 45,
49–50, 55, 62chiefs of staff and, 41–2, 44–6,
52–3, 57Congress and, 38–9Defence Committee of the Cabinet
(DCC) and, 46–7, 52–3, 56–7,59–61
deployment of forces, 36, 39,41–2, 44, 48–9, 59–60
diplomacy, 43–4, 50, 52–3, 55–6,60–2
economic blockade, 33, 53, 59Exercise Peace, 57
348 INDEX
Harvey Jones’ mission to Pakistan,59, 63
Hyderabad and, 33, 43, 48–9, 61,63–4
India’s proposal for referendum,34, 37–8, 42–3, 49, 51, 53–4,56–62
strategy, 47–9military operations, 61–2military planning, 42, 44–5,
46n53, 49, 52–3, 57–8public opinion and, 48Jinnah’s initial calculations, 34–5,
37Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting,
60–1Kashmir and, 34–5, 49, 51, 54, 58,
60–1, 63–4Kutyana and, 61Manavadar and, 38, 57, 63Mangrol and, 38–9, 41–3, 47–53,
56–7, 60–1, 63Nawab flees to Karachi, 59Nawagadh and, 61Nawanagar and, 35–6Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,
33–4, 42, 51, 53–4, 55–8,62–3
Nehru-Liaquat meeting, 50, 52Pakistan’s military capability and,
35, 37, 41, 50–1, 52, 59plebiscite, outcome of, 62–3political geography of Kathiawar,
31–2provisional government and,
39–41, 53, 59, 61–3Sardargarh and, 51, 54, 56–7, 63United Nations and, 44, 46n53,
48–9, 62United Nations Security Council
and, 63
Kak, Ram Chandra, 106
Karachi, 31, 32, 59, 69, 94–5, 143,206
Kargil, 135, 142Kashmir, 2–4, 9, 10, 26
Abdullah’s imprisonment, 224–5accession to India, 29, 31, 58, 102,
106–7, 148, 213, 221accession to Pakistan, 102administrative structures of,
103Anglo-American interests in, 125,
189arbitration of dispute, 146–7, 189,
206Article 370 of Indian constitution
and, 148, 221–2autonomy of, 148, 220–1Bengal crisis and, 155, 157–8, 185,
188commonwealth, mediation and,
189contingency military plans for, 148,
193, 196constituent assembly of, 144–5,
148, 188–90, 192, 196,198, 203–4, 213–14, 217,219
creation of the state, 101Delhi Agreement and, 220–2demilitarization after ceasefire,
146–7, 189, 216Dixon’s attempt at mediation,
188–9Graham’s attempt at mediation,
189holy relic, theft of, 311independence, option of, 102,
118, 127–31, 138, 147, 188,219–20, 222–4
Maharaja, position of, 102, 147–8,220
McNaughton, and, 147Mookerjee and, 222, 224
INDEX 349
Muslims in India and, 101, 188,223
negotiations of 1962–3, 310Nehru and Abdullah’s attempt at
resolution (1964), 312–13partition, 118, 136, 138–41, 145,
310, 313partition-cum-plebiscite, 130,
139–41, 147, 188–9, 223,225–6, 313
plebiscite, 34–5, 49, 51, 54, 58,60–1, 107, 109–13, 116–18,120, 126, 129, 131, 135–41,143–6, 188–9, 192, 206, 213,223, 225–6, 313
political geography of, 101, 136political parties in, 102–3, 105Praja Parishad agitation, 219–20rift between Nehru and Abdullah,
219–25standstill agreement with Pakistan,
102strategic importance of, 101, 103,
140–1US-Pakistan alliance and, 226United Nations Security Council
resolutions on, 131–2, 136–7,139–40, 143–5, 147, 189–90
Kashmir crisis (1947–8), 101–48Abdullah and, 106, 108, 108n22,
111–12, 116, 126–32, 138,143–4, 146–8
accession to India, 107–8, 108n22,109, 111, 132, 148
arbitration, proposal for, 146–7Azad Kashmir forces and, 114,
116, 145–6Azad Kashmir leadership and, 105,
118, 127, 130, 132, 137–8,145–6
Bengal crisis, influence on, 148Britain and, 115, 122, 125–31,
134, 138–9, 141–4, 147
British officers, role of, 115, 124,134–5, 135n129, 143
Boundary Award and, 103ceasefire, 131, 136–8, 143, 146chiefs of staff and, 119–20, 122,
132, 136coalition government and, 116,
127, 131–2, 136, 138, 143constituent assembly election,
option of, 144–5Defence Committee of the Cabinet
(DCC) and, 107–8, 108n22,110, 114, 119, 121–2, 133
demilitarization and, 111–13,116–17, 120, 131–2, 136, 144,146–7
escalation, consideration of, 121–4,142, 145–6
general staff and, 133, 142Gilgit and, 114, 130, 132, 139–41Hyderabad and, 110–12, 116, 132,
135independence, option of, 118,
127–31, 138, 147Ismay-Menon-Mohammed Ali
meetings, 112–13, 116–17Jinnah-Mountbatten meeting,
110–12Jinnah’s assessment of military
situation (October 1947), 109,111
Junagadh and, 110–12, 121, 125Kashmir state forces, 147Menon-Mohammed Ali proposals,
117–21military operations, 108–9,
114–15, 121, 123, 132–5,141–2
military planning, 107, 114–16,119–20, 123–4, 132–3, 135,142
Muslim Conference and, 103,127–9, 132
350 INDEX
National Conference and, 103,117–18, 128, 132, 147
Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,112–13, 119, 137–8
Nehru-Liaquat meetings, 116–17,120, 140
Pakistan’s initial views on accession,103
Pakistan army and, 108–9, 126–7,131–6, 142–4, 146
partition, option of, 118, 136,138–41, 145
partition-cum-plebiscite, option of,130, 139–41, 147
plebiscite, option of, 107, 109–13,116–18, 120, 126, 129, 131,135–41, 143–6
plebiscite administrator, 131–2,143–4
Poonch revolt, 105–6Poonch area, India’s attitude to,
114–15, 117–18, 120, 130,139, 140, 142
strategy, 119, 121–3, 133, 135,142
tribal invasion, 105–10, 114truce agreement, steps towards,
136–7, 144, 146–7United Nations (UN) and,
110–13, 116–17, 120–3, 129,146–7
United Nations Commission onIndia and Pakistan and, 125,131–2, 134–9, 143–6
United Nations Security Counciland, 124–6, 128, 130–2, 140,143, 147
United Nations Security Councilresolution of April 1948, 131–2,137, 139–40, 147
United Nations Security Councilresolution of August 1948,136–7, 140, 143–5
United States of America (US) and,125–6, 128, 142–3, 147
withdrawal of raiders, India’sdemand for, 112, 116, 120
Kashmir crisis (1951), 188–218Abdullah and, 213Anglo-American relations and,
201–2, 211, 214Australia and, 202Bakshi and, 213Bengal crisis and, 199–201, 203Britain and, 190, 192, 194,
199–201, 203, 205, 207–8,210–12, 214, 216
Canada and, 205ceasefire, violations of, 193–5,
200civil defence measures, Pakistan’s
adoption of, 199, 203–4, 206Commonwealth prime ministers’
conference, 201–2, 211, 214constituent assembly, elections to,
190, 192, 196, 198, 203–4,213–14, 217
defence policy and, 193economic sanctions against
Pakistan, option of, 210external pressure on Pakistan,
attempts to invoke, 200–1, 203,208
France and, 212–13Five Year Plan and, 197–8general staff and, 193, 196–7Graham’s mission and, 194–5, 197,
201, 204, 211, 214–17Hyderabad crisis and, 203impact of the crisis on Pakistan,
218India’s concerns, 191–5intelligence inputs, 191–2, 195,
197Junagadh crisis and, 203Liaquat’s assassination, and 216–17
INDEX 351
Liaquat’s five-point proposal,206–7, 209
liberation of Kashmir, calls for,191, 194, 200, 203
“Locarno guarantee,” 211military mobilization, 193, 198,
200, 215military planning, 193, 196–8National Conference and, 190,
213, 215Nehru-Liaquat correspondence,
199–200, 203, 206–7, 209Pakistan army and, 195, 197, 199,
204, 212Pakistan’s assessment of India’s
intentions, 198Pakistan’s strategy, 198–9, 212, 214President (of India) and, 196press in India, 200, 207press in Pakistan and, 191–2, 194,
199, 204, 211, 216public opinion in India and, 204,
208–9public opinion in Pakistan and,
191, 197–8, 200, 204, 206,209–11, 215–16
refugees, influx of, 196reputation, Pakistan’s concern with,
198, 200, 206, 209reputation, India’s concern with,
208sanctions on India, 212strategy, 193, 197–8, 200, 202–3,
208–10United Nations and, 197, 200–1United Nations military observers
and, 193–6United Nations Security Council
and, 190, 192, 194, 196,201–2, 213, 215
United States of America (US)and, 190, 192, 194, 199–208,210–11, 213, 216
Karachi, 135, 182–3Karakoram, 247Kathiawar, 31, 32, 35–6, 38–9, 45,
48–9, 51, 55, 59–60Kathua, 141, 310Kaul, Lieutenant General B.M.,
274–6, 278, 286, 293, 297–8,300–1, 303–4, 305–6
Kaul, T.N., 239, 241–2Kaur, Amrit, 166Kennedy, John F., 290, 308Khan, Colonel Akbar, 105Khan, Ayub. See AyubKhan, Liaquat Ali. See LiaquatKhan, Sardar M. Ibrahim, 105, 128Khan, Osman Ali. See NizamKhan, Zafrullah. See ZafrullahKhilnani, Sunil, 13, 16Khrushchev, Nikita, 261
China and, 254–5, 281–2, 300,302–3, 309
Cuban missile crisis and, 302, 309India, attitude to, 254, 282, 309India-China boundary dispute,
254, 281, 300, 302, 306–8military supplies to India and,
299–300, 302–3, 309Nehru, views on, 254, 303Tibet and, 255
Khulna, 150, 153, 158Kishanganga (river), 139Kohala, 114, 133Korean War, 190Kotli, 114–15, 119, 123Kuen Lun, 228Kuomintang. See GuomindangKutyana, 61
Ladakh, 141–2, 189, 219, 227, 235,248, 252–3, 255–6, 259,270–1, 273, 276, 286
Lahiry, Ashutosh, 181n131Lahore, 55, 57, 59–60, 109–10, 117
352 INDEX
Laik (Ali), 75, 77–82, 86–8, 91–2Lake Success, 128Lamb, Alastair, 108n22, 112–13, 141Laos, 285, 288–9Lhasa, 238, 244Liaquat (Ali Khan), 10
assassination of, 216Bengal crisis and, 153, 156–9,
164–6, 170–2, 175–6, 179–80,182–5
Dixon’s attempt at mediation and,189
Junagadh crisis and, 33–4, 36, 41,50–1, 55–8, 62–3
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 103,105, 109–11, 113, 116–17,119–20, 123, 128, 130, 134,136–8, 140–4, 146
Kashmir crisis (1951) and,199–200, 203–4, 206–7, 209,212–13, 215
procurement of arms for Pakistanand, 186, 186n157, 217–18
security guarantees for Pakistanand, 185–6, 190–1
visit to the United States ofAmerica (US), 186, 186n157
Liddell Hart, Basil, 16–18, 280Liu, Shaoqi, 284, 298Liu, Xiao, 302–3Lockhart, General Rob, 41, 45–6London, 140
MacDonald, Malcolm, 263–4Madras, 29, 77, 86Mahajan, M.C., 106Maharaja (of Kashmir), 9
accession to India, 31, 102, 106–7accession to Pakistan, 102character and qualities, 101–2demand for deposition of, 220departs from Kashmir, 148, 219desire for independence, 102
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,105–7, 108n22, 117–18
Manavadar, 38, 63Mangrol, 38–9, 41–3, 47–53, 56,
60–1, 63Manchuria, 16Manekshaw, Field Marshal S.H.F.J.,
108n22Mao, Zedong
boundary dispute and Tibet, 251,255, 259
China crisis and, 271, 284, 289,298
Marx, Karl, 14Maxwell, Neville, 242, 274n25,
294n116McMahon, Sir Henry, 229McMahon Line, 229–31, 234–8,
244–5, 247, 252, 255, 257,259, 261–2, 288, 292–4, 306,308
McNaughton, A.G.L., 147Meerut, 168, 198Mehta, K.L., 279, 296Menon, K.P.S., 22–3, 236–7, 281–2Menon, V.K. Krishna
background of, 22Bengal crisis and, 165, 183–4character and qualities, 22China crisis and, 273, 275, 277–8,
280, 283, 286, 288, 290,294–5, 300, 304–5
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 130,147
Thimayya and, 268–9Menon, V.P.
background of, 29Hyderabad crisis and, 68, 73–4,
76–8, 83–4, 86–7, 90–1,99
Junagadh crisis and, 32–3, 36,37–43, 53, 56–7, 59,61
INDEX 353
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 107–8, 108n22, 110, 112–13, 116,136, 139
Mountbatten and, 29, 139Patel and, 29, 36, 39–40, 73, 91,
139Menzies, Robert, 202Messervy, General Frank, 35, 140Mikoyan, Anastas, 290Ministry of Defence (MoD), 193, 275Ministry of External Affairs (MEA),
246, 256–7, 260, 273, 276,278–9, 287, 293, 295–6
Ministry of States, 29, 40, 68, 80, 99,107, 114, 190, 219, 222
Mirpur, 114–15, 119, 123, 130,133–4, 139, 226
Mohammed, Ghulam, 75, 120,225–6
Monckton, Sir Walter, 8, 42, 50background and character, 66–7Hyderabad crisis and, 68–9,
71–3, 78–9, 81–3, 89,91–3
Mountbatten and, 66, 69, 71, 78Nizam and, 66, 71–2, 76, 79,
82–3, 89, 96Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard,
18Mookerjee, Syama Prasad
Bengal crisis and, 166, 173,182n137
creation of the Jan Sangh and,222
death, 224Kashmir’s autonomy and, 222resignation from cabinet, 185
Moral Man and Immoral Society(Niebuhr), 15
Moscow, 23Mountbatten, Edwina, 13Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 7, 28, 31,
208, 281
chairman of Defence Committeeof the Cabinet (DCC), role as,46–7, 57, 59–60
departure from India, 95, 136Hyderabad crisis and, 68, 70–1,
74–6, 78, 80–4, 86, 88, 91–3,95
Junagadh crisis and, 31–2, 35–7,40–4, 46, 50, 54–7, 59–60
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and, 107,110–14, 116, 118, 120, 122–4,129, 136, 139
Mullik, B.N., 25, 245, 275–7, 300,304
Munshi, K.M., 76Muslim Conference, 102–3, 105,
115, 122, 127–9, 132Muslim League, 28–9, 32, 65, 67,
103, 105, 154, 216Muslim League National Guard, 106Muzaffarabad, 58, 119, 134–5, 139
Namboodiripad, E.M.S., 307Namkachu (river), 293, 300,
303–4Nanjing, 230Narayan, Jayaprakash, 166n66, 258,
313Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 19National Conference, 102, 117–18,
128, 132, 147, 190, 213, 215,223
Naushera, 114–15, 119, 123–4, 132,134
Nawab of Chhatari. See Chhatari.Nawab (of Junagadh)
character and qualities, 31flees to Karachi, 59relationship with Pakistan, 32Junagadh crisis and, 36–7, 40, 43,
59, 61–2Nawagadh, 61Nawanagar, 35–6
354 INDEX
Nehru, Jawaharlal. See also specifictopics
AS AUTHOR
Autobiography, 15The Discovery of India, 18
FAMILY AND PRIVATE LIFE
background, 12, 13death, 12, 313education, 12marriage, 12Edwina Mountbatten and, 13Motilal Nehru and, 13
INTELLECTUAL BACKGROUND
force, understanding of, 14, 16, 18liberal idealism and, 8liberal realism and, 8, 14, 16, 280,
317, 320Liddell Hart, admiration of, 16–17lesser evil, idea of, 16, 18, 19,
19n27, 98Marx, influence of, 14Niebuhr, influence of, 14–15non-violence, debates with Gandhi
on, 15–16Russell, influence of, 14
PERSONAL POLITICS AND
CHARACTERISTICS
crisis management, style of, 19, 64,187, 314–15, 317
coercive strategies, preference for,19, 47–9, 84, 90, 148, 161–2,187, 317
escalation, concern with, 19, 48–9,64, 84, 90, 142, 145–6, 154,163, 168, 197–8, 283, 286–7,315
negotiations, attitude to, 19, 64,88, 90, 93, 118, 138, 171–2,238, 240, 242–3, 246–7, 249,256, 260, 283–4, 286–8,290–1, 314
military tactics, views on, 133norms of international politics and,
48–9, 60, 64, 122, 320Partition (of India), influence of,
16, 152–4, 160, 312, 314power, attitude to, 13, 16, 18–20,
100, 315, 320–1statesmanship, views on, 17–18war, desire to avoid, 11, 20, 48, 51,
64, 84, 121–2, 154–5, 160,162–3, 173–4, 197–8
POLITICAL ISSUES AND ACTIVITIES
Abdullah, rift with, 219–25, 314Abdullah’s dismissal and
imprisonment, role in, 224–5Anglo-American role in Kashmir,
views on, 202, 207–8appointing a foreign policy team,
21–4arbitration of Kashmir dispute,
views on, 147, 149Bengal crisis and, 152–7, 159–75,
178, 181–2, 182n137, 183–7boundary dispute with China,
234–5, 237–49, 252–3,255–66, 315
backchannel with Pakistan, 226China, views on, 233, 252, 255–9,
261–2China, policy of engagement with,
234, 251 China crisis and, 270, 273, 275–84,
286–8, 290–1, 294, 297–8,300–9, 316–17
civilian control of the military, viewson, 45, 269, 301, 305, 316
Cold War, attitude to, 1, 17communism, attitude to, 17Delhi Agreement and, 220–3Dixon’s proposals and, 189election of constituent assembly of
Kashmir, 144–5, 148, 188–90
INDEX 355
frontier areas, policy towards,234–5, 243
Hyderabad crisis and, 67, 73,77, 79–84, 87–8, 90, 92–100
independence for Kashmir, 118,128–9, 131, 138, 222–3
international crises of the 1930s,16
Junagadh crisis and, 33–4, 41–2,44–6, 46n53, 47–60, 62–4
Kashmir, attitude to, 13, 101, 141Kashmir, final attempt at
resolution, 312–15Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
106–7, 108n22, 112–13,115–24, 126, 128–31, 133,135–42, 144–8
Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 192–8,200–10, 215, 217
Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 310
Maharaja of Kashmir’s position,views on, 148, 221–2
Muslims in India, concern for, 48,64, 84, 96, 99, 101, 141,152–3, 160, 162–3, 167, 182,314
“no-war” declaration, proposal of,149–50
non-alignment and, 1, 20–1, 202,259, 268, 309
Pakistan-US relationship, 186, 194,207–8, 226, 314
partition of Kashmir, stance on,118, 130, 136, 138–40, 145,222, 225–6, 314
partition-cum-plebiscite inKashmir, stance on, 130, 139,147, 189, 223, 225–6, 314
plebiscite in Kashmir, stance on,49, 51, 58, 107–8, 110,112–13, 117–18, 120, 136,144–5, 148, 225–6, 314
Praja Parishad, attitude to, 220,223
princely states, policy on, 28, 67resignation, plans for, 160–2security of the Sino-Indian
boundary and, 234–5, 239, 241,256, 259, 270
Sino-Soviet relationship, 280–2,317
Soviet Union’s stance on theboundary dispute, 254, 281–2,309, 317
structure of the foreign policy teamand, 23–5
Tibet and, 234–5, 237–8, 240–1,249–50, 250n61, 251
United Nations military observersin Kashmir, attitude towards,195–6
war with China, beliefs about, 234,276, 279
POLITICAL AND PROFESSIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Abdullah, 103, 106, 117, 128–9,132, 138, 148, 189–90,219–25, 312–13
Attlee, 126, 174, 183–4Ayub, 218, 268–9, 311Bajpai, 21, 144, 147, 178, 233Bakshi, 225Baldev, 121, 124, 133Bogra, 225–6Bucher, 135–6, 142Cariappa, 193, 196, 215Dalai Lama, 249–51Desai, M.J., 22Dixon, 188–9Dutt, 22Gandhi, 12, 15–16, 18, 160Gopal, 260Kaul, B.M., 297–8, 305–6Kaul, T.N., 239, 241–2Kennedy, 308
356 INDEX
Khrushchev, 254, 261, 281, 303,306–8
Krishna Menon, 22–3, 130, 147,183–4, 268–9, 278, 288, 294,305
Liaquat, 33–4, 50–1, 53–4, 55–9,62–3, 112–13, 116, 119–20,123, 128, 137–8, 140–1,156–7, 159–60, 164–6, 170–2,182, 199–200, 203, 206–7
Maharaja (of Kashmir), 106, 118,148
Menon, K.P.S., 236–7Menzies, 202Monckton, 67, 81–2Mookerjee, 173, 182n137, 185Mountbatten, 28, 41, 44–6,
46n54, 47, 50, 60, 80, 83, 120,123–4, 129, 136, 208, 281,
Mullik, 25, 275Narayan, Jayaprakash, 166n66,
258Nehru, R.K., 244Nimitz, 226Pandit, Vijayalakshmi, 258Panikkar, 237–8Pant, G.B., 239, 241, 243–4, 260Patel, 42, 44–6, 46n53, 57, 60,
88–90, 92, 119, 121, 138–9,142, 161–2, 173, 181–3, 188,219, 233–4
Rajagopalachari, 258, 294Thapar, 276, 301, 305Thimayya, 268–9, 274Thorat, 196–7U Nu, 244, 256, 283Zhou, 237, 241–5, 247–9, 255–6,
259, 261, 264–5, 306Nehru, Kamala, 12Nehru, Motilal, 12Nehru, Ratan Kumar (R.K.), 22,
240–1, 244, 261, 280Nepal, 230, 235
Neogy, K.C., 185Niebuhr, Reinhold, 14–15Nimitz, Admiral Chester, 186,
186n157, 226Nizam (of Hyderabad), 9, 65, 112,
116character and qualities, 66desire for independence, 29, 44, 67Hyderabad crisis and, 67–8, 70–1,
76, 79, 81–4, 86, 89, 91–2,95–6
Muslimeen and, 71, 74, 89Jinnah and, 29, 67–8, 70, 72,
74Monckton and, 66, 71–2, 76, 79,
82–3, 89, 96Mountbatten and, 67–8, 70, 72–4,
76, 81, 83–4Noel-Baker, Philip, 126–7, 130–1,
141Noorani, A.G., 221North Eastern Frontier Agency
(NEFA), 227, 236, 239, 247,253, 270–1, 292, 294, 300,308
North West Frontier Province(NWFP), 34, 106, 109, 191,195
Northern Areas, 189Nye, Sir Archibald, 177–80
Pakistan, 4, 7, 9, 29, 149. See alsospecific topics
arms procurement, 186, 217–18Bengal crisis and, 150, 152–9,
161–6, 169–72, 175–80, 182–5China crisis and, 268, 309–10Hyderabad crisis and, 67–70,
73–5, 77–9, 85, 90, 94–6impact of the crises of 1950–1 on,
218Junagadh crisis and, 31–7, 41–3,
50–63
INDEX 357
Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,101–3, 105–12, 115, 117–48
Kashmir crisis (1951) and,191–200, 203–6, 209–13,215–17
security guarantees, quest for,185–6, 218
Palandri, 133Palestine, 125Palit, Brigadier D.K., 274, 277,
277n36, 286, 295, 305Pandit, Vijayalakshmi, 23, 258Panikkar, K.M., 23, 230–1, 236–7Pant, Apa, 249Pant, G.B., 239, 241, 243–4, 260Paramountcy, 26, 28, 35, 51Paris, 140, 143, 145Parry, Admiral William, 163Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 29
Bengal crisis and, 153, 161, 173,181–3, 188
China and, 233–4Hyderabad crisis and, 44, 71–3,
75–8, 82–3, 85, 88–90, 99Junagadh crisis and, 32, 39–44,
46n53, 52–3, 56–7, 60Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
106–7, 119, 138–40, 142People’s Republic of China (PRC). See
ChinaPeshawar, 195Pillai, N.R., 237Poonch, 105, 114–15, 117–18, 121,
123, 132–4, 139–42, 195,226
Porbandar, 46n53Praja Parishad, 219–20, 222Prasad, Major General Niranjan,
292–3, 300, 303Priyadarshini, Indira, 13Provisional Government (of
Junagadh), 39–41, 51, 53, 59,61, 63
Punjab, 28, 33–4, 48, 103, 109,132–3, 148–9, 158, 162, 164,168, 191, 197–8, 217, 271
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 23, 263–4Rahim, Abdur, 71–2Rajagopalachari, C., 19n27, 98, 258,
294, 313Rajauri, 114–15, 132Rajkot, 51, 62Rau, B.N., 201Rawalakot, 114, 195Razakar, 77–8, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 95,
97–8Razvi, Kasim, 69, 74–5, 77, 79–83Russia. See Soviet UnionRussell, Bertrand, 14
Sadiq, G.M., 224Sardargarh, 51, 54, 56, 63Schelling, Thomas, 6Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 5Second World War, 125, 230Sela, 305Sen, Lieutenant General L.P., 271–2,
274, 294–5, 297, 300, 304Shatra, Lonchen, 229Sialkot, 119, 122, 140Sikkim, 230, 238, 249, 270Singh, Baldev
Bengal crisis and, 163–4Hyderabad crisis and, 85Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
119–20, 124, 132–3Singh, Lieutenant General Daulet,
286Singh, Lieutenant General Harbaksh,
305–6Singh, Hari. See Maharaja (of
Kashmir)Singh, Jaswant, 318Singh, Lieutenant General Kalwant,
114, 133
358 INDEX
Singh, Karan, 148, 190, 224Singh, Lieutenant General Umrao,
293, 295, 297Socialist Party, 166, 166n66Society of Friends, 129Soviet Union, 8, 16, 17, 129, 202,
212India-China boundary and, 253–4,
254n78, 255, 302–3, 306–7China crisis and, 254–5, 300–3,
306–8Cuban missile crisis and, 301–2,
303military supplies to India,
299–300, 302–3Spain, 16Srinagar, 105–7, 108n22, 109, 123,
130, 135stand down instructions (for British
officers), 45–6, 109, 134, 179strategy, concepts of, 5–7Swatantra Party, 294Sylhet, 34
Taiwan, 250n61Tawang, 230, 235Thailand, 250Thapar, General P.N., 274–7,
277n36, 278, 286, 295–7, 300,303–5
Tharoor, Shashi, 1Thimayya, General K.S., 268–70,
273–4Thorat, Lieutenant General S.P.P.,
196–7Tibet
China and, 233, 237, 244–5, 249,251–2, 291, 298
émigrés, 245, 249Guomindang and, 249, 250n61India’s policy towards, 230, 233,
235–6, 249–50, 250n61,251
relations with China before 1950,229–30
relations with India before 1947,230
Sino-Indian agreement on, 238,240–1
United States of America (US) and,250, 250n61, 291
uprising in, 249–50, 256Tithwal, 135Travancore, 28Truman, Harry, 96, 211, 214Tsang Chokla, 242
U Nu, 244, 256, 283United Kingdom. See BritainUnited Nations (UN), 9, 75
Bengal crisis and, 170Hyderabad crisis and, 76, 91, 96–8Junagadh crisis and, 44, 46n53,
48–9, 62Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
110–13, 116–17, 120–3, 129United Nations Commission on India
and Pakistan, 125, 131–2,134–9, 143–6
United Nations Security Council, 149Junagadh crisis and, 63Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
124–5, 128, 130–2Kashmir crisis (1951), 190, 192,
194, 196, 201–2, 213, 215Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR). See Soviet UnionUnited States of America (US), 17
Bengal crisis and, 157, 168,170–1, 174, 177, 179–80,182
China crisis and, 280, 285,289–90, 307–10
Hyderabad crisis and, 70Kashmir crisis (1947–8) and,
125–6, 128, 142–3
INDEX 359
Kashmir crisis (1951) and, 190,192, 194, 199–208, 210–11,213, 216
Kashmir negotiations of 1962–3and, 309–10
Pakistan and, 186–7, 190–1, 226,314, 317
South Asia, attitude towards, 125,180, 186–7, 190
Uri, 58, 107, 114–15, 121, 123–4,133, 135
Uttar Pradesh (UP), 227, 239, 242,244, 276
Veraval, 31, 32, 34, 46n53
Wang, Bingnan, 289–90
Wang, Jiaxiang, 284, 298Washington, D.C., 23West Bengal, 3, 9, 150, 152, 159–60,
165, 168–9, 173, 181, 185,196, 311
West Pakistan, 162, 175, 184Wolpert, Stanley, 13
Zafrullah (Khan), 63, 135, 144,192–3, 205, 212–13, 215
Zhou, Enlaiboundary dispute and, 236–7,
241–5, 247–9, 251–2, 255–6,259, 261, 264–5
China crisis and, 271, 280, 284,288–9, 291–2, 299–300,306