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280280

Index

Abdala, M., 128Abramowitz, M., 172, 174Acción Democrática (AD), 91–2accumulation, 217–18, 233, 240, 244activation, 185, 187–8, 197active citizenship, 98–9AD (Democratic Action), 91–2Adolphs, S., 55, 58adult education, 201–3, 205, 207–13

see also literacy programsAfrica Faith and Justice Network, 76African Coalition for Debt

Cancellation, 74African Development Bank, 82Agamben, G., 180Agenda Venezuela, 91agribusiness, 46–7, 50–1, 234–6,

240, 242, 244agriculture, 42, 95, 100–1, 105, 171Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinas S.A.

(AYASA), 129AIDS, 75, 79, 207Aid to Families with Dependent

Children (AFDC), 172–4, 176–7ALBA (Alternativa Bolivariana para los ((

Pueblos de Nuestra América), 7, 101, 126, 163, 248

Alemán, Arnoldo, 143Alesina, A., 173, 182Alexander, N., 157Alianza Cívica, 197All African Council of Churches, 75Allende, Salvador, 123Alternative Bolivarian Agenda (AAB), 94Alvarado, Jorge, 112Alvarez, A. E., 68Andean Pact, 42, 50, 123Andina, 111–12Andrés Pérez, Carlos, 91Anglade, C., 23anticapitalism, 63, 65, 98anti-neoliberalism, 1–2, 7, 54, 92Arato, A., 56

Argentina, 1, 21, 37, 41–5, 52, 55, 59, 149

foreign investment, 120–1, 123–7, 129, 131–4

hydrocarbons industry, 102, 106,113, 115

Piqueteros, 60–1, 64self-organization, 61–4state-firm bargaining, 127–9

Argentinean Federation of Self-Managed Workers’ Cooperatives (FACTA), 62

Ariasingam, D., 160–1arms trafficking, 239Arnold, S., 203Arnson, C. J., 1, 232Arnsperger, C., 25Arps, A-B., 63Artigas, A., 246Asian financial crisis, 77, 81, 83Associated Work Cooperatives

(CTA), 240authoritarianism, 232, 237–8Auto Defensas Unidas de Colombia

(AUC), 235autonomy, 55, 61, 64–8, 91, 93, 102Avedano, Nestor, 148AYASA (Aguas y Saneamientos((

Argentinos S.A.), 129Ayres, J. M., 5–6, 249Azpiazu, David, 127–9

Bachelet, Michelle, 38, 43, 47–8Bagley, B. M., 235Baker, K. M., 243Baker Plan, 73Banadex, 239Banco del Sur, 7, 82, 149, 248Banco do Brazil, 46Band Aid, 75Bánzer, Hugo, 111Barlow, M., 78–9, 81Barragán, A. M., 234

Index 281

Bayes, Jane, 175–6, 180Beattie, A., 82Beck-Gernsheim, E., 202Bedford, K., 5, 10Behrens, R., 124Bejarano, A. M., 233Bello, W., 82Bennett, W., 122Bergeron, S., 5Berger, T., 61Berry, A., 234bilateral agreements, 26, 41, 52,

191, 197bilateral debts, 81bilateral investment treaties (BITs),

122, 124–6, 133–4biopower, 168, 180–1Blair, Tony, 1, 205Blyth, M., 81Bolaños, Enrique, 143Bolivarian Circles, 93, 96Bolivarian Constitution, 92–5Bolivia, 21, 36, 69, 101, 111, 120,

126, 143, 149, 247–8economic/trade policies, 38, 44, 51educational development, 154–7, 163see also hydrocarbons industry:

BoliviaBolivian Observatory of Extractive

Industries (OBIE), 114–16Bolsa Familia program, 45Bonal, X., 161Bonilla Gonzàles, R., 238Bonofiglio, Nicolas, 127–9boomerang politics, 82border security, 179–80Borón, A., 59, 65, 105, 154–5, 159, 247Boyle, S., 159, 161Bradshaw, S., 145–6Braine, T., 207brain research, 198–203, 208Brand, Ulrich, 12, 66–7, 72, 100,

138, 240Brazil, 1, 21, 31, 35, 74, 102, 125,

146, 149, 163, 248–9economic/trade policies, 38–9,

41–3, 45–7, 52hydrocarbons industry, 106, 113, 115

Bread for the World, 76

Brenner, N., 31Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs),

73, 75, 151–2, 155–61Bretton Woods order, 72, 76, 84, 151Brown, W., 180, 217Bruckmann, M., 68–9budgetary processes, 139–40Bush, George H. W., 175Bush, George W., 2, 4, 9–10, 175,

179, 181

Caldera, Rafael, 91Calderón, Felipe, 67, 196, 206Camacho Guizado, A., 241Cameron, M. A., 6, 89Campione, D., 60–1, 63Canada, 1–3, 5, 9–10, 81, 184–5,

187–8, 196–8family issues, 215–16, 218–20,

222–6, 228gender issues, 185, 187, 189, 196–8,

201, 203, 205–6, 218post-neoliberalism, 205–6poverty policy/politics, 188–92social investment in children,

198–206Canada Assistance Plan (CAP), 189–90Canada Health and Social Transfers

(CHST), 190Caño Limon-Coveñas pipeline, 238Cao, H., 60capacities generation, 195capitalism, 71, 169, 217–18

adaptive capacity, 71–2, 84anticapitalism, 63, 65, 98irrationalities of, 32, 34, 77

capitalization, 106–8Capitalization Law, 110Caracas Energy Agreement, 101The Caracazo, 91Caranda gas field, 115Caribbean, 4, 117, 126Carnoy, M., 153–5, 159Carrière, J., 24Carroll, T., 139Cartagena charter, 74Castañeda, Jorge, 6, 202Castaño, Carlos, 236Castro, Fidel, 97–8

282 Index

CCTs see conditional cash transfersCDF see Comprehensive Development

FrameworkCeceña, A. E., 65, 67Centre for Economic and Policy

Research (CEPR), 97Chaco, 111–12Chamberland, C., 205Chang, H-J., 141Charlton, A., 141Chauvosky, 2007, 169Chávez, Hugo, 1, 6, 31, 63, 82, 106,

117, 120, 126, 149, 163, 249Communal Councils, 98–9economic/trade policies, 38, 43–4,

49–52new productive model, 100–1policy alternatives, 89–90, 101–3reforms, 92–6rise of, 90–2Social Missions, 97–8

Chicago School of Economics, 28, 167child benefits, 188, 190–1, 195–7child care programs, 205child-rearing advice, 198–206children, social investment in, 200–1

Canada, 198–206Mexico, 199–201, 206–7

Child Welfare League of Canada, 205Chile, 1, 28–9, 31, 35, 106, 149

economic/trade policies, 38, 42–3, 47–8, 52

foreign investment, 120–1, 123–5, 127, 131–4

state-firm bargaining, 129–31Chiquita Brands International Inc, 239Chrétien, Jean, 1, 189, 198Christian Aid (CA), 77Chudnovsky, D., 124Citizen Assemblies, 98Citizen Attention, 211citizenship, 98–9, 146, 186, 188, 224

market, 142, 151–3, 168, 170, 186, 206

civil rights, 93–4, 179, 182, 218civil rights movement, 172civil society, 138–9, 142–3, 146–7

activism, 73–5, 81, 83–4, 138, 170participation, 143, 146–7, 153

civil society organizations (CSOs), 54, 56–7, 65, 67–8, 71–3, 76–84, 157, 188–9, 198

see also Piquetero movementClarke, Simon, 26, 28, 215, 219Clarke, T., 78–9, 81classical liberalism, 185class issues, 59, 65, 168, 182, 201,

204–5, 233clientelism, 99, 197Clinton, Bill, 1, 175, 177, 235CND (Convención Nacional

Democrática), 65CNI (Congreso Nacional Indígena),

65Coca-Cola, 239Cohen, J. L., 56, 218Cold War, 173Colectivo Situaciones, 60Collective Capitalization Fund

(FCC), 111Collins, C. J. L., 76Colombia, 231–3, 244

conflict (1988–2002), 233–6dispossession, 240–2securitization, 236–40, 242–3trade unions/unionists, 232–3, 235,

238–40, 244Colombian Institute of Rural

Development (Incoder), 241Comité de Organización Política

Electoral Independiente (COPEI), 91–2

commodification, 35–6, 145, 149, 151, 193

Communal Councils, 96, 98–9, 102Community Work Experience

Program (CWEP), 177Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos

de Bolivia, 111competitiveness, 39, 41, 47, 122, 175,

184, 193Comprehensive Development

Framework (CDF), 136, 139,148

Concertación coalition, 48, 129–30concession contracts, 128conditional cash transfers (CCTs),

142, 144–6, 148, 206–12

Index 283

conditionality, 10, 14, 17, 74, 81–2,176–7, 248

in educational development, 151–2, 155–7, 161–2, 206–7, 210–11

in poverty reduction, 139, 141–5, 147, 149, 192, 194–5

Constitutional reform, 99continuity, 6–10, 42, 105–6, 118, 121,

128, 131, 133–4, 143–4, 212Contras, 175Convenio Marco, 113Convertibility scheme, 44–5, 127, 132cooperatives, 61–4, 90, 100COPEI (Committee for Independent

Electoral Political Organization), 91–2

Copenhagen Declaration, 80Coronell, D., 237–8Corporación de Fomento de la Producción

(CORFO), 131corporatist systems, 186, 192–3, 197–8Correa, Rafael, 38, 247Corredor Mesoamericano, 67Correo Argentino S.A., 128–9Cortes, K, 46Council on Hemispheric Affairs

(COHA), 48–9counterhegemonic strategies, 57–9,

63, 65, 138, 143–4, 153see also hegemonic power

counterinsurgency forces, 234, 237country ownership, 136, 139, 156–7Country Policy and Institutional

Assessment (CPIA), 157Craig, David, 9, 15, 21, 71, 84, 102,

136–7, 142, 152, 163, 185, 199, 233, 242

credit crisis, 4crisis management, 146Cruikshank, Barbara, 209CSOs see civil society organizationsCTA (Cooperativas de Trabajo

Asociado), 240Cuba, 97–8, 101, 103, 117, 126Cufré, D., 128–9cultural politics, 68currency stability, 26CWEP (Community Work Experience

Program), 177

Daudelin, J., 4Davidson-Harden, Adam, 15, 151–2,

159, 206death threats, 239debt, 4, 25, 44, 46–7, 76

cancellation, 71, 74–84, 118, 141crisis, 3, 72, 74–6, 82–3, 167, 192–3relief, 75, 139, 144–5, 148, 161restructuring, 73–4, 81, 124, 128service, 155–6, 162

Debt Crisis Network UK, 75decentralization, 91, 96, 102, 155,

157–8, 160, 174, 191, 193decommodification, 35

see also commodificationdeconstructive perspectives, 55, 58–9,

62, 65, 68Defense and Democratic Security

(DDS), 237Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA),

181, 215, 220–1Deficit Reduction Act, 221deindustrialization, 175, 177De Janvry, A., 24De la Rúa, Fernando, 44DeMartino, G., 27democracy, 7, 41, 61–2, 66, 69,

80, 90–3, 95–6, 98–9, 102, 123–4, 129

Democratic Action (AD), 91–2democratic security policy, 231, 240democratization, 192dependency, 73, 169, 171, 173, 177depoliticization, 29, 31–2, 105,

236, 249see also politicization

deregulation, 3, 22, 30, 89, 101, 120, 122, 138, 151, 175

detention of suspected terrorists, 179developing countries, 72, 80, 123,

125, 140–1see also Highly Indebted Poor

Countries; Third Worlddevelopment agencies, 135, 157developmental psychology, 201, 208development policy, 136, 139, 148, 156DfID (Department for International

Development, UK), 159Dieterich, H., 105

284 Index

Dijkstra, G., 142, 144–5, 157Diniz-Pereira, J., 163disappearances, 237, 244discontinuity, 6–10Do Alto, H., 105Dobrowolsky, A., 199–200Doha Round, 42, 125Doherty, G., 205DOMA (Defense of Marriage Act),

181, 215, 220–1domestic markets, 247–8Dominica, 143donor communities, 135, 137, 140–1,

153, 156, 161–2Do Prado, M. C. R. M., 47Dos Santos, T., 68–9Driscoll, R., 140drug-traffickers, 234Drummond, 239Duarte Goméz, M. B., 208Duhalde, Eduardo, 44Duhau, E., 25Duncan, G., 236Dunning, J., 122Duzán, M. J., 237

Early Childhood Development initiative, 191, 197

The Early Years Study, 202Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 4, 48–51, 154, 238

economic crises, 23–5, 41, 47, 61, 91, 96, 127, 132, 171, 194, 235

economic policies, 37–40, 45–51, 139, 234

leftist, 38–40, 46–51see also macroeconomic policies

economic prosperity and conflict, 231–2

economic reforms, 94–6economic restructuring, 3–4, 23,

29–32, 35Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 44,

46–7, 109, 117–18Ecuador, 38, 51, 101, 149, 247education, 151, 172, 176, 178, 195,

199–200, 206inclusiveness, 152, 161–4

inequalities, 153–6, 158–61Mexico, 163, 206–9of parents, 201–3, 205, 207–13privatization, 151–2, 157–61and PRSPs, 156–8see also education policies

Education for All (EFA), 154education policies, 48, 97, 117, 140,

145, 147, 155, 159Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional

(EZLN) see Zapatistaselectoral politics, 39, 92, 173Ellner, S., 50, 93–4Elson, Diane, 5, 10emancipatory forces, 55, 59, 65–9employment, 108, 187, 190, 224Employment Insurance (EI), 189empowerment, 22–3, 34–5, 97–8,

102–3, 136, 142, 178, 188, 196, 199, 206–9, 242

Empresa Nacional de Electricidad(ENEL), 144

Empresa Nicaragüense de Telecomunicaciones (ENITEL), 144

endogenous development, 100Engler, M., 78, 82Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Facility (ESAF), 152environmental concerns, 22, 73,

83–4, 125, 175, 241equality, 37

see also inequalitiesErlassjahr, 77–8Escobar, A., 72–3Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 35, 187–8,

193, 219Ethiopian famine, 75ethnic issues, 154, 169European Forum on Debt and

Development (EURODAD), 76Evans, A., 140Evans, P., 122exclusion, 69, 91, 142, 169, 232, 247

see also inclusionexecutive power, 93, 99exports, 40–2, 45, 48, 100, 115, 162,

240, 244extra-judicial executions, 237, 239,

244

Index 285

extraordinary rendition, 179Eyzaguirre, Nicolás, 131–2EZLN see Zapatistas

FACTA (Federación Argentina de ((Cooperativas de Trabajadores Autogestionados), 62

Fajardo, D., 240–2false positives, 236, 238family benefits, 220

see also child benefitsfamily cap legislation, 178family issues, 186–7, 190–1, 195–8

Canada, 215–16, 218–20, 222–6,228

diversity, 215–16, 218–20, 228–9form and function, 218–22and immigration, 216, 222–8and liberalisms, 216–18Mexico, 199–201, 206–12preferred models, 215–21, 227United States, 215–16, 218–28

FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias((de Colombia), 234

Farthing, L., 108Fatherland for All (PPT), 92Favaro, O., 60FCC (Fondo de Capitalización ((

Colectiva), 111FDI see foreign direct investmentfeminism, 5, 10, 187, 216

see also gender issues; women’srights movement

Fernald, L., 208Ffrench-Davis, R., 21Fifth Republic Movement (MVR), 92financial crises, 39–41, 72, 77Finbow, R. G., 249Fine, Ben, 33Fletcher, S., 50flexibilization, 34–5, 125, 187Focus on the Global South, 76food insecurity, 242foreign direct investment (FDI), 108,

120–2, 131–3, 162, 174, 238domestic legislation, 123–4international investment treaties,

124–6and New Left governments, 122–3

foreign investment, 46–7, 49, 51, 94, 100, 108, 114, 120, 131, 232, 244

see also foreign direct investmentForero, J., 239Forestry Law, 241Fortin, C., 23FOSIS (Fondo de Solidaridad e Inversión((

Social), 35Foucault, Michel, 180Fox, Vicente, 194, 197, 211fragmented peace/sovereignty, 234, 236Fraser, N., 169, 171freedoms, 185–6, 238, 244free trade, 5–6, 42, 248free trade agreements, 5–7, 41, 101,

125–6, 133, 179–80, 184, 248–9Free Trade Area of the Americas

(FTAA), 6–7, 41, 101, 125Frei, Eduardo, 129Frente Amplio, 246Frente Popular, 233Frente Sandinista de la Liberación

Nacional (FSLN), 147Friedman, Milton, 26, 28, 167Friesen, Elizabeth, 12–13, 138FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation

Front), 143, 147–9Fujimori, Alberto, 29Fukuyama, F., 18

G7/G8 summits, 75, 77, 79, 81–2Gabriel, Leo, 68, 222–3Gamble, Andrew, 30Garavito, C., 240García, Alan, 43García Linera, Álvaro, 110–11García, M., 240–1García Segura, Hugo, 241Gardner, H. S., 248gas industry see hydrocarbons

industryGas War, October 2003, 109Gaviria, César, 234gender-based violence, 240gender issues, 5, 10, 65, 146, 154–5,

186, 213, 217, 221Canada, 185, 187, 189, 196–8, 201,

203, 205–6, 218

286 Index

Mexico, 185, 187, 193, 195–8, 201, 206, 208–10

United States, 168–9, 171–2, 178, 180–2, 218

generational differences, 185Geneva Conventions, 179Gentili, P., 163George, Susan, 72–5, 78Gershberg, A. I., 153Gertler, Paul, 208Ghafour, H., 205Gilens, Martin, 173Gilligan, M., 41Gindin, S., 4, 163Glaeser, E., 173, 182Global Call to Action against Poverty

(GCAP), 80global finance see international

financeglobalization, 5, 67, 80, 185Goal 8, 80Goldwater, Barry, 173–4Gomensoro, Frederico, 246Gómez-Hermosillo, Rogelio, 209González Posso, C., 160, 242Gordon, G., 112–13, 171Gordon, L., 169, 171Gottschalk, R., 140Gourevich, P., 43Graciela, I., 60Graefe, P., 9Gramscian perspectives, 12, 54–7, 64,

68, 71, 151Greenhill, R., 162Grenada, 143Grosse, R., 122Gualberto Villarroel, 112guerrilla organizations, 232–4, 239, 244Guillermo Elder Bell, 112Guyana, 143

Haiti, 46, 101, 143Hall, A., 45Halliburton, 176Hallinan, C., 82Hall, P. A., 81Hambre Zero program, 147Harder, Lois, 10, 17, 180, 220Harvey, David, 3–4, 233

Haslam, Paul, 14, 94, 125, 129Havana Conference on debt, 74Hawkesworth, Mary, 8–9, 15–16, 177,

180, 184, 232Hayek, F. A., 3, 26, 28, 30, 167Hays, S., 201health care, 97, 117, 140, 145, 172,

207–11hegemonic power, 8, 10, 55–7, 145,

148, 152, 161–4, 199–200, 233, 249

see also counterhegemonic strategies

Heidrich, Pablo, 11–12Hellinger, D., 50, 91–2Highly Indebted Poor Countries

(HIPCs), 81–2, 139, 144, 151–2, 154–5, 160–1

see also developing countries; Third World

Hindery, D., 106Hindess, B., 232HIPCs see Highly Indebted Poor

CountriesHirsch, J., 66–7Holloway, J., 65–6homeland security, 179Honduras, 21, 143, 154, 156–7, 160Honig, Bonnie, 223–4Hopenhayn, M., 155Huber, E., 138Huffschmid, A., 65, 67human capital, 7–9, 136, 142, 145,

185, 195, 199, 207human rights, 73, 94, 162, 215, 218,

232, 235, 237, 239and international finance,

71–84Human Rights Watch, 179Hunter, W., 47Hutton, G., 161hydrocarbons industry

Argentina, 102, 106, 113, 115Bolivia: nationalization, 105, 109–16;

privatization, 105–9; and social spending, 116–18

Brazil, 106, 113, 115Colombia, 238Venezuela, 106, 117

Index 287

Hydrocarbons Law, 95, 106–7, 109,112, 114–15

Hylton, F., 105, 234–5

IDB see Inter-American Development Bank

identities, 9, 65, 154, 217IDPs see internally displaced peopleimmigration, 179, 216, 222–8import substitution, 24, 29, 40, 121,

124, 128, 247inclusion/inclusiveness, 10, 21, 66,

71, 84, 90, 102, 199, 215, 233, 237, 242

and education, 152, 161–4and poverty policy, 135–9, 141–3,

146–8, 185–9, 192–7see also exclusion

Incoder (Colombian Institute of Rural Development), 241

Independent Democratic Union (UDI), 130

Independent Evaluations Group (IEG), 162

indigenous communities, 65–8, 154, 169, 233, 240–1, 244

individualism, 23, 26–8, 33, 182, 186, 202

individual responsibility, 202–4, 207,210, 213

industrialization, 24, 29, 40, 50, 114, 121, 124, 201, 247, 249

deindustrialization, 175, 177industrial relations, 23–4, 34, 40, 49,

59, 108see also labor relations;

trade unions/unionistsINEA (Instituto Nacional para la ((

Educación de los Adultos), 208inequalities, 48, 76, 103, 107, 168,

176, 187education, 153–6, 158–61

inflation, 46–7, 50, 139–40infrastructure, 34–5, 39, 42, 44–5,

47, 49–50, 94, 101, 118, 124, 128, 134

innovation funds/projects, 130–2institutional development, 21–5,

29–35, 189, 206

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 67, 193–4

Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural (Incoder), 241

intelligence enhancement, 202–4

intensive parenting, 203–4, 212–13

Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 118, 152, 155

internally displaced people (IDPs), 233, 235, 240–2, 244

international arbitration, 123, 128–9

International Conference on Financing for Development (ICFfD), 80

International Crisis Group (ICG), 96, 235

International DevelopmentAssociation, 157

international finance, 72and human rights, 71–84and poverty reduction, 72, 75–6,

80, 82structural adjustment programs,

72–3, 77, 81International Finance Corporation

(IFC), 158–61international financial institutions

(IFIs), 7–8, 23, 90, 98–9, 102, 153, 156–7, 162, 185, 187, 248

and human rights, 71–84and poverty reduction strategy,

136–42, 144–9international investment treaties,

124–6International Monetary Fund (IMF),

3, 5, 25, 29, 45, 91, 102, 106, 109, 167, 235

and highly-indebted states, 151, 155, 157

and human rights politics, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81–2

and poverty policy, 135–6, 139, 144–5, 147, 149, 184, 193

interventionism, 121–2, 168, 170, 206, 212, 246

288 Index

investment policy, 121Iraq war, 2, 9, 179ISI (import-substitution

industrialization), 24, 29, 40, 121, 124, 247

Izaguirre, M., 94

Jacoby, Tamar, 224Jaguaribe, H., 38James, H., 72–4James, I., 117Jayasuriya, K., 3, 8, 90, 102, 137, 142,

146, 187Jenson, J., 8, 189, 199–200, 202, 205Jimeno, P., 130Johnson, Lyndon B., 167, 172Jones, Claudio, 193Jubilee movement, 74–9, 141

see also debtjuntas del buen gobierno, 65Justice and Peace Law ( JPL), 232, 242

Kaltmeier, O., 68–9Karakayali, S., 55, 58Kasnabish, A., 65Kastner, J., 68–9Kaunda, Kenneth, 75–6Keck, M., 72, 81–2Keynesianism, 3, 8, 28, 45, 47, 84,

167, 170–4, 186, 188, 217–18Khan, M. S., 143Kirchner, Nestor, 1, 37, 43–5, 60, 102,

127, 131Klugman, J., 136, 139–41, 143Kobrin, S., 122Kohl, Benjamin, 107–8Körner, P., 25KWS (Keynesian welfare state),

217–18

labor relations, 59, 61–4, 108, 169, 171, 175, 232–3, 239–40, 242

see also industrial relations; trade unions/unionists

La Coordinadora Civil, 145–6Lagos, Ricardo, 1, 47–8, 125, 129–30Lal, D., 27Lambert, T., 63Land Law, Venezuela, 95

Landless Workers’ Movement,Brazil, 163

land ownership, 235, 240–2Latin American Development

Bank, 149‘leading by obeying,’ 65leftist economic policies, 38–40,

46–51Lemco, J., 31Lemoine, M., 105LeoGrande, W. M., 5Lewis, S., 75liberalization, 3, 6, 31, 39–42, 83–4,

136, 139–41, 143, 146, 156–7, 176, 186

and foreign investment, 120, 123–5

Lieberman, R. C., 173Linneker, B., 145–6Lipset, S. M., 182literacy programs, 117, 205, 208, 211Live Aid, 75lobbying, 42, 130local government, 39, 98Lockheed Martin, 176López, A., 124López Obrador, Manuel, 66López Ramirez, A., 67Lora, E., 155–6Lora, M., 105–6Luccisano, Lucy, 9–10, 16–17, 142,

146, 192, 195, 206–7Lula Da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 1, 6, 38,

43, 45–7, 74, 102, 125Luoma, A., 112–13Luo, Y., 122

McCain, M., 202McCarthy, J., 78Macdonald, Laura, 6, 9–10, 16, 66,

106, 118, 136, 142, 146, 148, 199, 202, 205, 207, 233, 249

MacDonald, S. B., 31McGuigan, C., 107–9McKinney, J. A., 248McNamara, K. R., 81macroeconomic policies, 7–8, 21–2,

44–7, 52, 102, 136, 139–41, 143–4, 146–9, 153, 182

Index 289

Madrid, Miguel de la, 193Magalhaes, L., 46Mahon, Rianne, 9–10, 16, 66, 136,

142, 146, 148, 199, 202, 205, 207, 233

Makhulu, Archbishop, 76mandar obedeciendo (leading by

obeying), 65Manzetti, L., 128marginalization, 35, 59, 65–6, 91,

149, 217Marin, P., 124market citizenship, 142, 151–3, 168,

170, 186, 206market forces, 26–8, 30, 33, 47, 102market fundamentalism, 77, 167marketization, 25, 31–2, 34, 80, 152–3market participation, 142, 185, 187,

193, 200–1market reforms, 21–2, 144market relations, 22, 35–6Marks, G., 182Marope, M., 158marriage rights, 215, 217–27Marshall, A., 79Marshall, T. H., 8MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo), 1, 92,

105, 110, 112–14, 118mass detentions, 237mass mobilization, 37, 60, 76, 79,

82–3, 91, 95, 109, 172material reproduction, 59–64Mazure, L., 239MDGs see Millennium Development

Goalsmeans-testing, 173, 189media, 237, 239, 243–4, 248Medicare, 172Melich, T., 173Meltzer, Judy, 13, 49, 163, 238, 240Méndez, A. G., 239Menem, Carlos, 37, 44, 124MERCOSUR, 41–3, 45, 50, 126, 248–9Mesa Gisbert, Carlos, 109, 118Mesa-Lago, C., 24Mexico, 2, 5, 9–10, 21, 31, 35, 55, 59,

72, 77, 179–80education, 163, 206–9motherhood, 199–201, 207–12

poverty policy/politics, 146, 184–5, 187–8, 192–8

social investment in children, 199–201, 206–7

Zapatistas, 64–9Micah Challenge, 80micropolitics, 168, 180–2militarization, 243military interventions, 25, 92, 94–5,

175, 233–4, 236–7, 239military tribunals, 179Millán, M., 65Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs), 80, 82, 84, 138, 154, 161–2, 187

Millennium Summit, New York, 135, 138

Miller, R., 181Mill, John Stuart, 186mining sector, 129–33Misión Barrio Adentro, 97Misión Mercal, 97MNER (Movimiento Nacional de

Empresas Recuperadas), 62MNFRT (Movimiento Nacional de

Fábricas Recuperadas por sus Trabajadores), 62

modernization, 38, 48, 124, 198Molina, F., 112Monbiot, G., 82Moncayo, H. L., 241–2Mondragón, H., 241monetary policies, 30, 46–7,

50, 140Monterrey Consensus (MC), 80, 84Morales, Evo, 1, 31, 38, 44, 49, 51–2,

105–6, 109–18, 120, 249Morales Olivera, Manuel, 111moral issues, 76, 81, 218–19Moran, T., 122Moreno-Brid, J. C., 4, 7motherhood

Canada, 199–201, 203–5Mexico, 199–201, 207–12

Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), 1, 92, 105, 110, 112–14, 118

MTD Solano, 60–1Muhr, T., 163Müller, N., 63

290 Index

Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), 78

multilateral agreements, 78, 122–3, 191, 197

Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI), 82

multilateral development institutions, 135

multinational corporations (MNCs), 129, 131, 236, 239

Munín, H., 155Mustard, J. F., 202MVR (Movimiento Quinta República), 92

9/11 attack, 10, 179, 236Nadesan, M. H., 202NAFTA see North American Free Trade

AgreementNational Action Party (PAN), 67National Child Benefit (NCB), 190–1,

196–7National Democratic Convention

(CND), 65National Indigenous Congress

(CNI), 65National Institute for Adult Learning

(INEA), 208nationalization, 30, 51, 62, 91, 94,

100, 120, 123, 128National Movement of Recovered

Companies (MNER), 62National Movement of Worker’s

Recovered Factories (MNFRT), 62Navarro, J., 160neoclassical traditions, 25, 27–8, 33neoliberal policies, 1–2, 21–3, 35–6,

59, 244, 246and anti-neoliberalism, 1–2, 7,

54, 92contradictory evolution of, 31–5critics of, 3–6in practice, 29–31as response to crisis, 23–5as social engineering, 25–9and World Bank, 21–2, 25, 29,

31–5see also roll-back neoliberalism; roll-

out neoliberalismNew Deal, 167, 171, 173

New Left governments, 1, 6–7, 37–8, 51–3, 69, 121, 135, 143, 147, 149, 247–9

economic learning and adaptation, 38–40

national experiences, 43–51trade policy, 40–3

New Left investment rules, 122–3, 125, 131–3

new productive model, 100–1NGOs see non-governmental

organizationsNicaragua, 101, 117, 148, 154, 156–7,

163, 175PRSP approach, 137, 143–7Sandinistas, 143, 147–8

La Nicaragua Que Queremos (CCER), 146Nixon, Richard, 173‘No Child Left Behind’ initiatives, 176No Hunger program, 147non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), 57, 68–9, 73–6, 138, 145–7, 157, 197

normativity, 216–17norms and values, 71–2, 83North American Competitiveness

Council, 249North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), 5, 179–80, 184, 248–9

North, Douglas, 33

Oaxaca, 163OBIE (Observatorio Boliviano de

Industrias Extractivas), 114–16objective conditions, changes in,

132–3obsolescing bargaining model,

121–2, 131Occidental Petroleum, 238occupied enterprises, 61–2OECD see Organization for Economic

cooperation and Developmentoil crises, 24, 72, 167, 175oil industry, 10, 49–51, 91, 95, 100–1,

103, 106, 120, 238Olivera, M., 155–6Ontario Association of Children’s Aid

Societies, 205

Index 291

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 95

operations contracts, 115Oportunidades, 35, 192, 194–7, 209–10opportunity costs, 121, 131–2Orellana, A. L., 105Organization for Economic

cooperation and Development(OECD), 185, 188, 195, 198

Ortega, Daniel, 147The Other Economic Summit

(TOESUSA), 73La Otra Campaña (“The Other

Campaign”), 66Oviedo, L., 60Oxfam, 76Øyen, E., 35

Padilla, A., 110–11PAN (National Action Party), 67,

196, 198Panitch, L., 4Panizza, F., 38–9paramilitaries, 232, 234–6, 239, 242–4Parra, H. P., 241participation, 93, 96–9, 102, 136, 139,

160, 188, 236civil society, 143, 146–7, 153market, 142, 185, 187, 193, 200–1stakeholder, 142–3, 146, 157

Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN), 67Party of the Democratic Revolution

(PRD), 66–7, 196, 198party politics, 198passive revolution, 57–8Pastor, M., 21, 32, 194Pastrana, Andrés, 234–5Pateman, Carole, 169, 217path dependency, 31, 35, 121, 123,

126, 133–4, 197, 249path modification, 197–8, 219Patrinos, H., 160–1Patriotic Pole (PP), 92, 95patronage systems, 69Paunovic, I., 4, 7PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela, SA(( ),

50, 95, 105Pearce, J., 232Pearson, N. O., 117

Peck, Jamie, 9, 71, 89, 105, 199–200, 206, 219

Pelaéz, E., 66Pender, J., 136perceptions, changes in, 132–3Pereyra, S., 60Peronism, 37Personal Responsibility and Work

Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 177–8

Peru, 29, 42–3Petras, J., 23, 32, 248Petrobras, 46, 110–13, 115–16Pettifor, Ann, 77–9Piñeira, Sebastian, 48Pinochet, General, 29, 31, 124Piquetero movement, 60–1, 64Pitt, Kathy, 202, 205, 211–12Plan Bolivar 2000, 94rPlan Colombia, 235, 237Plan Puebla Panamá, 67pluralism, 96Polanyi, Karl, 29, 43, 71, 83–4, 169polarization, 188, 197, 232, 244political reform, 93–4political spaces, 58, 67–8, 233politicization, 24–5, 65, 72, 75,

103, 197see also depoliticization

popular dissatisfaction, 37, 49, 75, 109, 182

populism, 6–7, 31, 37, 45, 48, 51, 99, 128

Porta, F., 124Porter, D., 9, 15, 21, 71, 84, 102,

136–7, 142, 152, 163, 185, 199, 233, 242

positivism, 68post-Washington Consensus (PWC),

22, 33, 99, 121, 136–9, 142, 147see also Washington Consensus

poverty, 4, 9, 22, 33–5, 44–6, 48, 50–1, 60, 91, 103, 142, 240, 244

see also poverty policy/politics; poverty reduction

poverty policy/politics, 187, 194, 198Canada, 188–92and IMF, 135–6, 139, 144–5, 147,

149, 184, 193

292 Index

inclusion/inclusiveness, 135–9, 141–3, 146–8, 185–9, 192–7

Mexico, 146, 184–5, 187–8, 192–8poverty reduction, 90, 185, 187,

192–4, 196–7, 206, 221, 232, 237, 247

conditionality, 139, 141–5, 147, 149, 192, 194–5

education and, 152, 155–6, 158, 161, 163

international finance and, 72, 75–6, 80, 82, 136–42, 144–9

World Bank and, 135–7, 139–40,143, 145–7

see also Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

Poverty Reduction Growth Facility (PRGF), 144, 152

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), 136–7, 139–40, 142–8, 152–3, 160, 162

and education, 156–8Nicaragua, 137, 143–7

Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC), 144–5

power relations, 30, 34–5, 56Power, T., 47PP (Polo Patriótico(( ), 92, 95PPT (Patria Para Todos(( ), 92pragmatism, 52, 62, 69, 92–6, 126Pravda, T., 79PRD see Party of the Democratic

RevolutionPRI (Partido Revolucionario ((

Institucional), 67, 193–4privacy issues, 179–82, 216–17private investment, 44–5, 100, 103,

107, 241Private Sector Development (PSD),

157, 161privatization, 6, 31, 47, 51, 95, 107–8,

175–6, 182, 239, 247and education, 151–2, 157–61and foreign investment, 120,

122, 124Nicaragua, 136, 138–9, 141,

143–4, 146Progresa, 194progressive policy alternatives, 6

PRONASOL program, 193–4property rights, 26–7, 61, 138, 169,

176, 241protagonism, 92–4, 96, 98protectionism, 40, 42protests, 48, 50, 73, 75, 79, 91–2,

95–6, 105, 109, 135, 138, 163, 218, 241

see also mass mobilization; socialmovements

PRSP see Poverty Reduction StrategyPaper

PRWORA (Personal Responsibility and Work OpportunityReconciliation Act), 177–8

public investment, 44, 47, 49–50, 193, 233

public sector privatizations, 144public utility sectors, 127–9, 139, 141,

144, 175–6Punto Fijo Pact, 90–2PWC see post-Washington Consensus

Quadagno, J., 172–3Quiróz Viquez, A., 145

race issues, 65, 168–9, 171–4, 176, 179–80, 182, 217–18, 233, 240–1, 244

Rajan, R., 175Rajland, B., 60–1, 63Ramirez Gallegos, F., 45Rangel, A., 233, 235Rapoport, David, 179rational actors, 25–6, 40Reagan, Ronald, 3, 167, 173–5, 177Rebón, J., 61–2, 64redistribution, 30, 51, 102–3, 161, 187regional integration, 7, 10, 101, 248regionalism, 41, 43regulation, 9–11, 14–16, 23–4, 32–3,

39, 84, 95, 100–2, 141–2, 171, 176

and foreign investment, 120–2, 126–8, 131–4

reregulation, 102, 247and social investment, 199–201,

210, 212see also deregulation

Index 293

Reimers, F., 159Reitan, R., 74relationship recognition, 215–16,

218–29religion, 28, 74, 76, 78, 176renationalizations, 7, 120, 128–9repression, 67, 69reproductive rights, 172, 178–81,

218–19, 223Repsol, 110, 113Republican Party, 173research and development, 130–1resistance, 60, 91, 144, 163, 244Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia (FARC), 234‘revolutionary motors,’ 96Reyes, Raul, 244Richani, Nazih, 234–6Richardson, D., 201risk management, 200, 202,

205, 238Roberts, K., 7Rodrik, D., 138Rojas, Cristina, 9, 17–18, 237–8roll-back neoliberalism, 167–8, 173,

188–9, 192–4, 206roll-out neoliberalism, 9, 71, 84, 206Romero, Veronica, 207, 234Roosevelt, Franklin D., 167, 171Rosales, Manuel, 51Rose, N., 218Royalty II, 130, 133–4Rozas, P., 124RPS (Red de la Protección Social(( ), 145Ruckert, Arne, 14–15, 32, 35, 66, 106,

118, 136–7, 147, 153Rueda, M. I., 237–8Ruggeri, Andrés, 61–2Ruiz Torres, G., 29rule of law, 27Rural Development Law, 241

Saad-Filho, A., 23–4Sacerdote, B., 173, 182Sachs, J., 77, 79, 83Sader, E., 105Salinas, Carlos, 21, 193–4, 197San Alberto gas field, 110, 115–16San Andrés Agreement, 66

San Antonio gas field, 110, 115–16Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 106,

109, 111, 114, 234Sandinista National Liberation Front

(FSLN), 143, 147–9Sandoval, L., 97, 103, 117–18San Jose Agreement, 101Santiso, J., 43SAPRIN see Structural Adjustment

Participatory Review International Network

SAPs see structural adjustment programs

Sarney, José, 74Scharma, S., 143Scherrer, C., 56School Fees Abolition Initiative, 160Schugurensky, D., 158–9Seattle Conference, 79, 135securitization, 178–80, 231–2, 237,

243–4Colombia, 236–40, 242–3

Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America, 249

Sekler, Nicola, 12, 72, 100, 138, 240self-determination, 44, 61, 65self-improvement, 202, 209self-interest, 168, 170, 185self-organization, 59–64, 66–7service contracts, 114–15, 134sexuality issues, 179–82, 221, 225, 227Sharpe, K., 122shock therapy, 30, 91Sikkink, K., 72, 81–2Silverman, J., 240Sineau, M., 205Sisti, E., 162Smith, A. M., 178social citizenship, 146, 186, 188social engineering, 10, 23, 25–9,

148, 174social funds/institutions, 34–5, 142social investment, 7–9, 188

in children, 198–207and regulation, 199–201, 210, 212

socialism, 1, 36, 38, 49, 63see also MAS (Movimiento Al

Socialismo); twenty-first centurysocialism

294 Index

social justice, 39, 44, 66–7, 74social liberalism, 21, 186, 191,

193, 198Social Missions, 96–8, 101social movements, 5–6, 24, 54–5,

57–9, 72, 109, 158, 163–4, 170, 232, 247

see also civil rights movement; Jubilee movement; mass mobilization; protests; women’s rights movement

social policy, 3, 39, 43–5, 47–51, 102–3, 138, 141–6, 184–6

see also social investments; social spending

Social Production Enterprises (EPS), 100

Social Protection Network (RPS), 145

social relations, 60social reproduction, 5, 10, 24, 28,

210, 224social spending, 106, 116–18, 147–8,

199–200social transformation, 55–63, 65,

67, 69Zapatistas and, 64–8

Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA), 191–2

Soederberg, S., 21, 80, 193Soliz Rada, Andrés, 112Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction

Strategies (World Bank), 137, 139, 141, 143, 158

South American Community of Nations, 42

Southern Cone market, 106sponsorship of immigrants, 222–4,

226–8Springer, N., 239–40Spronk, S., 105, 107stakeholder participation, 142–3,

146, 157state control, 7–9, 247

see also state interventions; state ownership

state-firm bargaining, 122, 126–7, 129–31, 133

Argentina, 127–9

state interventions, 9–10, 22, 24–5, 27–30, 33, 52, 55

state ownership, 39, 46, 50, 62, 90, 95, 100, 102, 106–7, 122, 126, 128–9, 241

Stefanoni, P., 105Stiglitz, George, 167Stiglitz, Joseph, 22, 33, 77, 79, 83,

136, 138, 141Stone, D., 135Stopford, J., 122Storper, M., 27Strange, S., 122Stromquist, N. P., 154Structural Adjustment Participatory

Review International Network (SAPRIN), 32, 138

structural adjustment programs (SAPs), 3, 32–3, 39, 89, 153, 167, 184, 193

and international finance, 72–3, 77, 81

and World Bank, 135–6,144, 146

Stubrin, F., 163Suarez, D., 163subaltern interests, 55, 64Subcomandante Marcos, 65subjectivities, 9, 60, 65, 200, 212subordination, 217–18subsidies, 97, 241–2Suez, 129SUFA see Social Union Framework

AgreementSunderland, J., 203surveillance, 16–17, 178–9, 182, 200,

205, 207, 210–12, 238Svampa, M., 60Székely, Miguel, 194–5

taxes and royalties, 107–9, 113–16, 120, 126–7, 129–30, 132–4, 175, 247

Taylor, Marcus, 10–11, 29–32, 35, 99, 137, 149

technocratization, 31, 39, 209Temporary Assistance for Needy

Families (TANF), 177–80, 221terminology, 3–4, 6–8, 82territoriality, 68

Index 295

terrorism, 179–80, 236–7, 242, 244Third Way concept, 1, 21, 94–6,

185, 197Third World, 72, 74, 76, 78

see also developing countries;Highly Indebted Poor Countries

Thomson, S., 105Tickell, Adam, 9, 71, 89, 105,

199–200, 206, 219TNCs see transnational corporationsTomasevski, Katarina, 159–60Tooley, J., 161Torfing, J., 56Torres, C., 154–5, 159Total, 110Touraine, A., 38‘Towards a Communitarian State’

(Uribe), 236–7trade agreements, 41–3, 51–2, 113,

122, 248trade openness, 39–43trade unions/unionists, 24, 34, 49,

91, 108, 163, 169, 175, 186in Colombia, 232–3, 235,

238–40, 244and human rights, 74, 76, 79and institutional change, 59, 64,

68–9trans-Amazonian pipeline, 101transnational corporations (TNCs),

105, 107–11, 114–16, 120–4, 126–7, 129, 131–2, 134

Transnational Institute, 75transnationalization, 64–8Transredes, 111–12Trejo, Guillermo, 193Trocmé, N., 205Tuider, E., 68–9Tussie, Diana, 11–12twenty-first century socialism, 89,

93, 96, 100

UDAPE (Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas), 118

UDI (Unión Demócrata Independiente), 130

Uganda Debt Network (UDN), 76Umayahara, M., 154Unborn Victims of Violence Act, 181

unemployment, 44, 46, 50, 59–60, 140, 171, 174, 177, 189, 237

Unión Patriótica (UP), 233, 235United Nations, 80, 124United Nations Conference on Trade

and Development (UNCTAD), 125–6, 140–1

United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 153, 156

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 155

United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (UNNGLS), 79–81

United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), 235

United States, 1–5, 8–10, 81, 125, 163, 167–70, 174–6, 184–5, 239, 249

economic/trade policies, 41–3, 49family issues, 215–16, 218–28gender issues, 168–9, 171–2, 178,

180–2, 218micropolitics, 180–1securitization, 178–80welfare, 170–4, 176–8

Unit for Political, Social, and Economic Analysis (UDAPE), 118

Unit for the Renegotiation and Analysis of Public Service Contracts (UNIREN), 127

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 73–4, 80, 84

universality, 217unwaged labor, 171, 174, 178UP (Unión Patriótica), 233, 235Uprimny, R., 240Uribe, Alvaro, 231–2, 235–6, 243Urrea Giraldo, F., 240Uruguay, 38, 42–3, 48–9, 52, 106,

125, 246utilitarianism, 27

Valdés, J. G., 28Vandevelde, K., 123varieties of liberalism, 185–8, 216–18Varoufakis, Y., 25Vázquez, Tabaré, 38, 43, 48–9, 125Veltmeyer, H., 21, 32

296 Index

Venezuela, 1, 7, 10, 21, 36, 55, 59, 69, 82, 148–9, 163, 247–8

economic/trade policy, 38, 42, 44,49–52

foreign investment, 120, 125–6hydrocarbons industry, 106, 117self-organization, 63–4see also Chávez, Hugo

Venezuela Agenda, 94Venezuelan Petroleum (PDVSA), 50,

95, 103Verger, A., 163Vernon, R., 122Villarzú proposal, 129, 133Villegas Quiroga, C., 106–7Vizcarra, Ivonne, 211–12vocales, 210–11Vuelvan Caras project, 63

Wackenhut, 176Wade, R. H., 141wages, 24–5, 40, 45–6, 60, 63, 91, 170,

188, 190, 205, 218–19, 240wage support, 40Wall, Glenda, 9–10, 16–17, 142, 146,

192, 201–3war on terror, 179–80, 236–7, 242, 244Washington Consensus (WC), 3, 8,

39, 71–2, 77, 79–81, 84, 89, 120–1, 144, 149, 167

see also post-Washington ConsensusWebber, Jeffrey, 13–14, 51, 105,

107, 109Weisbrot, M., 4, 18, 97, 103, 117–18,

138, 149Weiss, N., 201welfare, 8, 24–5, 40, 43–4, 125, 142,

184, 186–7, 193, 202, 221Canada, 189, 205conditional, 145–6Keynesian, 217–18United States, 170–4, 176–8

Williamson, J., 3, 120, 137–8, 167Winkler, D. R., 153Wise, C., 21, 32, 194Wolfensohn, James, 79, 136, 139

Wolff, L., 160women’s rights movement, 172,

186, 189Wood, A., 152, 157Worker’s Party, Brazil, 1workfare, 174, 176–8, 184–5, 187, 190World Bank (WB), 3–5, 48, 82, 102,

106, 109, 118, 167, 178, 192and educational development, 151,

155, 157–62and human rights politics, 75, 77,

79, 81and neoliberal contradictions, 21–2,

25, 29, 31–5and poverty reduction, 135–7, 139,

141, 143–5, 147–9Sourcebook, 137, 139, 141, 143, 158and structural adjustment programs

(SAPs), 135–6, 144, 146World Council of Churches, 78World Development Movement

(WDM), 79world development order, 136–7World Development Report (UN), 124tworld economy, 4World Education Forum, 163World Social Forums, 80, 96,

135, 163World Social Summit, Copenhagen, 135World Trade Organization (WTO), 5,

67, 79, 123, 125Woroby, Tamara, 224Wright, C., 135

Yacimientos Petrolíferos FiscalesBolivianos (YPFB), 107–14, 116

Zald, M., 78Zapatistas, 64–9, 163Zedillo, Ernesto, 194, 197Zelik, R., 63Zibechi, R., 54–5, 57–8, 61–3, 69,

105, 113Zingales, L., 175Zones of Rehabilitation and

Consolidation (ZRCs), 238–9