Bibliography

Books, Monographs, Articles, and Internet Sources

Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. A Call for Justice:A National Consultation on Past Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan.Kabul, Afghanistan, 2005.

Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-establishmentof Permanent Government Institutions, 5 December 2001. http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/bonn_agreement_2001.html. Accessed 3 January 2009.

Aiken, Lewis R. Morality and Ethics in Theory and Practice. Springfield, IL:University of Illinois Press, 2004.

Albright, Madeline K. “The End of Intervention.” New York Times, 11 June 2008.Alexander, Jeffrey C. Fin de Siècle Social Theory: Relativism. Reduction, and the

Problem of Reason. London: Verso, 1995.Allen, Amy. “Rethinking Power.” Hypatia 13 no. 1 (1998): 21–40.Amnesty International. “Hizbollah’s Attacks on Northern Israel.” http://

www.amnestyinternational.org/en/library/info/MDE02/025/2006. Accessed9 January 2009.

Andreopoulos, George J. “The Age of National Liberation Movements.” InThe Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World. Edited byMichael Howard, George J. Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, 191–213.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.

Aquinas, Thomas. “Summa Theologiae IIaIIae 40: On War.” In Aquinas: PoliticalWritings. Edited by R. W. Dyson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002.

Arendt, Hannah. “What Is Authority.” In Between Past and Future: Eight Exercisesin Political Thought. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.

_____. Crises of the Republic. San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich,1970.

_____. On Violence. New York: Harvest Books, 1970.Aristotle. Nichomachean Ethics. Translated by Hippocrates G. Apostle. Grinnell,

IA: The Peripatetic Press, 1984._____. Nichomachean Ethics. Translated by W. D. Ross, rev. J. O. Urmson. In

The Complete Works of Aristotle, II. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 1984.

254 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

_____. Prior Analytics. Translated by A. J. Jenkinson. In The Complete Works ofAristotle, I. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 1984.

_____. Nichomachean Ethics. Translated by Martha Nussbaum. In The Therapyof Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2006.

Ashworth, Lucian, and Larry Swatuck. “Masculinity and the Fear of Emascu-lation in International Relations Theory.” In The“Man” Question in Inter-national Relations. Edited by Marysia Zalewski and Jane Parpart, 73–92.Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998.

Atherton, Margaret. “Cartesian Reason and Gendered Reason.” In A Mindof One’s Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Edited byLouise M. Antony and Charlotte Witt, 21–37. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.

Augustine. “Letter 153: To Macedonius.” In Augustine: Political Writings. Editedby E. M. Atkins and R. J. Dodaro. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2001.

Avant, Deborah D. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

B. F. “The International Law of Embargo and Reprisal.” Law Magazine orQuarterly Review of Jurisprudence 24 no. 1 (1840): 73–79.

Baker, P. J. “The Doctrine of Legal Equality of States.” British Yearbook ofInternational Law 4 (1923): 1–20.

Barber, Benjamin, J. Jihad Vs McWorld: Terrorism’s Challenge to Democracy.London: Corgi, 2003.

Bartelson, Jens. A Genealogy of Sovereignty. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 1995.

Bass, Gary J. “Jus Post Bellum.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 32 no. 4 (2004):384–412.

Bellamy, Alex. “Conclusion.” In International Society and its Critics. Edited byAlex Bellamy, 283–296. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005.

_____. “Is the War against Terrorism Just?” International Relations 19 no. 3(2005): 275–296.

_____. Just War: From Cicero to Iraq. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2006.Bennett, William J. Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism.

New York: Regnery Publishing, 2003._____. “Motives, Outcome, Intent, and the Legitimacy of Humanitarian Inter-

vention.” Journal of Military Ethics 3 no. 3 (2004): 216–232._____. “The Responsibilities of Victory: Jus Post Bellum and the Just War.”

Review of International Studies 34 (2008): 601–625.Ben-Porath, Sigal. “Care Ethics and Dependence—Rethinking Jus Post Bellum.”

Hypatia 23 no. 2 (2008): 61–71.Best, Geoffrey. Humanity and Warfare. New York: Columbia University Press,

1980.Bhatia, Michael, Kevin Lanigan, and Philip Wilkinson. “Minimal Invest-

ments, Minimal Results: The Failure of Security Policy in Afghanistan.”

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 255

Briefing Paper. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU), 2004.

Biersteker, Thomas J., and Cynthia Weber, eds. State Sovereignty as SocialConstruct. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1996.

Bjola, Corneliu. “Legitimacy and the Use of Force: Bridging the Analytical –Normative Divide.” Review of International Studies 34 no. 4 (2008): 627–645.

Bobbyer, Phillip. Conscience, Dissent and Reform in Russia. New York: Routledge,2005.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1984.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. An Agenda for Peace, 2nd ed. New York: United NationsDepartment of Public Information, 1992/1995.

Bowett, Derek. “Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force.” American Journalof International Law 66 no. 1 (1972): 1–36.

Boyd, Susan B. ed. Challenging the Public-Private Divide. Toronto, ON: Univer-sity of Toronto Press, 1997.

Brough, Michael, John W. Lango, and Harry van der Linden, eds. Rethinking theJust War Tradition. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2007.

Brown, Christopher. Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International Political TheoryToday. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2002.

Brown, Sarah. “Feminism, International Theory, and International Relations ofGender Inequality.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17 no. 3(1988): 461–475.

Brownlie, Ian. International Law and the Use of Force by States. Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press, 1963.

Brunn, Stanley D. 11 September and Its Aftermath: The Geopolitics of Terror.London: Routledge, 2004.

Bull, Hedley. “The Grotian Conception of International Society.” In DiplomaticInvestigations: Essays in the Theory of International Relations. Edited by MartinWight and Herbert Butterfield, 51–73. London: George Allen and Unwin,1966.

_____. The Anarchical Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977._____. “Recapturing the Just War Tradition for Political Theory.” World Politics

34 no. 4 (1979): 588–599._____. “The Importance of Hugo Grotius in the Study of International Rela-

tions.” In Hugo Grotius and International Relations. Edited by Hedley Bull,Benedict Kingsbury, and Adam Roberts, 65–94. Oxford, UK: Clarendon,1990.

Bull, Hedley, Benedict Kingsbury, and Adam Roberts, eds. Hugo Grotius andInternational Relations. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1990.

Bumiller, Elizabeth and David Sanger. “Somber Bush Says Terrorism Can’tPrevail.” New York Times, 12 September 2001.

Burke, Anthony. “Just War or Ethical Peace? Moral Discourses of StrategicViolence after 9/11.” International Affairs 80 no. 2 (2004): 329–353.

Bush, George W. “The State of the Union Address.” Los Angeles Times, 29 January2003.

256 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Buzan, Barry. “The English School: An Underexploited Resource in IR.” Reviewof International Studies 27 no. 3 (2001): 471–488.

_____. From International to World Society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2004.

Byers, Michael. Custom, Power and the Power of Rules. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Bystudzienski, Jill M. ed. Women Transforming Politics: Worldwide Strategies forEmpowerment. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Call, Charles T. and Vanessa Wyeth, eds. Building States to Build Peace. Boulder,CO: Lynne Rienner, 2008.

Cameron, Lindsey. “Private Military Companies: Their Status under Interna-tional Humanitarian Law and Its Impact on Their Regulation.” InternationalReview of the Red Cross 88 no. 863 (2006): 573–598.

Campbell, David. “Justice and International Order: The Case of Bosnia andKosovo.” In Ethics and International Affairs: Extent and Limits. Edited byJean-Marc Coicaud and Daniel Warner, 103–127. Tokyo: United NationsUniversity Press, 2000.

Carpenter, R. Charli. “Women, Children, and Other Vulnerable Groups: Gender,Strategic Frames, and the Protection of Civilians as a Transnational Issue.”International Studies Quarterly 49 no. 2 (2005): 295–335.

_____. Innocent Women and Children: Gender, Norms, and the Protection ofCivilians. London: Ashgate, 2006.

Cayley, Andrew T. “The Prosecutor’s Strategy in Seeking the Arrest of SudanesePresident Al Bashir on Charges of Genocide.” Journal of International CriminalJustice 6 no. 5 (2008): 829–840.

Ceulemans, Carl. “The Military Response of the U.S.-Led Coalition to theSeptember 11 Attacks.” In Moral Constraints on War. Edited by BrunoCoppieters and Nick Fotion, 265–292. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2002.

Charlesworth, Hilary, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright. “FeministApproaches to International Law.” American Journal of International Law 85no. 4 (1991): 613–645.

Chesterman, Simon. Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention inInternational Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Christiano, Thomas. “Authority.” In Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. July2004. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/authority. Accessed 5 January 2009.

Clark, Grover. “The English Practice with Regard to Reprisals by Private Persons.”American Journal of International Law 27 no. 4 (1933): 694–723.

Clark, Ian. “Legitimacy in a Global Order.” Review of International Studies 29no. 1 (2003): 75–95.

_____. Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,2005.

_____. International Legitimacy and World Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 2007.

Claude, Inis L. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of InternationalOrganization. New York: Random House, 1959.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 257

_____. “Just War: Doctrines and Institutions.” Political Science Quarterly 95 no. 1(1980): 83–96.

Coady, C.A.J. “Mercenary Morality.” In International Law and Armed Conflict.Edited by A.G.D. Bradney, 55–70. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag,1992.

Cockayne, James. “Commercial Security in Humanitarian and Post-conflictSettings: An Exploratory Study.” International Peace Academy, March 2006.

_____. “The Global Reorganization of Violence: Military Entrepreneurs and thePrivate Face of International Humanitarian Law.” International Review of theRed Cross 88 no. 863 (2006): 459–490.

Coicaud, Jean Marc. Legitimacy and Politics: A Contribution to the Study ofPolitical Right and Political Responsibility. Translated by David Ames Curtis.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Cohn, Carol, and Sara Ruddick. “A Feminist Ethical Perspective on Weaponsof Mass Destruction.” In Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Edited byS. Lee and S. Hashmi, 405–435. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,2002.

Colbert, Evelyn. Retaliation in International Law. New York: Kings Crown Press(Columbia University Press), 1948.

Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, and Mans Soderbom. “Post-conflict Risks.” Work-ing Paper 2006–12. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, August 2006.

Connell, R. W. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995.Cook, Steven. “Don’t Blame Democracy Promotion.” Washington Post, 29 July

2006.Cousens, Elizabeth, and Chetan Kumar, eds. Peacebuilding as Politics: Cultivating

Peace in Fragile Societies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000.Cox, Robert. “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International

Relations Theory.” Millennium 10 no. 2 (1981): 126–155.Crawford, Neta C. “Just War Theory and the U.S. Counterterror War.” Perspec-

tives on Politics 1 no. 1 (2003): 5–25.Cronin, Bruce, and Ian Hurd, eds. The UN Security Council and the Politics of

International Authority. London: Routledge, 2008.Cuomo, Chris J. “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of

Everyday Violence.” Hypatia 11 no. 4 (1996): 30–45.Dallaire, Romeo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda.

New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003.Deane, Herbert A. The Political and Social Ideas of Saint Augustine. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1963.DeMars, William. NGOs and Transnational Networks: Wild Cards in World

Politics. London: Pluto, 2005.Department of Defense Dictionary of Military Terms, 2008. http://www.

dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/t/05488.html. Accessed 1 July 2008.Detter, Ingrid. The Laws of War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,

2000.Devetak, Richard. “Violence, Order and Terror.” In International Society and Its

Critics. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy, 229–246. Oxford, UK: Oxford UniversityPress, 2005.

258 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Dobbins, James. “The US and UN Ways of Nation-Building.” UNA-USA Pol-icy Brief No. 8, June 2005. http://www.unausa.org/Document.Doc?id=255.Accessed 26 February 2009.

_____. After the Taliban: Nation-Building in Afghanistan. Dulles, VA: PotomacBooks, 2008.

Donini, Antonio, Norah Niland, and Karen Wermester. Afghanistan: Nation-Building Unraveled? Aid, Peace and Justice in Afghanistan. West Hartford, CT:Kumarian, 2004.

Doswald-Beck, Louise. “Private Military Companies under InternationalHumanitarian Law.” In From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation ofPrivate Military Companies. Edited by Simon Chesterman and Chia Lehnardt,115–139. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Dunbabin, J. P. “The League of Nations’ Place in the International System.”History 78 no. 254 (2007): 421–442.

Dyson, R. W. Normative Theories of Society and Government in Five MedievalThinkers. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 2003.

_____, ed. Aquinas Political Writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2007.

Easton, David. The Political System: An Inquiry into the State of Political Science.New York: Knopf, 1953.

Eckert, Amy. “Just War Theory and War in the Private Sphere: TheRe-privatization of Force and the Ethics of War.” Paper prepared for presen-tation at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association,San Francisco, CA, 26–28 March 2008.

Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Women and War. New York: New York University Press,1987.

_____. “The Problem with Peace.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies17 no. 3 (1988): 441–449.

_____, ed. Just War Theory. New York: New York University Press, 1992._____. Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World.

New York: Basic Books, 2004._____. “Terrorism.” In The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Cen-

tury. Edited by Charles Reed and David Ryall, 118–135. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Enloe, Cynthia. The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.

_____. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

d’Entrèves, A. P. Natural Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy. London:Hutchinson, 1951.

Erskine, Toni. Embedded Cosmopolitanism: Duties to Strangers and Enemies in aWorld of Dislocated Communities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Evans, Mark. “In Humanity’s Name: Democracy and the Right to Wage War.”In Just War Theory: A Reappraisal. Edited by Mark Evans, 71–92. New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 259

_____, ed. Just War Theory: A Reappraisal. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan,2005.

Fabre, Cecile. “Cosmopolitanism, Just War Theory, and Legitimate Authority.”International Affairs 84 no. 5 (2008): 963–977.

Falk, Richard A. “The Beirut Raid and the International Law of Retaliation.”American Journal of International Law 63 no. 2 (1969): 415–443.

_____. “A Program for the Left; Thinking about Terrorism.” The Nation, 26 June1986, 283–287.

Farr, James. “Locke, Natural Law, and New World Slavery.” Political Theory 36no. 4 (2008): 495–522.

Fasolt, Constantin. The Limits of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2004.

Feinstein, Lee, and Ann-Marie Slaughter. “A Duty to Prevent.” Foreign Affairs 83no. 1 (2004): 136–151.

Feldman, Shai. “The Bombing of Osirak Revisited.” International Security 7 no. 2(1982): 114–142.

Feith, Douglas J. War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War onTerrorism. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.

Ferguson, Kennan. “Three Ways of Spilling Blood.” In Language, Agency andPolitics in a Constructed World. Edited by François Debrix, 87–100. Armonk,NY: ME Sharpe, 2003.

Finnis, John. “The Ethics of War and Peace in the Catholic Natural Law Tradi-tion.” Edited by Terry Nardin, 15–39. The Ethics of War and Peace: Secularand Religious Perspectives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Fisk, Robert. “Untouchable Ministries.” The Independent, 16 April 2003._____. “US Shamed by Looting of Antiquities.” The Scotsman, 19 April 2003.Flathman, Richard. The Practice of Political Authority: Authority and the Authori-

tative. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.Foucault, Michel. “What Is Enlightenment?” In The Foucault Reader. Edited by

Paul Rabinow. New York: Pantheon, 1984._____. The Uses of Pleasure. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1992.Fowler, Michael Ross, and Julie Marie Bunck. Law, Power and the Sovereign State:

The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. University Park,PA: Penn State Press, 1995.

Franck, Thomas. Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Frost, Mervyn. “Constitutive Theory and Moral Accountability: Individuals,Institutions, and Dispersed Practices.” In Can Institutions Have Responsibilities:Collective Moral Agency and International Relations. Edited by Toni Erskine,84–99. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

George, Robert L. In Defense of Natural Law. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1999.Goebels, Julius. “The Equality of States.” The Cambridge Law Journal 2 (1925):

270–280.Goldstein, Joshua S. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice

Versa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

260 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Gordon, Michael R., and Bernard E. Trainor. COBRA II: The Inside Story of theInvasion and Occupation of Iraq. New York: Vintage Books, 2006.

Grant, Bruce. “US Military Expertise for Sale: Private Military Consultants as aTool of Foreign Policy.” National Defense University, Institute for NationalSecurity Studies, 1998. http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/essaych4.html.

Grewe, Wilhelm. The Epochs of International Law. Translated by Michael Byers.New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000.

Grotius, Hugo. De Jure Praedae Commentarius. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein, 1995._____. De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein, 1995._____. The Free Sea. Edited by David Armitage. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund,

2004._____. Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty. Edited by Martine Julia van

Ittersum. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2006.Haakonssen, Knud. Natural Law and Moral Philosophy: From Grotius to the

Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Haley, K. H. D. The Dutch in the Seventeenth Century. London: Thames and

Hudson, 1972.Hall, Rodney Bruce, and Thomas J. Biersteker, eds. The Emergence of Private

Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2002.

Halleck, Henry W. “Retaliation in War.” American Journal of International Law 6no. 1 (1912): 107–118.

Hampson, Francoise. “Belligerent Reprisals and the 1977 Protocols to the GenevaConventions of 1949.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 37 no. 4(1988): 818–843.

Harding, Sandra. Is Science Multicultural? Bloomington, IN: Indiana UniversityPress, 1998.

Hart, Basil Henry Liddell. Strategy. New York: Praeger, 1967.Hart, H. L. A. “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals.” Harvard Law

Review 71 (1958): 593–629.Hawkesworth, Mary E. “Knowers, Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and

Claims of Truth.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14 no. 3(1989): 533–557.

Hayden, Patrick. “Constraining War: Human Security and the Human Right toPeace.” Human Rights Review 6 no. 1 (2004): 35–55.

Heinze, Eric A. “The Rhetoric of Genocide in US Foreign Policy: Rwanda andDarfur Compared.” Political Science Quarterly 122 no. 3 (2007): 359–383.

_____. “The New Utopianism: Liberalism, American Foreign Policy, and the Warin Iraq.” Journal of International Political Theory 4 no. 1 (2008): 105–125.

_____. Waging Humanitarian War: The Ethics, Law and Politics of HumanitarianIntervention. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2009.

Hermann, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. Manufacturing Consent: The PoliticalEconomy of Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.

Herz, John H. “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma.” WorldPolitics 2 no. 2 (1950): 157–180.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 261

Hinsley, F.H. Sovereignty, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,1986.

Hirschmann, Nancy. “Freedom, Recognition, and Obligation: A FeministApproach to Political Theory.” American Political Science Review 83 no. 4(1989): 1227–1244.

Hoag, Robert. “The Recourse to War as Punishment: A Historical Theme in JustWar Theory.” Studies in the History of Ethics 2 (2006): 1–28.

Hobbes, Thomas. Human Nature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994[1640].

Hoffman, Peter J., and Thomas G. Weiss. Sword and Salve: Confronting New Warsand Humanitarian Crises. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.

Hoffmann, Stanley. “Rousseau on War and Peace.” American Political ScienceReview 57 no. 2 (1963): 317–333.

Hooper, Charlotte. Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations, andGender Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

Hostiensis. “Summa Aurea: On Truce and Peace.” In The Ethics of War: Classicand Contemporary Readings. Edited by Gregory M. Reichberg, Henrik Syse,and Endre Begby, 160–168. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2006.

Holzgrefe, J.L., and Robert O. Keohane, eds. Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical,Legal, and Political Dilemmas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2003.

Huston, Nancy. “Tales of War and Tears of Women.” Women’s Studies Interna-tional Forum 5, nos. 3/4 (1982): 271–282.

Human Rights Watch. “Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands—Past Atrocitiesin Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity.” In World Report 2006,220–226. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006.

_____. “Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006War.” September 2006. http://hrw.org/reports/2007/lebanon0907/3.htm#_Toc175028479. Accessed 5 January 2009.

_____. The Human Cost: The Consequences of Insurgent Attacks in Afghanistan,15 April 2007. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/04/15/human-cost.Accessed 28 December 2008.

Hurd, Ian. After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations SecurityCouncil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Hurrell, Andrew. On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution ofInternational Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Hyde, Richard, and Robert Kolb. An Introduction to the Law of Armed Conflict.Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing, 2008.

Iasiello, Louis V. “Jus Post Bellum: The Moral Responsibilities of Victors in War.”Naval War College Review LVII no. 3/4 (2004): 33–52.

Ignatieff, Michael. Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond. New York: MetropolitanBooks, 2000.

Imre, Robert, T. Brian Mooney, and Benjamin Clarke. Responding toTerrorism: Philosophical and Legal Perspectives. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate,2007.

262 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Inayatullah, Naeem. “Beyond the Sovereignty Dilemma.” In State Sovereignty asSocial Construct. Edited by Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, 1–21.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1996.

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The Responsi-bility to Protect. Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre,2001.

International Crisis Group. Afghanistan: Judicial Reform and Transitional Justice,Asia Report No. 45. January 2003, Brussels, Belgium.

_____. Afghanistan’s Endangered Compact, Asia Briefing No. 59. Kabul(Afghanistan)/Brussels (Belgium): International Crisis Group, 29 January2007.

Israel, Jonathan I. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740. Oxford, UK:Clarendon, 1989.

Ivie, Robert L. “Rhetorical Deliberation and Democratic Politics in the Here andNow.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 5 no. 2 (2002): 277–285.

Jackson, Robert. The Global Covenant. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,2000.

Jabri, Vivienne. “Explorations of Difference in Normative International Rela-tions.” In Women, Culture, and International Relations. Edited by VivienneJabri and Eleanor O’Gorman, 39–60. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner,1999.

Jeffery, Renée. Hugo Grotius in International Thought. New York: PalgraveMacmillian, 2006.

Jessup, P. C. “The Crime of Aggression and the Future of International Law.”Political Science Quarterly 62 no. 1 (1947): 1–10.

Johnson, James Turner. Ideology, Reason, and the Limitation of War. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.

_____. Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1981.

_____. Can Modern War Be Just? London and New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress, 1984.

_____. Morality and Contemporary Warfare. New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress, 1999.

Jones, Karen. “Gender and Rationality.” In Oxford Handbook on Rationality.Edited by Alfred R. Mele and Piers Rawling, 301–319. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 2004.

Kaldor, Mary. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge,UK: Polity, 2001.

_____. New and Old Wars, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2006.Kalshoven, Fritz. The Law of Warfare: A Summary of Its Recent History and Trends

in Development. Leiden, the Netherlands: A.W. Sijthoff, 1973.Kant, Immanuel. “To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch.” In Perpetual Peace

and Other Essays. Translated by Ted Humphrey. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett,1983.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 263

_____. “The Metaphysics of Morals.” In Kant’s Political Writings, 2nd ed. Editedby H.S. Reiss. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Keating, Tom, and W. Andy Knight, eds. Building Sustainable Peace. Edmonton,AB, and Tokyo: University of Alberta Press and United Nations UniversityPress, 2003.

Keene, Edward. Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism, and Order inWorld Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Kelly, Michael. “Time Warp to 1945—Resurrection of the Reprisal and Antici-patory Self- Defense Doctrines in International Law.” Journal of TransnationalLaw and Policy 13 no. 1 (2003): 1–39.

Kelly, Terrence K. “The Just Conduct of War against Radical Islamic Terror andInsurgencies.” In The Price of Peace. Edited by Charles Reed and David Ryall,201–216. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Kelsen, Hans J. Law and Peace in International Relations. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1942.

_____. “The Principle of Sovereign Equality of States as a Basis for InternationalOrganization.” The Yale Law Journal 53 no. 2 (1944): 207–220.

_____. “The Essence of International Law.” In The Relevance of InternationalLaw. Edited by Karl W. Deutsch and Stanley Hoffmann, 80–114. Rochester,VT: Schenkman, 1968.

_____. Law and Peace in International Relations. New York: W.S. Hein, 1997._____. Principles of International Law. Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2003.Kinsella, Helen. “Discourses of Difference: Civilians, Combatants, and Com-

pliance with the Laws of War.” Review of International Studies 31 (2005):163–185.

_____. “Gendering Grotius: Sex and Sex Difference in the Laws of War.” PoliticalTheory 34 no. 2 (2006): 161–191.

_____. “Understanding a War That Is Not a War.” Signs: Journal of Women inCulture and Society 33 no. 1 (2007): 209–231.

Klem, Bart, Pyt Douma, with Georg Frerks, Geert Gompelman, and Stefan vanLaar. The Struggle after Combat: The Role of NGOs in DDR Processes, SynthesisStudy. The Hague, the Netherlands: Cordaid, 2008.

Koontz, Theodore J. “Christian Nonviolence: An Interpretation.” In The Ethicsof War and Peace. Edited by Terry Nardin, 169–196. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1996.

Krasner, Stephen. Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1999.

Krauthammer, Charles. “Syria and the New Axis of Evil.” Washington Post, 1 April2005.

Kristol, William. “It’s Our War.” Weekly Standard, 24 July 2006.Lang, Jr., Anthony F. Agency and Ethics: The Politics of Military Intervention.

Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002._____. Punishment, Justice, and International Relations: Ethics and Order after the

Cold War. London: Routledge, 2008.

264 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

_____. “Ethics, Justice, and Security.” In ISA Compendium Project: Interna-tional Security Studies Section. Edited by Theo Farrell and Michael Williams.New York: Blackwell, forthcoming.

Lavers, Troy. “(Pre)Determining the Crime of Aggression: Has the Time Cometo Allow the International Criminal Court Its Freedom?” Albany Law Review71 no. 1 (2008): 299–320.

Lebow, Ned. Tragic Vision of Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2003.

Lederach, John Paul. The Moral Imagination: The Art and Soul of Building Peace.New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Lennie, June. “Deconstructing Gendered Power Relations in Participatory Plan-ning: Towards an Empowering Feminist Framework of Participation andAction.” Women’s Studies International Forum 22 no. 1 (1999): 97–112.

Lepard, Brian D. Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention: A Fresh Legal ApproachBased on Fundamental Ethical Principles in International Law and WorldReligions. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.

Licklider, Roy. “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars1945–93.” American Political Science Review 89 no. 3 (1995): 681–690.

Lindemann, Marc. “Civilian Contractors under Military Law.” Parameters: USWar College Quarterly 37 no. 3 (2007): 83–94.

Lloyd, Genevieve. “Maleness, Metaphor, and the ‘Crisis’ of Reason.” In A Mindof One’s Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Edited by Louise M.Antony and Charlotte Witt, 73–92. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993.

Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Peter Laslett, ed. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Lowenheim, Oded. Predators and Parasites: Persistent Agents of Transnational Harmand Great Power Authority. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press,2006.

Lowenheim, Oded, and Gadi Heimann, “Revenge in International Politics.”Security Studies 17 no. 4 (2008): 685–724.

Lowi, Theodore. “Making Democracy Safe for the World: On Fighting theNext War.” In American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays. Edited by G. JohnIkenberry, 258–292. New York: HarperCollins, 1989.

Lynch, Tony, and A. J. Walsh. “The Good Mercenary?” Journal of PoliticalPhilosophy 8 no. 2 (2000): 133–153.

MacFarlane, S. Neil, and Yuen Foong Khong. Human Security and the UN:A Critical History. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 2006.

Malone, David. The International Struggle over Iraq: Politics in the UN SecurityCouncil, 1980–2005. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Maritain, Jacques. “The Concept of Sovereignty.” American Political ScienceReview 44 no. 2 (1950): 343–357.

May, Larry. War Crimes and Just War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2006.

McAlister, Melanie. Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and US Interests in theMiddle East, 1945–2000. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 265

McClellan, Scott. What Happened: Inside the Bush Whitehouse and Washington’sCulture of Deception. New York: Public Affairs, 2008.

McCredie, Jeffrey A. “The April 14, 1986 Bombing of Libya: Act of Self-Defenseor Reprisal?” Case Western Journal of International Law 19 no. 2 (1987):215–242.

McDougal, Myers S., and F. P. Feliciano. Law and Minimum World Public Order.New Haven, CT: New Haven Press, 1961.

McNair, Arnold. “The Legal Meaning of War and the Relation of War toReprisals.” Transactions of the Grotius Society 11 (1925): 29–51.

Mearsheimer, John, and Stephen Walt. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.

Mendelsohn, Barak. “Sovereignty under Attack: The International Society Meetsthe Al Qaeda Network.” Review of International Studies 31 no. 1 (2005):45–68.

Merle, Renae. “Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq.” Washington Post, 5December 2006, D01.

Meron, Theodor. “Defining Aggression for the International Criminal Court.”Suffolk Transnational Law Review 25 no. 1 (2001): 1–15.

Mideast Monitor, September-October 2006, 1 no. 3. http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_6.htm. Accessed 7 December 2008.

Mill, John Stuart. “A Few Words on Non-intervention.” In The Collected Worksof John Stuart Mill, Volume XXI. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press,1989.

Miller, Christian T. “Private Contractors Outnumber US Troops in Iraq.” LosAngeles Times, 4 July 2007, A1.

Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory,Practicing Solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003.

Morgenthau, Hans J. Scientific Man versus Power Politics. Chicago: ChicagoUniversity Press, 1946.

_____. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: W.W.Norton, 1948.

Morrall, John B. Political Thought in Medieval Times. London: HutchinsonUniversity Press, 1971.

Morris, Justin. “Normative Innovation and the Great Powers.” In InternationalSociety and Its Critics. Edited by Alex Bellamy, 265–282. Oxford, UK: OxfordUniversity Press, 2005.

Moser, Carolyn, and Fiona Clark, eds. Victims, Perpetrators, or Actors?Gender, Armed Conflict, and Political Violence. New York: Zed Books,2001.

Murphy, Alexander. “The Sovereign State System as Political-Territorial Ideal:Historical and Contemporary Considerations.” In State Sovereignty as SocialConstruct. Edited by Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, 81–120.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Nardin, Terry, and Melissa S. Williams, eds. Humanitarian Intervention(NOMOS 47). New York: New York University Press, 2006.

266 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Neff, Stephen C. War and the Law of Nations: A General History. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man, Immoral Society. New York: Scribner and Sons,1932.

Norton, Augustus Richard. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2007.

Nussbaum, Martha. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in HellenisticEthics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

O’Brien, William V. “The Jus in Bello in Revolutionary War and Counter-insurgency.” Virginia Journal of International Law 18 no. 2 (1978):193–242.

O’Donovan, Michael. The Just War Revisited. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2003.

_____. “Criminalizing War: Toward a Justifiable Crime of Aggression.” BostonCollege International and Comparative Law Review 30 (2007): 507–524.

O’Driscoll, Cian. “James Turner Johnson’s Just War Idea: Commanding theHeadquarters of Tradition.” Journal of International Political Theory 4 no. 2(2008): 101–193.

_____. Renegotiation of the Just War Tradition and the Right to War in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Palgrave, 2008.

Onuf, Nicholas. World of Our Making. Columbia, SC: University of SouthCarolina Press, 1989.

_____. “Sovereignty Outline of a Conceptual History.” Alternatives 16 no. 4(1991): 425–446.

_____. The Republican Legacy in International Thought. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 1998.

_____. “Late Modern Civil Society.” In The Idea of Global Civil Society: Poli-tics and Ethics in a Globalizing Era, 47–63. Edited by Randall Germain andMichael Kenny. London: Routledge, 2005.

_____. “Reprisals: Rituals, Rules, Rationales.” In International Legal Theory:Essays and Engagements, 1966–2006. Edited by Nicholas Onuf. New York:Routledge, 2008, 99–138.

Onuf, Nicholas, and Peter Onuf. Nations, Markets and War: Modern Historyand the American Civil War. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press,2006.

Oppenheim, Lassa. International Law: A Treatise, 2nd ed., Volume 1. New York:Longmans, 1912.

Orend, Brian. Michael Walzer on War and Justice. Cardiff, UK: University ofWales Press, 2000.

_____. War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective. Waterloo, ON:Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000.

_____. “Justice after War.” Ethics and International Affairs 16 no. 1 (2002):43–56.

_____. “Jus Post Bellum: The Perspectives of a Just-War Theorist.” Leiden Journalof International Law 20 no. 3 (2007): 571–591.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 267

_____. The Morality of War. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 2007.Owens, Patricia. “Accidents Don’t Just Happen: The Liberal Politics of High-

Technology ‘Humanitarian’ War.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies32 no. 3 (2003): 600–616.

Oxfam. Afghanistan: Development and Humanitarian Priorities, January 2008.http: // www.oxfam.org.uk/resources /policy/conflict _ disasters /downloads/afghanistan_priorities.pdf. Accessed 9 January 2009.

Packer, George. Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq. New York: Farrar, Straus andGiroux, 2005.

Pape, Robert A. “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism.” American PoliticalScience Review 97 no. 3 (2003): 343–361.

Paris, Roland, and Timothy Sisk, eds. The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confrontingthe Contradictions of Postwar Peace. London: Routledge, 2009.

Parker, Geoffrey. Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648, 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: BasilBlackwell, 2001.

Pattison, James. “Just War Theory and the Privatization of Military Force.” Ethicsand International Affairs 22 no. 2 (2008): 143–162.

_____. “Legitimacy and Humanitarian Intervention: Who Should Intervene?”International Journal of Human Rights 23 no. 3 (2008): 395–413.

Paust, Jordan J. International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials. Durham, NC:Carolina Academic Press, 2000.

Peace, Reconciliation and Justice in Afghanistan: Action Plan of the Governmentof the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2005. http://www.unama-afg.org/news/Afghan%20Government/06dec10-government-action-plan-eng.pdf.Accessed 20 January 2009.

Peach, Lucinda. “An Alternative to Pacifism? Feminism and Just War Theory.”Hypatia 9 no. 2 (1994): 151–172.

Percy, Sarah. Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Peterson, V. Spike. “Transgressing Boundaries: Theories of Knowledge, Gender,and International Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 21no. 2 (1992): 183–206.

_____. “Sexing Political Identities/Nationalism as Heterosexism.” InternationalFeminist Journal of Politics 1 no. 1 (1999): 34–65.

Peterson, V. Spike, and Anne Sisson Runyan. Global Gender Issues. Boulder, CO:Westview , 1999.

Philpott, Daniel. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern Interna-tional Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Pierson, Ruth Roach. “Beautiful Soul or Just Warrior: Gender and War.” Genderand History 1 no. 1 (1989): 77–86.

Phillimore, Robert. Commentaries upon International Law, Volume 3. New York:Fred B. Rothman , 1985 [1857].

Pillar, Paul R. Negotiating Peace: War Termination as a Bargaining Process.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.

Plutarch, “Caesar.” Plutarch’s Lives, Volume.2. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2006.

268 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide.New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.

Puchala, Donald. Theory and History in International Relations. New York: Taylorand Francis, 2003.

Pufendorf, Samuel. On the Duty of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law.Edited by James Tully. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Qassem, Naim. Hizbullah. Translated by Dalia Khalil. London: Saqi Books,2005.

Ralph, Jason. “International Society, the International Criminal Court andAmerican Foreign Policy.” Review of International Studies 31 no. 1 (2005):27–45.

Ramsey, Paul. The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility. New York: Scribner,1968.

Rengger, Nicholas. “On the Just War Tradition in the Twenty-First Century.”International Affairs 78 no. 2 (2002): 355–356.

_____. “The Judgment of War: On the Idea of Legitimate Force in WorldPolitics.” Review of International Studies 31 (2005): 143–161.

_____. The Judgment of War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,forthcoming.

Report of the CICC Team on Aggression. “Informal Inter-sessional Meet-ing of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression heldat the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, Woodrow WilsonSchool, Princeton University, United States, 11–14 June 2007.” http://www.iccnow.org/documents/CICC_Princeton_Team_Report_2007.pdf. Accessed23 February 2009.

Ricks, Thomas. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. New York:Penguin, 2006.

Robinson, Fiona. Globalizing Care: Ethics, Feminist Theory, and InternationalRelations. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999.

Rodin, David. War and Self-Defense. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002.Roy, Olivier. Globalised Islam. London: Hurst, 2004.Rubin, Barnett R. “Transitional Justice and Human Rights in Afghanistan.”

International Affairs 79 no. 3 (2003): 567–581.Rubin, Barnett R., and Humayun Hamidzada. “From Bonn to London:

Governance Challenges and the Future of Statebuilding in Afghanistan.”International Peacekeeping 14 no. 1 (2007): 8–25.

Rubin, Barnett, and Omar Zakhilwal. “A War on Drugs, or a War on Farmers?”Wall Street Journal, 11 January 2005.

Ruddick, Sara. “Pacifying the Forces: Drafting Women in the Interest of Peace.”Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8 no. 3: (1983): 471–489.

_____. Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace. New York: HoughtonMifflin, 1989.

Rupert, Mark. “Marxism and Critical Theory.” In International Relations Theories:Discipline and Diversity. Edited by Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007, 148–165.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 269

Russell, Frederick. The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press,1975.

Russett, Bruce. “Bushwhacking the Democratic Peace.” International StudiesPerspectives 6 no. 4 (2005): 399–402.

Rutenberg, Jim. “Bush Gives Qualified Support for Israel’s Strikes.” New YorkTimes, 14 July 2006.

Saint Augustine. Concerning the City of God against the Pagan. Translated byH. Bettenson. London: Penguin, 1972.

Sassen, Saskia. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Saurin, Julian. “The End of International Relations: The State and Interna-tional Theory in the Age of Globalization.” In Boundaries in Question: NewDirections in International Theory. Edited by John Macmillan and AndrewLinklater, 244–261. New York: Pinter, 1995.

Schabas, William. Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Schmitt, Michael N. “Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hos-tilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees.” Chicago Journal ofInternational Law 5 no. 2 (2005): 511–546.

Schneewind, Jerome B. The Invention of Autonomy. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1998.

Schott, Robin May. “Gender and ‘Postmodern War.” Hypatia 11 no. 4 (1996):19–29.

_____. “Just War and the Problem of Evil.” Hypatia 23 no. 2 (2008): 122–140.Schuck, Michael J. “When the Shooting Stops: Missing Elements in Just War

Theory.” The Christian Century, 26 October 1994.Security Council Report: Afghanistan. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/

c.glKWLeMTIs G/b.4559881/k.2473/October_2008_br_Afghanistan.htm.Accessed 20 January 2009.

Shaw, Martin. War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society. Cam-bridge, UK: Polity, 2003.

_____. The New Western Way of War. London: Polity, 2005.Shawcross, William. Deliver Us from Evil: Warlords and Peacekeepers in a World of

Endless Conflict. London: Bloomsbury, 2000.Shinoda, Hideaki. Re-examining Sovereignty: From Classical Theory to the Global

Age. New York: St. Martin’s, 2000.Shraga, Daphna. “UN Peacekeeping Operations: Applicability of International

Humanitarian Law and Responsibility for Operations-Related Damage.”American Journal of International Law 94 no. 2 (2000): 406–412.

Shlaim, Avi. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. London: Penguin, 2000.Simma, Bruno. “NATO, the UN, and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects.” European

Journal of International Law 10 no. 1 (1999): 1–22.Singer, P. W. “Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Indus-

try and Its Ramifications for International Security.” International Security 26no. 3 (2001–02): 186–220.

270 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

_____. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Ithaca,NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.

Sjoberg, Laura. Gender, Justice, and the Wars in Iraq. Lanham, MD: Lexington,2006.

_____. “The Gendered Realities of the Immunity Principle: Why GenderAnalysis Needs Feminism.” International Studies Quarterly 50 no. 4 (2006):889–910.

_____. “Why Just War Needs Feminism Now More Than Ever.” InternationalPolitics 45 no. 1 (2008): 1–18.

Sjoberg, Laura, and Caron Gentry. Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violencein Global Politics. London: Zed Books, 2007.

Skinner, Quentin. “The State.” In Political Innovation and Conceptual Change.Edited by Terence Ball, James Farr, and Russell L. Hanson, 90–131. Cam-bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Slocombe, W.B. “Force, Pre-emption, and Legitimacy.” Survival 45 no. 1 (2003):117–130.

Sloss, David. “Schizophrenic Treaty Law.” Texas International Law Journal 43no. 3 (2007): 15–27.

Smith, Michael Joseph. Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger. Baton Rouge,LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.

Smith, Thomas. History and International Relations. London: Routledge, 1999.Smith, Tony. A Pact with the Devil: Washington’s Bid for World Supremacy and the

Betrayal of the American Promise. London: Routledge, 2007.Spearin, Christopher. “Between Public Peacekeepers and Private Forces: Can

There be a Third Way?” International Peacekeeping 12 no. 2 (2005): 240–252.Spivak, Gayatri. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” In Marxism and the Interpretation of

Culture. Edited by Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg, 271–316. Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press, 1988.

Spruyt, Hendrik. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors. Princeton, NJ: Prince-ton University Press, 1994.

Stanekzai, Mohammad Masoom. Thwarting Afghanistan’s Insurgency: A Prag-matic Approach toward Peace and Reconciliation. U.S. Institute of Peace SpecialReport No. 212, September 2008.

Steans, Jill. Gender and International Relations: An Introduction. New Brunswick,NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998.

Stedman, Stephen John, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth Cousens, eds. End-ing Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: LynneRienner, 2003.

Steele, Brent J. “Liberalism-Idealism: A Constructivist Critique.” InternationalStudies Review 9 no. 1 (2006): 23–52.

_____. “Eavesdropping on Honored Ghosts: From Classical to Reflexive Real-ism.” Journal of International Relations and Development 10 no. 3 (2007):272–300.

_____. Ontological Security in International Relations. London: Routledge, 2008.Stiehm, Judith, ed., Women’s and Men’s War. London: Pergamon, 1983.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 271

Straumann, Benjamin. “‘Ancient Caesarian Lawyers’ in a State of Nature: RomanTradition and Natural Rights in Hugo Grotius’ De Jure Praedae.” PoliticalTheory 34 no. 3 (2006): 328–350.

_____. “Is Modern Liberty Ancient? Roman Remedies and Natural Rights inHugo Grotius’ Early Works on Natural Law.” International Law and JusticeWorking Papers IILJ2006/11 (2006).

_____. “The Right to Punish as a Just Cause of War in Hugo Grotius’ NaturalLaw.” Studies in the History of Ethics 2 (2006): 1–20.

Struett, Michael J. The Politics of Constructing the International Criminal Court:NGOs, Discourse, and Agency. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Sucharov, Mira. “Anthologizing the Peace Process.” In Traditions and Transitionsin Israel Studies: Books on Israel, Volume 6. Edited by Laura Eisenberg, NeilCaplan, Naomi Sokoloff, and Mohammed Abu-Namir, 221–238. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press, 2003.

Suetonius. “Julius.” The Twelve Caesars. New York: Penguin Books, 2003.Suhrke, Astri, and Ingrid Samset. “What’s in a Figure? Estimating Recurrence in

Civil War.” International Peacekeeping 14 no. 2 (2007): 195–203.Sutter, Philip. “The Continuing Role for Belligerent Reprisals.” Journal of Conflict

and Security Law 13 no. 1 (2008): 93–122.Sylvester, Christine. “Feminists and Realists on Autonomy and Obligation in

International Relations.” In Gendered States. Edited by V. Spike Peterson, 155–178. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992.

_____. Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

_____. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Synovitz, Ron. “Afghanistan: Amnesty Law Draws Criticism, Praise.”Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 14 March, 2007. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/03/69572c45-d232-4fc4-b4be-a5de9f9fb97c.html.Accessed 4 March 2009.

Taulbee, James L., and John Anderson. “Reprisal Redux.” Case Western Journal ofInternational Law 16 no. 3 (1984): 309–336.

Taylor, A.J.P. How Wars End. London: Hamilton, 1985.Tesón, Fernando. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality.

Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational, 1988._____. “Ending Tyranny in Iraq.” Ethics and International Affairs 19 no. 2

(2005): 1–20.Thakur, Ramesh. The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security

to the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,2006.

Thier, Alexander. “Afghanistan.” In Twenty-First Century Peace Operations. Editedby William J. Durch, 467–573. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of PeacePress, 2005.

Thomson, Janice E. Mercenaries, Pirates and Sovereigns. Princeton, NJ: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1994.

272 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Tickner, J. Ann “Hans Morgenthau’s Principles of Political Realism: A FeministReformulation.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17 no. 3 (1988):429–440.

_____. Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving GlobalSecurity. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

_____. Gendering World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.Tickner, J. Ann, and Laura Sjoberg. “Feminism.” In International Relations The-

ories. Edited by Steve Smith, Tim Dunne, and Milja Kurki. Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press, 2007.

Tilford, Jr., Earl H. “Operation Allied Force and the Role of Air Power.”Parameters 29 no. 4 (1999/2000): 24–38.

Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. Norman,OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.

Toulmin, Stephen. Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. Chicago: TheUniversity of Chicago Press, 1990.

Tracy, James D. The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics inHolland, 1572–1588. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Tuck, Richard. The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and InternationalOrder from Grotius to Kant. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Tucker, Robert W. “Reprisals and Self-Defense: The Customary Law.” AmericanJournal of International Law 66 no. 3 (1972): 586–596.

_____. The Just War: A Study in Contemporary American Doctrine. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 1978.

UNESCO. Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations. Introduced by JacquesMaritain. London and New York: Allan Wingate, 1949.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Afghanistan OpiumSurvey, 2008. http://www.unodc.org/documents/publications/Afghanistan_Opium_Survey_2008.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2009.

United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The Challenge of Peace: God’sPromise and Our Response. Washington, DC: Orbis, 1983.

Van Geleren, Martin, ed. The Dutch Revolt. Cambridge, UK: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1993.

Valls, Andrew. “Can Terrorism Be Justified?” In Ethics in International Affairs:Theories and Case. Edited by Andrew Valls, 65–79. London: Rowman andLittlefield, 2000.

Varouxakis, Georgios. “John Stuart Mill on Intervention and Non-intervention.”Millennium: Journal of International Studies 26 no. 1 (1997): 57–76.

De Vattel, Emmer. The Law of Nations: Or Principles of the Law of Nature, Appliedto the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. Edited by Joseph Chitty.Philadelphia: T. & J.W. Johnson, 1853.

_____. Le Droit des Gens. Ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle Appliqués à la Conduiteet aux Affaires des Nations et des Souverains. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein, 1995.

Verkuil, Paul R. Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Func-tions Threatens Democracy and What We Can Do about It. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 2007.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 273

Voeten, Erik. “The Political Origins of the UN Security Council’s Ability toLegitimize the Use of Force.” International Organization 59 no. 3 (2005):527–557.

Von Clausewitz, Carl. On War. Edited by Anatol Rapoport. London: Penguin,1982.

Waldock, Humphrey. “General Course on Public International Law.” Recueil desCours 106 no. 2 (1962): 49–53.

Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw Hill, 1979.Walzer, Michael. Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970._____. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations.

New York: Basic Books, 1977._____. Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Plurality and Equality. New York: Basic

Books, 1983._____. “The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics.” In Interna-

tional Ethics. Edited by Charles Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, andJohn A. Simmons, 217–237. Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press, 1985.

_____. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 2nded. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

_____. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 3rded. New York: Basic Books, 2000.

_____. Arguing about War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004._____. “Terrorism: A Critique of Excuses.” In Arguing about War. New Haven,

CT: Yale University Press, 2004._____. “Words of War: Challenges to the Just War Theory.” Harvard Interna-

tional Review 26 no. 11 (2004): 36–38._____. “Mercenary Impulse: Is There an Ethics That Justifies Blackwater?” The

New Republic, 21 March 2008.Weber, Cynthia. Simulating Sovereignty. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

Press, 1995.Weber, Max. Politics as a Vocation. In Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Edited by

H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946.Weigel, George. “From Last Resort to Endgame: Morality, the Gulf War, and the

Peace Process.” In But Was It Just? Reflections on the Morality of the Persian GulfWar. Edited by David E. Decrosse, 19–42. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

_____. “The Development of Just War Thinking in the Post – Cold War World:An American Perspective.” In The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-FirstCentury. Edited by Charles Reed and David Ryall, 19–36. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Weiner, Rebecca Ulam. “As the International Community Dithers over Dar-fur, Private Military Companies Say They’ve Got What It Takes to Stop theCarnage, If Only Someone Would Hire Them.” Boston Globe, 23 April 2006.

Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe, Roger A. Coate, and Kelly-Kate Pease. TheUnited Nations and Changing World Politics, 5th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview,2007.

274 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Wells, Donald. “How Much Can the ‘Just War’ Justify?” Journal of Philosophy 66no. 23 (1969): 819–829.

Westlake, John. International Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,1910.

Wheaton, Henry. Elements of International Law. Buffalo, NY: W.S. Hein, 1995[1866].

Wheeler, Nicholas J. “Pluralist or Solidarist Conceptions of International Soci-ety: Bull and Vincent on Humanitarian Intervention.” Millennium: Journal ofInternational Studies 2 no. 3 (1992): 463–487.

_____. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.

White House Briefing by Scott McClellan. 19 January 2006. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060119-6.html. Accessed 29December 2008.

White House Press Gaggle. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060714-4.html. Accessed 13 February 2009.

“Who Will Watch the Watchmen? Peacekeeping and Sex Abuse.” The Economist,31 May 2008, 63–64.

Wight, Martin. Systems of States. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1977.Williams, John. “Space, Scale, and Just War: Meeting the Challenge of Human-

itarian Intervention and Trans-national Terrorism.” Review of InternationalStudies 34 no. 4 (2008): 581–600.

Williams, Michael. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

_____. Realism Reconsidered. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.Williams, Jr., Robert E., and Dan Caldwell. “Jus Post Bellum: Just War Theory and

the Principles of Just Peace.” International Studies Perspectives 7 no. 4 (2006):309–320.

Wilson, Charles. The Dutch Republic and the Civilisation of the SeventeenthCentury. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

Wolff, Christian. Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractum. Buffalo, NY: W.S.Hein, 1995.

Woolsey, Theodore. Introduction to the Study of International Law, 4th ed.Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman, 1999.

Wulf, Herbert. “Privatization of Security, International Interventions and theDemocratic Control of Force.” In Private Military and Security Companies:Ethics, Policies, and Civil-Military Relations. Edited by Andrew Alexandra,Deane-Peter Baker and Marina Caparini, 191–202. London: Routledge,2008.

Young, Iris Marion. “The Logic of Masculinist Protection and Reflections on theCurrent Security State.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29no. 1 (2003): 1–24.

Yuval-Davis, Nira. Gender and Nation. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,1997.

Zartman, I. William. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1985.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y 275

Treaties, Court Cases, UN Resolutions/Declarations, and Other Legal Documents

Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), 26 June 1945, Stat. 1031.Coalition for the International Criminal Court, CICC Background Paper on

the Crime of Aggression, ASP 5, Resumed Session, 29 January - 1 February2007.

Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, 1994,GA Res. 49/59, 49 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 299, UN Doc.A/49/49.

Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 27 July 1929.Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded

and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31.Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded,

Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949, 75UNTS 85.

Geneva Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August1949, 75 UNTS 135, Article 4, 16, 47, 13, 33.

Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Timeof War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287.

Hague Convention (IV) on Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Landand Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War onLand. 18 October 1907.

International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing, and Trainingof Mercenaries. 4 December 1989, UN Doc. A/RES/44/34.

International Criminal Court—Assembly of State Parties, “Informal Inter-sessional Meeting of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression,held at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, Woodrow WilsonSchool, Princeton University, United States, 11–14 June 2007.” Doc. #ICC-ASP/6/SWGCA/INF.1, pp. 1–39, 27 July 2007.

Observance by United Nations Forces of International Humanitarian Law,Secretary-General’s Bulletin, 6 August 1999, ST/SGB/1999/13.

Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act, 24 January 2000, 18 U.S.C. §3261.Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 26 December 1933,

49 Stat. 3097; TS 881.Protocol (I) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relat-

ing to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. 8 June1977, 1125 UNTS 3.

Protocol (II) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relat-ing to the Protection of Victims of Non-international Armed Conflicts, 8 June1977, 1125 UNTS 609.

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 31 May 1951, 64 Stat. 109, 10 USCch. 47.

United Nations General Assembly, Resolution on the Definition of Aggression,GA Res. 3314 (XXIX), 14 December 1974, Annex.

276 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

United Nations General Assembly and United Nations Security Council, The Sit-uation in Afghanistan and Its Implications for International Peace and Security:Emergency International Assistance for Peace, Normalcy and Reconstruction ofWar-Stricken Afghanistan, Report of the Secretary-General (A/60/712 andS/2006/145), 7 March 2006.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1401 (S/RES/1401), 28 March2002.

United Nations Secretary-General. “The Situation in Afghanistan and Its Impli-cations for International Peace and Security.” UN Document A/62/722–S/2008/159 (6 March 2008).

Index

AAbu Ghraib scandal, 180Action Plan for Peace Reconciliation

and Justice in Afghanistan, 228Afghan Military Forces (AMF), 222Afghan National Army (ANA),

222–223Afghan National Police (ANP),

222–223Afghanistan

and al Qaeda, 2Bonn Agreement, 219, 222, 224,

225, 228, 234n46, 235n56drug trade in, 225–227, 236n76as a fragmented state, 218–219human rights violations in, 224intrastate versus interstate conflict

in, 213–214peacebuilding efforts in, 16,

206–231security sector reform in, 221–224,

235n55sustainable livelihoods in, 224–227transitional justice in, 227–229U.S. air strikes on (1998), 91and violence against women,

172n24Afghanistan Compact, 220Afghanistan Independent Human

Rights Commission (AIHRC),228, 230

agencyand humanitarian intervention,

126and political authority, 52

Agenda for Democratization, An(Boutros-Ghali), 215

Agenda for Development, An(Boutros-Ghali), 215

Agenda for Peace, An (Boutros-Ghali),215

aggression, crime ofdefinition of, 102, 109–112, 119n5efforts of international criminal

courts to define, 109and presumption of innocence, 110Special Working Group on the

Crime of Aggression, 109,114–116

al-Bashir, Omar, 103, 104al Qaeda

role as non-state actor in war, 12,22, 39, 164, 221, 245

terrorist attacks of, 2, 37–38Albright, Madeleine, 124Amnesty International, 188amnesty law (Afghanistan), 229, 230Andreopoulos, George, 31Angola, UN intervention in, 29Annan, Kofi, 124, 215, 220anticolonial movements, 10, 53Aquinas, Thomas, 4, 24–25, 57,

243, 245arbitration of conflicts, 27Arendt, Hannah, 51Aristotle, 16, 57, 58, 195, 242–243Atherton, Margaret, 155atrocities, punishment of, 208Austin, John, 92

278 I N D E X

authority, principle ofand agency, 52authority defined, 39n4and the crime of aggression,

114–116historical development of, 23,

51–52, 66, 78international law and legitimate

authority, 135and just war theory, 2, 5, 10, 13,

184, 193–194and legitimacy, 48, 50and power, 50, 65–66practical distinguished from

theoretical, 49–52and private military contractors

(PMCs), 135–143and problem of non-state actors,

8, 47–68rules governing, 50–51, 65sovereign state as primary

institution of, 52–56

BBalkans, war in, 128Bass, Gary, 212, 236n71Bellamy, Alex

conception of just war tradition,4, 192, 240

conditions for proper authority,187–188

on conflict transition phase, 213legalist position on just war,

180, 182and relationship between

democracy and just war, 191on war in the Middle Ages,

184–185bin Laden, Osama, 38Bodin, Jean, 61, 65Bonn Agreement, 219–220, 222, 224,

225, 228, 234n46, 235n56Bosnia, UN intervention in,

30, 222

Bourdieu, Pierre, 16, 239–240,242, 247

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 215Brahimi Report, 215Bull, Hedley, 26, 68n2, 181Bureau for Conflict Prevention and

Recovery, 215Burke, Anthony, 179, 184, 196Bush, George W., 2, 168, 172n24,

189, 190, 193, 198n15

CCaldwell, Dan, 212, 214Cambodia, UN intervention in, 29Campbell, David, 196–197cartels. See private military contractors

(PMCs)Central African Republic, 102Chad, Republic of, 102Charlesworth, Hilary, 157Chesterman, Simon, 127, 132Chinkin, Christine, 157civil society, 247civil war, 233n31civilians

casualties, 6–7, 107, 183, 190intentional blending with,

190–191intentional targeting of, 188status as non-combatants, 136

Clark, Grover, 86, 88, 89, 90Clark, Ian, 181–182Claude, Inis L., 30Coady, C.A.J., 129–130Colbert, Evelyn, 87cold war, 29, 30, 53collective security, principle of,

28, 54Conflict Prevention and

Reconstruction Unit (WorldBank), 215

consequentialism, 250cosmopolitanism, 54–55, 218counterterrorism policy, 54crimes against humanity, 107

I N D E X 279

DDarfur, inaction of UN in, 30,

124, 125De Jure Belli ac Pacis (Grotius),

47, 56–57, 62, 64De Jure Praedae (Grotius), 56, 64, 88de Vattel, Emmer, 25, 80DeMars, William, 67demilitarization, principle of, 7democracy, relationship with just

war, 191Democratic Republic of the Congo

(DRC), 102deterrence, 86Devetak, Richard, 187disarmament, demobilization, and

reintegration (DDR), 218, 220,221–222

Disbandment of Illegal Armed Groups(DIAG), 222

discrimination, principle of, 6–7, 222distinction, principle of, 8, 136double effect, doctrine of, 6–7Dunbabin, J.P., 27Dutch East India Company, 49,

63–65, 76, 80, 84, 88DynCorp, 148n39

EEaston, David, 245Eckert, Amy, 157economic sanctions, 54, 90, 92Egeland, Jan, 189–190El Salvador, UN intervention in, 29elimination of unjust gains, principle

of, 7Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 9, 54, 171n15,

193English School, 9, 12, 181, 186–187,

200n51Erskine, Toni, 39Essays on the Law of Nature

(Locke), 79ethic of care, 159, 164–167ethnic cleansing, 123

Evans, Mark, 11, 135expletive justice, 58–59

FFabre, Cecile, 54–55, 56Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 123feminism and just war theory,

151–170and ethic of care, 159, 164–167feminist critiques of just war

tradition, 152–156feminist theories of war ethics,

158–160and role of non-state actors,

156–158, 161–164, 167–170and stereotypical views of gender

roles, 152–156and terrorism, 160–168

Flathman, Richard, 51, 52Foucault, Michel, 196Frost, Mervyn, 108

Ggender and just war theory. See

feminism and just war theoryGeneral Treaty for the Renunciation

of War (Kellogg-Briand Pact), 27Geneva Conventions

1977 Protocols, 10and individual rights of

combatants, 8and private military contractors

(PMCs), 137and substate actors, 32and UN peacekeeping operations,

140–141genocide, 105, 121n40, 123Ghani, Ashraf, 227Goebel, Julius, 83Gould, Harry, 243Grotius, Hugo, 14, 16

and authority of the sovereign state,25, 60–61

concept of power, 72n60

280 I N D E X

Grotius, Hugo – continuedand the construction of society of

states, 47and expletive justice, 58–59and fundamental rules of

international society, 96n33and the Impious Hypothesis,

57–58intellectual context of writings,

57–60“nation” distinguished from

“state”, 94and non-state actors, 48political context of writings, 60–65and principle of authority, 56–65on punishment, 75–80, 83–84, 93on reprisal, 88, 245

guerrilla warfare, 31, 32, 33–34, 191Gulf War (1991), 30

HHague Regulations (1899 and 1907),

32, 182Hamas, 66, 87, 93Hart, H.L.A., 104Herz, John, 183Hizbollah

and reprisals against Israel, 87, 93role as non-state actor in war, 12,

66, 88war with Israel (July, 2006), 1, 16,

185–197Hobbes, Thomas, 78, 80Hostiensis, 23–24human rights, post bellum, 209human rights violations (Afghanistan),

224, 227–229Human Rights Watch (HRW), 190humanitarian intervention, 8,

123–145definition of, 125–126distinct from punishment, 78legitimacy of, 113, 124, 127permissibility under international

law, 123–124

and principle of just cause, 126use of private military contractors

as agents, 15Hussein, Saddam, 120n15, 133

Iimmunity, noncombatant, principle

of, 6–7Independent National Commission

for Peace, 235n56India

and humanitarian intervention inEast Pakistan (1971), 132

and right of national self-defense, 30individual versus state responsibility,

107–109intergovernmental organizations

(IGOs), 14, 26–31, 217International Relations (IR), discipline

of, 50International Center for Transitional

Justice (ICTJ), 228International Commission on

Intervention and StateSovereignty (ICISS), 131

International Court of Justice(ICJ), 91

International Criminal Court(ICC), 246

and crime of aggression, 103–105,109

and the just war tradition, 101–102on justification for humanitarian

intervention, 114and legitimate authority, 116and non-state actors, 67–68and principle of jus post bellum, 15Rome Statute, 149n60Special Working Group on the

Crime of Aggression, 109International Criminal Tribunal for

Rwanda (ICTR), 103International Criminal Tribunal for

the former Yugoslavia(ICTY), 103

I N D E X 281

international humanitarian law (IHL),136–138, 139

international lawand authority of the sovereign

state, 25and creation of the International

Criminal Court, 67–68and the crime of aggression,

101–104Grotius as father of, 47and just war theory, 101on reprisal, 90role of judges, 101routine enforcement of, 14–15,

104–107, 108and terrorist organizations, 32

international nongovernmentalorganizations (INGOs), 214,217, 220, 222

International Review of the RedCross, 137

International Security Assistance Force(ISAF), 214, 220, 221, 222

international society (IS), 12Iraq

invasion of (2003), 1, 2motive versus intent in U.S.

invasion (2003), 133and reasonable chance of

success, 168U.S. air strikes on (1993) as

reprisal, 91use of private military contractors

(PMCs) in, 124, 137Irish Republican Army (IRA), 187Islamic Health Organization, 185Israel

and conflict with Hizbollah,185–197

July War (2006), 1, 16, 185–186and reprisals by Hizbollah and

Hamas, 87, 93and right of national self-defense, 30Six-Day War (1967), 113, 192and UN peacekeeping efforts, 29

JJanjaweed militia (Sudan), 102Jeffery, Renée, 61jihad, 38Johnson, James Turner, 8, 30,

135, 167Jones, Karen, 155Judicial Reform Commission

(JRC), 228jus ad bellum

defined, 5principles of, 5–6on punishment, 75–77

jus in bellodefined, 5principles of, 6–7

jus post bellumcase of Afghanistan, 218–221debate on, 207–213defined, 5, 7goals for peacekeeping, 214–216guidelines for, 209–213human security versus national

security, 214, 217–218and non-state actors, 213–214and peacebuilding, 214–218and security sector reform, 218,

221–224and sustainable livelihoods, 218,

224–227and transitional justice, 218,

227–229Just and Unjust Wars (Walzer), 4, 53,

240, 246just cause, principle of, 5, 8, 73, 85

and crime of aggression, 112–113and feminist just war theory, 163and humanitarian

intervention, 126just peace, defining, 208Just War against Terror (Elshtain), 193just war tradition

alternatives to just war, 192–197common factors of just war

theories, 4–5

282 I N D E X

just war tradition – continuedand the crime of aggression,

110–112and criteria for moral justification

of war, 111–113debate on, 105–106distinguished from just war

theory, 4English school, views of, 9feminist critiques of. See feminism

and just war theoryhistorical perspective on, 21–39and individual responsibility,

107–109just war ideal, 3–9legalist position on, 180, 181liberal tradition views on, 8, 9Marxist critique of, 8–9pacifist critiques of, 119n6purpose of just war, 180–185and the question of legitimate

authority, 48, 50and the war on terror, 2women’s marginality in, 153

KKambanda, Jean, 120n15Kant, Immanuel, 18n27, 41n25, 244Karzai, Hamid, 219, 222, 226, 229Kellogg-Briand Pact, 27Kelly, Michael, 86Kelsen, Hans, 92Khmer Rouge, 132Kony, Joseph, 104Koontz, Theodore, 185Korea, UN intervention in, 30Kosovo, NATO intervention in,

131–132, 222Krauthammer, Charles, 187Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK), 187

LLang, Anthony, 240, 243last resort, principle of, 5–6, 117, 165,

180

law, relationship between morals and,104–105

lawful combatancy, 136–138League of Nations, 26–28, 37, 41n28legal voluntarism, doctrine of, 82legitimacy, 48, 50Lehnardt, Chia, 127letter of marque, 87–88Libya, U.S. air strikes on (1986), 91Liddell-Hart, B.H., 205–206Locke, John, 79Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA),

102, 104Lowi, Theodore, 128–129loya jirga, 219, 234n47Lynch, Tony, 130

MMare Liberum (Grotius), 47–48,

56, 64marque (reprisal), 87–88McAlister, Melanie, 192Mearsheimer, John, 192mediation of conflicts, 27Mendelsohn, Barak, 187mercenaries, 127, 130–131, 245.

See also private militarycontractors (PMCs)

Military Professional ResourcesIncorporated (MPRI), 128

militia groups, 102Mill, John Stuart, 33–34Milosevic, Slobodan, 120n15morals, relationship between law and,

104–105Morgenthau, Hans, 50, 179–180,

183, 198n13Moussaoui, Zacarias, 38Murphy, Alexander, 194

Nnarcotics trade (Afghanistan), 224,

225–227, 236n76Nasrallah, Hasaan, 186nation building, 233n38

I N D E X 283

national liberation movements, 31NATO, 131–132, 185, 214, 220,

221, 222natural law, 57, 67, 68, 74, 75–76,

80, 244Naulilaa case (1928), 90Netherlands, 48, 61–65“new wars”, 54Niebuhr, Reinhold, 183non-state actors

in Afghanistan, 206–207conditions to be considered proper

authority, 187–188and crime of aggression,

101–104feminist viewpoint on, 156–158,

161–164, 167–170rights of, 33–36role of in post-cold war era, 21,

31–36role of in warfare, 2, 179treatment of in international

courts, 102noncombatant immunity, principle of,

6–7, 163, 164–165nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 67, 135, 182, 217nonintervention, principle of, 8, 11,

54, 108

OO’Brien, William V., 31, 32Oldenbarnvelt, Johan van, 48, 49, 56,

62, 64Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF),

224Oppenheim, Lassa, 82Orend, Brian, 7, 11, 209, 232n6Owens, Patricia, 183

PPalestine Liberation Organization

(PLO), 87, 187Panel on United Nations Peace

Operations, 215

paramilitary organizations. See privatemilitary contractors (PMCs)

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 27peace enforcement, U.N., 29, 42n44peacebuilding, 205–231

in Afghanistan, 218–221definition of, 215role of non-state actors in, 16and security sector reform,

221–224and sustainable livelihoods,

224–227and transitional justice, 227–229

peacekeepingand deterrence, 126distinguished from humanitarian

intervention, 146n12distinguished from peace

enforcement, 42n44goals of, 214–216and the United Nations, 29use of private military contractors

(PMCs) in, 124Peterson, V. Spike, 154pluralism in international law,

25–26, 30Pol Pot, 132political communities, nature of,

11–12, 33political rehabilitation, principle of, 7poppy cultivation (Afghanistan),

225–227, 230Poppy Eradication Force (PEF), 227power and political authority, 50,

65–66private military contractors (PMCs),

123–145in Afghanistan, 222and the agency dilemma,

126–127as agents of humanitarian

intervention, 15and breach of contract, 134,

148n39definition of, 127

284 I N D E X

private military contractors(PMCs) – continued

distinguished from mercenaries,127, 245

and ethical considerations, 125in Iraq, 35legitimacy as sub-state actors,

31, 35Military Professional Resources

Incorporated (MPRI), 128and motive versus intent, 133and principle of right authority,

135–143, 144and principle of right intention,

129–134, 143–144in Sierra Leone, 35United Nations as a client,

138–143privateering, 88proportionality of ends, principle of, 5proportionality of means, principle

of, 6, 222Puchala, Donald, 195Pufendorf, Samuel, 25, 78–79, 80, 83punishment and the just war

tradition, 73–93historical perspective on, 75–80,

108–109and principle of jus ad bellum, 14and principle of jus post bellum, 7purpose of, 86as reason for military force

(Grotius), 58–60right of individual versus right of

state, 76–78, 81

Rrationality, concept of, 196realism, 182–183reasonable prospect for success,

principle of, 6, 116–117,166–168

rehabilitation, political, principle of, 7Rengger, Nicholas, 55, 104, 178, 180,

192–193, 212

reprisals, 8, 14, 74, 201n74distinct from punishment, 84–93legitimacy of, 93multiple uses of term, 97n49by towns, 98n56

Responsibility to Protect, The(ICISS), 131

retaliation, 14distinct from punishment, 84–93distinct from reprisal, 89–90

right authority, principle ofauthority defined, 39n4and feminist just war theory,

162–163historical development of, 23and non-state actors, 13, 77and principle of jus ad bellum, 5, 8and private military contractors

(PMCs), 144and punishment, 75, 93

right intention, principle ofas criteria for just war defense

against aggression, 116–117and principle of jus ad bellum,

5, 244and private military contractors

(PMCs), 129–134, 143–144right of the private avenger, 76,

85, 245rights vindication, principle of, 7risk transfer warfare, 128Robinson, Fiona, 159Roy, Olivier, 37rules and political authority,

50–51, 65Rummel, R.J., 191–192Russett, Bruce, 9Rwanda, inaction of UN in, 30, 123,

129, 134

Ssanctions, 54, 90, 92Schott, Robin May, 184, 190–191,

194secessionist groups, 31

I N D E X 285

Second Treatise (Locke), 79self-defense, use of force in, 53, 54,

111, 113, 130, 180September 11, 2, 37, 151, 160, 178,

190, 219Shaw, Martin, 128Sierra Leone, 35, 222Singer, P.W., 126Sjoberg, Laura, 184, 190, 245Smith, Thomas, 183Smith, Tony, 191, 198n15Snow, Tony, 189Somalia

UN intervention in, 29, 30U.S. forces in, 129, 134

sovereignty and punishment, 74, 79,80–84

Special Working Group on the Crimeof Aggression, 109, 110, 111,114–116, 120n28

Spivak, Gayatri, 165Spruyt, Hendrik, 84St. Augustine, 4, 10, 23, 135,

205, 243state

defined in international law, 9emergence of, 22–26feminist critiques of state system,

154, 156–158legitimacy of, 9–10

statebuilding, 233n38Stone, Julius, 105Straumann, Benjamin, 76substate actors, 31–36. See also

non-state actorssuccess, reasonable prospect for,

principle of, 6Sudan

and international criminal law,103, 104

and Janjaweed militia, 102, 124U.S. air strikes on (1998) as

reprisal, 91Sylvester, Christine, 159

TTaliban, 2, 213, 219, 221, 222, 230,

235n56Taylor, Charles, 120n15terror, war on, 1–2, 22, 37, 151,

160, 164terrorism

counterterrorism policy, 54definition of, 32feminist theorizing on, 160–168national terrorist organizations, 31,

33–34role of in just war tradition, 3,

37–38transnational, 37war on terror, 1–2, 22, 37, 151,

160, 164Thakur, Ramesh, 28Thirty Years War, 48, 49, 52, 61Toulmin, Stephen, 195–196Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 52,

69n14Truman, Harry S., 109

UUganda, 102, 104Uniform Code of Military Justice,

142, 149n63United Nations Assistance Mission in

Afghanistan (UNAMA), 220,228

United Nations Charterand collective security, 28and definition of aggression,

109, 113failure to end discretionary

war, 250and limitations to humanitarian

intervention, 105and nonuse of force, 8and reprisal, 91and right of self-determination, 31

United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF), 215

286 I N D E X

United Nations PeacebuildingCommission, 215

United Nations Security Council,28, 54

and conferring of legitimateauthority, 114–116

and the Israeli July War, 186, 187Military Staff Committee of, 139and use of private military

contractors (PMCs),138–143, 144

United Nations Truce SupervisionOrganization (UNTSO), 29

United Nations (UN), 37and 1994 Convention on the Safety

of United Nations andAssociated Personnel,140–141

and 1999 Secretary-General’sBulletin on the Observance byUnited Nations Forces ofInternational HumanitarianLaw, 140–141, 142, 144

as appropriate agent ofhumanitarian intervention,126–127

establishment of, 26–31General Assembly definition of

aggression, 110, 112peacekeeping function of, 29as a private military contractor

(PMC) client, 138–143and war crimes tribunals, 103

United Statesinvolvement in Iraq, 180and the Israeli July War, 189, 192and the League of Nations, 41n28and right of national

self-defense, 30and use of PMCs during Balkan

wars, 128war in Afghanistan, 219and war on terror, 1–2, 124

unprivileged combatants, 136

VVietnam, and humanitarian

intervention in Cambodia(1979), 132

Vietnam War, 53, 106, 178vigilantes. See private military

contractors (PMCs)

WWalsh, A.J., 130Walt, Stephen, 192Walzer, Michael

and conscience-shockingcrimes, 181

on crime of aggression, 103on distinction between just and

unjust war, 240on ending wars legitimately, 208and goals of war, 7, 208on Israeli use of force in 1967, 113on just war and realism, 182on justification for humanitarian

intervention, 113–114and legalist paradigm of just war, 53and moral equality of soldiers, 6–7and moral value of states, 11and morality in war, 106–107and political communities,

33–35, 53and self-defense of states, 54on states and their agents, 246on use of private soldiers, 128on the Vietnam War, 178, 240–241on the “war convention”, 4,

108, 241on weakness of sub-state actors, 36

War Crimes Act (1996), 142war crimes trials, 99n60, 101–118

in Afghanistan, 227, 237n87institutionalization of, 108non-state actors and the crime of

aggression, 101–104war initiation. See aggression, crime ofwar on terror, 1–2, 22, 37, 151,

160, 164

I N D E X 287

war termination, unconstrained, 209weapons, chemical and biological, 6weapons of mass destruction (WMD),

2, 17n2Weber, Cynthia, 74Weber, Max, 53Westlake, John, 83Wheaton, Henry, 89Wight, Martin, 181Williams, John, 38, 39, 54, 56Williams, Robert E., Jr., 212, 214Winograd Commission, 191

Woolsey, Theodore, 86, 87, 89world society (WS), 12World Trade Center bombing, 2, 37,

151, 160, 178, 190, 219World War I, 22, 26Wright, Shelley, 157Wulf, Herbert, 130

YYugoslavia, Federal Republic of, UN

peace enforcement in, 29