Bibliography of Congo Basin Hunter-Gatherer Research · Arom, Simha 1987 La Musique des Pygmées. Le Courrier du CNRS 69-70:60. (France, Aka, Ethnomusicology) 1991a African Polyphony

Bibliography of Congo Basin Hunter-Gatherer Research

Barry S. Hewlett and Jason M. Fancher (Washington State University, Vancouver)

Please contact first author ([email protected]) if you want to add a citation or if citations or information listed below are incorrect. (Nationality of first author, Ethnic groups discussed, General topic) Abruzzi, William S. 1979 Population Pressure and Subsistence Strategies among the Mbuti Pygmies. Human Ecology 7:183-189. (United States, Mbuti, Subsistence) 1980 Flux among the Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri Forest: An Ecological Interpretation. In Beyond the Myths of Culture: Essays in Cultural Materialism, edited by E. Ross, pp. 3-31. Academic Press, New York. (United States, Mbuti, Population dynamics) Adé, Boris 1953/1954 Somato-Biologie du Pygmée Africain. Bulletin d. I. Soc. Suisse d’Anthropologie et Ethnologie 30:67-74.

(Swiss, Several groups, Biological anthropology) 1954 Le Nanisme Racial. Essai d’Interpretation des Facteurs Constitutifs de la Morphologie du Pygmée Africain. Prélude à Une Monographie. Archives Suisses d’Anthropologie Générale 19:1-18.

(Swiss, Several groups, Biological anthropology) Allys, B. 1938 Coutumes et Apprivoisement de Clans Babingas (Pygmées). Bulletin de la Société des Recherches Congolaise 20:101-104.

(France, Aka, Brief description) Althabe, Gerard 1965 Changements Sociaux Chez le Pygmées Baka de l’est Cameroun. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 5:561-592. (France, Baka, Social change) Arioti, Maria 1985 Edible Animals of the Ituri Forest, Africa in the Ethnozoology of the Efe Bambuti. Journal of Ethnobiology 5:21-28. (Italy, Efe, Ethnozoology)

Arom, Simha 1987 La Musique des Pygmées. Le Courrier du CNRS 69-70:60.

(France, Aka, Ethnomusicology) 1991a African Polyphony and Polyrhythm. Musical Structure and Methodology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

(France, Aka, Ethnomusicology) 1991b La Musique Omniprésente. In Encyclopédie des Pygmées Aka 1, 2, edited by J. M. C. Thomas and S. Bahuchet, pp. 227-236. SELAF, Paris. (France, Aka, Ethnomusicology) Arom, Simha, and Susanne Fürniss 1993 An Interactive Experimental Method for the Determination of Musical Scales in Oral Cultures. Application to the Vocal Music of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa. Contemporary Music Review 9:7-12.

(France, Aka, Ethnomusicology) Aunger, Robert V. 1992a An Ethnography of Variation: Food Avoidances among Horticulturalists and Foragers in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. (United States, Efe, Subsistence) 1992b The Nutritional Consequences of Rejecting Food in the Ituri Forest of Zaire. Human Ecology 20:263-291. (United States, Efe, Subsistence) Babault, M. Guy 1930 Les Batwa, Pygmées du Kivu. L’Anthropologie 40:539-540.

(France, Twa, Brief description) Bahuchet, Serge 1972 Etude Ecologique d’Un Campement de Pygmees BaBinga (Region de la Lobaye, Republique Centrafricaine). Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee 19:509-559. (France, Aka, Settlement/Ecology) 1975a Ethnozoologie des Pygmées Babinga de la Lobaye. In L’Homme et L’Animal, 1er Colloque d’Ethnozoologie, pp. Institut International d’Ethnosciences, Paris. (France, Aka, Ethnozoology) 1975b Rapport sur Une Mission Effectuee en Saison Seche en Lobaye: Observations sur la Vie d’Une Famille de Pygmées Bayaka. Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique 22:177-197.

(France, Aka, Subsistence)

1978a Introduction à la Ethnoécologie des Pygmées Aka de la Lobaye (Empire Centrafricain). Mémoire de Diplôme, Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. (France, Aka, Ethnoecology) 1978b Contraintes Écologique en Forêt Tropicale Humide: l’Example des Pygmées Aka de la Lobaye (Centrafrique). Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale et de Botanique Appliquee 25:257-285.

(France, Aka, Ecological constraints) 1978c La Cueillette Chez les Pygmées Aka, Chasseurs-Cueilleurs de la Forêt Centrafricaine. Bull. SEZEB 4:21-25. (France, Aka, Gathering) 1979a Utilisation de l’Espace Forestier par les Pygmées Aka, Chasseurs-Cueilleurs d'Afrique Centrale. Informations Sciences Sociales 18:999-1019. SAGE, London. (France, Aka, Use of forest space) 1979b Questionnaire d’Inventaire Linguistique du Aka-Mbènzèlè de Bayanga. LACITO-CNRS, Ivry.

(France, Aka-Mbenzele, Linguistics) 1982 Une Société de Chasseurs-Cueilleurs et Son Milieu de Vie: Les Pygmées Aka de la Forêt Centrafricaine. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (France, Aka, Ethnoecology) 1983 Langage, Discours et Techniques des Pygmées Aka de Centrafrique. Techniques et Culture 1:101-120. (France, Aka, Linguistics) 1984 Circulation et Échanges en Afrique Tropicale: Relations Entre Chasseurs- Cueilleurs Pygmées et Agriculteurs de Forêt en Centrafrique. Revista de Pré- historia 6:86-97. (France, Aka, Forager-farmer relations) 1985 Les Pygmees Aka et la Foret Centrafricaine. SELAF, Paris. (France, Aka, General ethnography) 1986 Ethnoécologie Comparée des Pygmées Aka et des Villageois Ngando de la Lobaye (R.C.A.). Ecologie Humaine 4:3-18.

(France, Aka, Ethnoecology) 1987a Le Filet de Chasse des Pygmées Aka (R.C.A.). In De la Voûte Céleste au

Terroir, du Jardin au Foyer: Mosaïque Sociographique (Textes Offerts à Lucien Bernot), edited by B. Koechlin, F. Sigaut, J. M. C. Thomas, and G. Toffin, pp. 209- 226. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (France, Aka, Net-hunting) 1987b Les Pygmées d’Afrique, Maillon de l’Histoire? Le Courrier duCNRS 69-70: 56-60. (France, Several groups, History) 1988 Food Supply Uncertainty Among the Aka Pygmies (Lobaye, Central African Republic). In Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, edited by I. de Garine and G. A. Harrison, pp. 119-149. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (France, Aka, Subsistence) 1989a Contribution de l’Ethnolinguistique à l’Histoire des Populations Forestières d’Afrique Centrale. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université René Descartes Paris V. (France, Aka and Baka, Linguistics) 1989b Les Pygmées Aka de la Forêt Centrafricaine. In Se Nourrir en Forêt Équatoriale: Anthropologie Alimentaire des Populations des Régions Forestières Humides d’Afrique, edited by C. M. Hladik, S. Bahuchet, and I. de Garine, pp. 19-

23. UNESCO, Paris. (France, Aka, Subsistence) 1989c Les Noms d’Arbres des Pygmées de l’Ouest du Bassin Congolais. Bulletin Museum Nationale Histoire Naturelles 11:355-365. (France, Aka, Ethnobotany) 1990a Food Sharing Among the Pygmies of Central Africa. African Study Monographs 11:27-53. (France, Aka, Food sharing) 1990b The Aka Pygmies: Hunting and Gathering in the Lobaye Forest. In Food and Nutrition in the African Rain Forest, edited by C. M. Hladik, S. Bahuchet, and I. de Garine, pp. 19-23. UNESCO, Paris.

(France, Aka, Subsistence) 1991 Les Pygmées d’Aujourd’hui en Afrique Centrale. Journal des Africanistes 61: 5-35.

(France, Several groups, Culture change) 1992a Spatial Mobility and Access to Resources among the African Pygmies. In Mobility and Territoriality: Social and Spatial Boundaries among Foragers, Fishers, Pastoralists and Peripatetics, edited by M. Casimir and A. Rao, pp. 205- 257. Berg, New York.

(France, Aka, Mobility) 1992b Dans la Forêt d’Afrique Centrale: Les Pygmées Aka et Baka. SELAF, Paris. (France, Aka and Baka, General ethnography) 1993a History of the Inhabitants of the Central African Rain Forest: Perspectives from Comparative Linguistics. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, edited by C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, O. F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple, and M. Hadley, pp. 37-54. UNESCO, Paris. (France, Several groups, Linguistics) 1993b Situation des Populations Indigènes de Forêts Denses et Humides. Commission Européenne, Bruxelles. (France, Several groups, Culture change) 1993c La Rencontre des Agriculteurs: Les Pygmées parmi les Peuples d’Afrique Centrale. Peeters-SELAF, Paris. (France, Several groups, General) 1999 Aka Pygmies. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunter-Gatherers, edited by R. B. Lee and R. Daly, pp. 190-194. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (France, Aka, General description) Bahuchet, Serge (Editor) 1979 Pygmées de Centrafrique. Etudes Ethnologiques, Historiques et Linguistiques sur les Pygmées BaMbenga du Nord-Ouest du Bassin Congolais. SELAF, Paris. (France, Aka, Ethnology/History/Linguistics) Bahuchet, Serge, and Guy Philippart de Foy 1991 Pygmées: Peuple de la Foret. Denoel, Paris. (France, Western groups, General) Bahuchet, Serge, and Henri Guillaume 1979 Relations Entre Chasseurs-Cueilleurs Pygmées et Agriculteurs de la Forêt du Nord-Ouest du Bassin Congolais. In Pygmées d’Afrique Centrale, edited by S. Bahuchet, pp. 109-139. SELAF, Paris. (France, Aka, Forager-farmer relations) 1982 Aka-Farmer Relations in the Northwest Congo Basin. In Politics and History History in Band Societies, edited by E. Leacock and R. B. Lee, pp. 189-211. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (France, Aka, Forager-farmer relations)

Bahuchet, Serge, Doyle McKey, and Igor de Garine 1991 Wild Yams Revisited: Is Independence from Agriculture Possible for Rain Forest Hunter-Gatherers? Human Ecology 19:213-243. (France, Aka, Subsistence) Bahuchet, Serge, and Jacqueline M. C. Thomas 1983 Réalisation d’un Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Langue des Pygmées Aka de Centrafrique. Bulletin de l’AELIA 6:173-192.

(France, Aka, Linguistics) 1985 Conservation des Ressources Alimentaires en Forêt Tropicale Humide: Chasseurs-Cueilleurs et Proto-Agriculteurs d’Afrique Centrale. In Les Techniques de Conservation des Grains à Long Terme Volume 3, pp. 15-31. Editions du CNRS, Paris. (France, Several groups, Subsistence) 1986 Linguistique et Histoire des Pygmées de l’Ouest du Bassin Congolais. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 7:73-103. (France, Western groups, Historical linguistics) 1987 Pygmy Religions. In The Encyclopedia of Religions, Volume 12, pp. 107-110. McMillan, New York. (France, Several groups, Religion) Bailey, Robert C. 1989 The Efe: Archers of the African Rain Forest. National Geographic 176:664- 686.

(United States, Efe, General description) 1991a The Behavioral Ecology of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. University of Michigan Anthropological Papers No. 86, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

(United States, Efe, Behavioral ecology) 1991b The Comparative Growth of Efe Pygmies and African Farmers from Birth to Age 5 Years. Annals of Human Biology 18:113-120.

(United States, Efe, Biological anthropology) Bailey, Robert C., and Robert Aunger, Jr. 1989a Significance of Social Relationships of Efe Pygmy Men in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:495-507.

(United States, Efe, Social relationships)

1989b Net Hunters vs. Archers: Variation in Women’s Subsistence Strategies in the Ituri Forest. Human Ecology 17:273-297. (United States, Mbuti, Hunting methods) 1990 Humans as Primates: The Social Relationships of Efe Pygmy Men in Comparative Perspective. International Journal of Primatology 11:101-121. (United States, Efe, Social relationships) Bailey, Robert C., Serge Bahuchet, and Barry Hewlett 1992 Development in the Central African Rainforest: Concern for Forest Peoples. In Conservation of West and Central African Rainforests, edited by K. Cleaver, M. Munasinghe, M. Dyson, N. Egli, A. Peuker, F. Wencélius, pp. 202-211. World Bank Environment Paper Number 1. The World Bank, Washington D.C.

(United States/France, Several groups, Economic development) Bailey, Robert C., and Irven DeVore 1989 Studies of Efe Pygmies and Lese Horticulturalists in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:459-471. (United States, Efe, Biological anthropology) Bailey, Robert C., Genevieve Head, Mark Jenike, Bruce Owen, Robert Rechtman, and Elzbieta Zechenter 1989 Hunting and Gathering in Tropical Rain Forest: Is It Possible? American Anthropologist 91:59-82. (United States, Several groups, Rain forest hunting and gathering) Bailey, Robert C., and Thomas N. Headland 1991 The Tropical Rain Forest: Is It a Productive Environment for Human Foragers? Human Ecology 19:261-285.

(United States, Several groups, Rain forest hunting and gathering) Bailey, Robert C., and Nadine R. Peacock 1988 Efe Pygmies of Northeast Zaire: Subsistence Strategies in the Ituri Forest. In Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, pp. 88-117. Oxford University Press, Oxford. (United States, Efe, Subsistence) Ballif, Noël 1947 Une Expédition Française Chez le Pygmées. Connaissance du Monde 10:6-23.

(France, Aka, General) 1954a Les Danseurs de Dieu: Chez les Pygmées de la Sangha. Hachette, Paris. (France, Aka, Dance) 1954b Observations Effectuées Chez les Pygmées Babinga: Mission Ogooué-Congo,

1946. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.

(France, Aka, General description) 1954c Les Pygmées ne Sont pas des Nains. Reflets du Tourisme 4:47-52.

(France, Aka , “Pygmies are not Dwarves”) 1980 Analyse Critique et Synthèse des Connaissances sur les Pygmées Africains. Ecole de Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (France, Western groups, Critical analysis/Synthesis) Banier, Abbé Antoine 1729 Dissertation sur les Pygmées. Mémoire de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles et Lettres 5:101-116. (France, ?, ?) Barbier, J. C. 1978 Les Pygmées de la Plaine Tika au Cameroun. ONAREST, Yaounde. (France, Tikar, General ethnography) Barham, Lawrence S. 2001 Central Africa and the Emergence of Regional Identity in the Middle Pleistocene. In Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene, edited by L. S. Barham and K. Robson-Brown, pp. 65-80. Western Academic and Specialist Press Limited, Bristol. (United States, Central African archaeology) Barham, Lawrence S., and Peter Mitchell 2008 The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (United States, General archaeological overview) Barrai, Italo 1986 Dermatoglyphics in Western Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 307-310. Academic Press, Orlando. (Italy, Aka, Fingerprint analysis) Batini, Chiara, Valentina Coia, Cinzia Battaggia, Jorge Rocha, Maya Metni Pilkington, Gabriella Spedini, David Comas, Giovanni Destro-Bisol, and Francesc Calafell 2007 Phylogeography of the Human Mitochondrial L1c Haplogroup: Genetic Signatures of the Prehistory of Central Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43:635-644.

(Italy, Western pygmies, Genetics) Baumann, Hermann 1938 Afrikanische Wild- und Buschgeister. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 70:208-239.

(Germany, ?, “African wild bush spirits”)

Bayle des Hermens, Roger De 1975 Recherches Préhistoriques en République Centrafricaine. Labethno, Paris.

(France, Archaeology of the Central African Republic) Bayle des Hermens, Roger De, Richard Oslisly, and Bernard Peyrot 1987 Prèmière Séries de Pierres Taillées du Paléolithique Inférior Découvertes au Gabon, Afrique Centrale. L’Anthropologie 91:693-698. (France, Paleolithic archaeology of Gabon) Beauclerk, John 1993 Hunters and Gatherers of Central Africa. On the Margins of Development. Oxfam Research Paper No. 6. Oxfam, Oxford.

(United Kingdom, Several groups, Economic development) Ben-Ari, Eyal 1987 Pygmies and Villagers, Ritual or Play? On the Place of Contrasting Modes of Metacommunication in Social Systems. Symbolic Interaction 10:167-185. (Israel, Mbuti, Metacommunication) Bentz, Bonnie 2001 Adolescent Culture: An Exploration of the Socio-emotional Development of the Aka Adolescents of the Central African Republic. Oriental Anthropologist 1: 25-32.

(United States, Aka, Socio-emotional development) Bernini, Luigi F. 1986 Hemoglobins, Haptoglobin, and Transferrins. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 231-245. Academic Press, Orlando.

(Italian, Aka, Genetics) Berry, J. W., S. Bahuchet, J. Van de Koppel, R. Annis, C. Sénéchal, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, and H. Witkin 1986 On the Edge of the Forest: Cultural Adaptation and Cognitive Development in Central Africa. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse.

(International, Aka, Child development) Bertaut, Maurice 1943 Esquisse Ethnologique pour Servir à l’Étude des Principales Tribus des Territoires du Cameroun sous Mandat Français. I. Les Pygmées. BSEC Année 1943:11-12.

(France, Western groups, General ethnology) Betti, Jean L. 2004 An Ethnobotanical of Medicinal Plants among the Baka Pygmies in the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon. African Study Monographs 25:1-27.

(Cameroon, Baka, Ethnobotany)

Bicchieri, Marco G. 1969 The Differential Use of Identical Features of Physical Habitat in Connection with Exploitative Settlement, and Community Patterns: The BaMbuti. In Contributions to Anthropology: Ecological Essays, edited by D. Dumas, pp. 65-72. Proceedings of the Conference on Cultural Ecology, Ottawa, 1966. National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

(United States, Mbuti, Settlement patterns) Biesbrouck, Karen 1994 Bagyeli. Sedentarisation Processes and their Changing Relation to the Forest. Internal Research Report Tropenbos Foundation. State University, Leiden. (Netherlands, Bagyeli, Sedentarization) 1995 Bagyeli. Sedentarisation Processes and their Changing Relation to the Forest. Unpublished intermediate research report. State University, Leiden.

(Netherlands, Bagyeli, Sedentarization) 1999 Agriculture among Equatorial African Hunter-Gatherers and the Process of Sedentarization: The Case of the Bagyeli in Cameroon. In Central African Hunter- Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 189-206. CNWS, Leiden.

(Netherlands, Bagyeli, Sedentarization) Bigombe Logo, Patrice 1995 Quel Developpement Pour les Pygmées du Cameroun? La Voix du Paysan 37.

(Cameroon, Baka and other Cameroon groups, Economic development) Blench, Roger 1999 Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction? In Central African Hunter- Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 41-60. CNWS, Leiden.

(United Kingdom, Several groups, Critical analysis) Bloch, Adolphe 1909 Observations sur la Nains du Jardin d’Acclimatation. Comparaison avec d’Autres Nains Déjà Décrits et avec les Pygmées. BMAP 10:533-554.

(Germany, Several groups, General) Bodmer, Julia, Peter Hingley, and Walter Bodmer 1986 HLA Studies on Western and Eastern Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 219-230. Academic Press, Orlando.

(United Kingdom, Several groups, Genetics) Boelaert, Edmond 1936 Waar Komen Onze Pygmoiden Vandaan? Kongo-Overzee 3:22-25.

(Belgium, Twa, General) 1945 Les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 8:26.

(Belgium, Twa, General) 1946a Quelques Notes sur les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 9:58-63.

(Belgium, Twa, General) 1946b Les Batswa de l’Equateur. Æquatoria 9:153-154.

(Belgium, Twa, General) 1947 Les Batswa, Quelques Notes Démographiques. Æquatoria 10:134-136.

(Belgium, Twa, Demography) 1949a De Toekomst der Batswa. Bulletin l’Institut Royale Colonial Belge 20:199- 217.

(Belgium, Twa, “The Future of Batswa”) 1949b Pleidooi voor de Batswa. Zaïre 3:1091-1100.

(Belgium, Twa, “Argument for Batswa”) 1949c Klan-Exogamie der Batswa. Kongo-Overzee 15:24-33.

(Belgium, Twa, Clan exogamy) 1953 Book Review of Schebesta: Les Pygmées du Congo Belge. Æquatoria 16:86- 88.

(Belgium, Mbuti, Book review) Bogmans, M. 1938 De Pygmäen vom Centraal-Afrika. Louvain.

(Belgium, Several groups, General)

Bouquiaux, Luc 2006 Les Pygmée Aka Victimes de l’Afrocentrisme? Homme: Revue Française d'Anthropologie 179:227-235.

(France, Aka, Critical analysis) Bouquiaux, Luc, and Jacqueline M. C. Thomas 1980 Le Peuplement Oubanguien: Hypothèse de Reconstruction de Mouvements Migratoires dans la Région Oubanguienne d’Après des Données Linguistiques, Ethnolinguistiques et de Tradition Orale. In L’expansion Bantoue, edited by L. Bouquiaux, pp. 807-824. Selaf, Paris. (France, Western groups, Historical linguistics, Bantu expansion) Brandel, Rose 1952 Music of the Giants and Pygmies of the Belgian Congo. Journal of the African

Music Society 5:16-28. (?, Several groups, Ethnomusicology) Bretin-Winkelmolen, Maryvonne 1999 Appui au Développement des Pygmées: Recherches sur Une Approche Spécifique. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 259-264. CNWS, Leiden.

(France, Several groups, Development) Breuil, Henri 1944 La Paléolithique au Congo Belge d’Apres les Recherches du Docteur Cabu. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 30:143-160.

(France, Paleolithic archaeology of the Belgian Congo) Briault, Maurice 1938 Les Pygmées d’Afrique. APSE 54:91-96.

(France, Several groups, ?) Brisson, Robert

1981 Contes des Pygmées Baka du Sud-Cameroun, 1. Histoires et Contes d’Enfants - 2. Contes d’Enfants. Douala. (France, Baka, Children’s stories)

1984 Lexique Français-Baka. Douala. (France, Baka, Linguistics)

1988 Utilisation des Plantes par les Pygmées Baka. Douala. (France, Baka, Plant use) 1995 Contes des Pygmées Baka. 3 Volumes. I. S. I. Sangmelima, Cameroun. (France, Baka, Baka tales) Brisson, Robert, and Daniel Boursier

1979 Petit Dictionnaire Baka-Français. Mission Catholique, Douala. (France, Baka, Baka-French dictionary)

Broca, Paul 1874 Les Akka, Race Pygmée de l’Afrique Centrale. Revue d’Anthropologie 3:279- 287.

(France, Aka, Biological anthropology)

Bruel, Georges 1910 Les Populations de la Moyenne Sanga: Les Babinga. Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie 5-7:110-125. (France, Aka, General) 1911 Notes Ethnographiques sur Quelques Tribus de l’Afrique Equatoriale Française. I: Les Populations de la Moyenne Sanga: Pomo, Boumali, Babinga. Leroux, Paris.

(France, Aka, Ethnographic notes) 1918 L’Afrique Equatoriale Française: Le Pays, Les Habitants, La Colonisation, Les Pouvoirs Public. Larose, Paris. (France, Several groups, General) 1931 Anthropologie et Croyances de l’A.E.F. Bulletin de la Recherches Congolaises 13:39-49. (France, Several groups, Anthropology of beliefs) Bundo, Daisuke 2001 Social Relationship Embodied in Singing and Dancing Performances among the Baka. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 26:85-101.

(Japan, Baka, Dance) Burrows, Guy

1898 The Land of the Pigmies. New York. (United Kingdom, Several groups, Travelogue)

Cahen, Daniel 1975 Le Site Archéologique de la Kamoa (Région du Shaba, République du Zaïre): De L’Age de la Pierre Ancien a L’Age du Fer. Musee Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren. (France, Kamoa archaeological site in Zaire) Carels, H. 1935 Les Pygmées de l’Afrique Centrale. Revue Scientifique (Revue Rose Illustrée) 22:751-758. (France, Several groups, ?) Carpaneto, Giuseppe M., and Francesco P. Germi 1989 The Mammals in the Zoological Culture of the Mbuti Pygmies in North- Eastern Zaire. Hystrix 1:1-83. (Italy, Mbuti, Ethnozoology)

Casey, Joanna 2003 The Archaeology of West Africa from the Pleistocene to the Mid-Holocene. In Under the Canopy: The Archaeology of Tropical Rain Forests, edited by J. Mercader, pp. 35-63. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. (United States, Archaeology of tropical West Africa) 2005 Holocene Occupations of the Forest and Savanna. In African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction, edited by A. B. Stahl, pp. 225-241. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

(United States, Archaeology of forest and savanna occupation) Castillo-Friel, Conde de 1948 Los Bayeles: Una Tribu Pigmea en la Guinea Española. Africa 83:402-406. (Spain, Bayeles, Spanish Guinea, General) 1949 Los Bayeles: Un Groupo de Pigmoides de la Guinea Española. Revista de Antropologia y Etnologia 2:441-467. (Spain, Bayeles, Spanish Guinea, General) Cavalli-Sforza, Luca Luigi 1968 Recherches Génétiques sur les Pygmées Babinga de la R.C.A. Cahiers de la Maboké 6:19-25.

(Italy, Aka, Genetics) 1971 Pygmies, An Example of Hunter-Gatherers, and Genetic Consequences for Man of Domestication of Plants and Animals. In Human Genetics, 4th International Conference of Human Genetics, pp. 79-95. Amsterdam. (Italy, Aka, Genetics) 1977 Biological Research on African Pygmies. In Population Structure and Human Variation, edited by G. A. Harrison, pp. 273-284. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

(Italy, Several groups, Biological anthropology) 1986a Introduction. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 1-20. Academic Press, Orlando.

(Italy, Several groups, Edited volume introduction) 1986b Demographic Data. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 23-44. Academic Press, Orlando. (Italy, Western groups, Demography) 1986c Anthropometric Data. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 81-93. Academic Press, Orlando.

(Italy, Several groups, Biological anthropology) 1986d Color Blindness. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 305-306. Academic Press, Orlando.

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1949a Pygmäen und Waldneger in Tropischen Afrika. Archiv für Völkerkunde 4:1- 23. (Germany, ?, ?)

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(United States, Mbuti, Subsistence/Forager-farmer relations) 2000 Impact and Sustainability of Indigenous Hunting in the Ituri Forest, Congo- Zaire: A Comparison of the Unhunted and Hunted Duiker Populations. In Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests, edited by J. G. Robinson and E. L. Bennett, pp. 106-153. Columbia University Press, New York.

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Hewlett, Barry S. 1977 Notes on the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies of Central Africa. Unpublished M. A. thesis, California State University, Chico.

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(United States, Aka, Paternal investment) 1989 Multiple Caretaking among African Pygmies. American Anthropologist 91: 186-191. (United States, Aka and Efe, Caretaking) 1991 Intimate Fathers: The Nature and Context of Aka Pygmy Paternal Infant Care. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. (United States, Aka, Paternal infant care) 1992a Husband-Wife Reciprocity and the Father-Infant Relationship among Aka Pygmies. In Father-Child Relations: Cultural and Biosocial Contexts, edited by B. S. Hewlett, pp. 153-176. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.

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Hewlett, Barry S., and Michael E. Lamb 2002 Integrating Evolution, Culture and Developmental Psychology: Explaining Caregiver-Infant Proximity and Responsiveness in Central Africa and the USA. In Between Culture and Biology: Perspectives on Ontogenetic Development, edited by H. Keller, Y. Portinga, and A. Schölmerich, pp. 241-269. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (United States, Aka, Caregiver-infant proximity)

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(International, Aka, Exploration ranges) 1986 Exploration and Mating Range of the Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 65-79. Academic Press, Orlando. (International, Aka, Exploration and mating ranges) Hewlett, Barry S., Jan M. H. Van de Koppel, and M. Van de Koppel 1986 Causes of Death among Aka Pygmies of the Central African Republic. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 45-63. Academic Press, Orlando. (United States/Netherlands, Aka, Mortality studies) Hewlett, Barry S., and Phillip L. Walker 1991 Social Status and Dental Health among the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies. American Anthropologist 93:943-944. (United States, Aka, Efe and Mbuti, Dental health) Hewlett, Bonnie L. 2001 Adolescent Culture: An Exploration of the Socio-Emotional Development of the Aka Adolescents of the Central African Republic. The Oriental Anthropologist 1:84-96. (United States, Aka, Socio-emotional development) 2004a Aka and Ngandu Adolescents of the Central African Republic: An Exploration of the Inter- and Intracultural Variability of Socio-Emotional Development, Response to Loss and Health Status. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University.

(United States, Aka, Socio-emotional development) 2004b Vulnerable Lives: Death, Loss and Grief among Aka and Ngandu Adolescents of the Central African Republic. In Culture and Ecology of Hunter-Gatherer Children, edited by B. S. Hewlett and M. E. Lamb, pp. 322-342. Aldine de Gruyter, New York. (United States, Aka, Mourning) Hewlett, Bonnie L., and Barry S. Hewlett 2008 A Biocultural Approach to Sex, Love, and Intimacy in Central African Foragers and Farmers. In Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures, edited by W. Jankowiak, pp. 39-64. Columbia University Press, New York. (United States, Aka, Sex, love, and intimacy) Hildén, Kaarlo 1953 Das Pygmäenproblem (in Finnish, mit kurzer Zusammenfassung in German).

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Hirschberg, Walter 1934 The Problem of Relationship between Pygmies and Bushmen. Africa 7:444- 451.

(Austria, ?, Biological anthropology) Hladik, Annette, and Edmond Dounias 1993 Wild Yams of the African Forest as Potential Food Resources. In Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, edited by C. Hladik, pp. 163-176. UNESCO, Paris. (France, Several groups, Subsistence) Hladik, Claude M., and Annette Hladik 1990 Food Resources of the Rain Forest. In Food and Nutrition in the African Rain Forest, edited by C. M. Hladik, S. Bahuchet, and I. de Garine, pp. 14-19. UNESCO, Paris. (France, Several groups, Subsistence) Hohenegger, Max 1953 Der Zwergwuchs der Ituri-Pygmäen. Anzeiger der Mathem.-Naturwissenich. Klasse der Österr. Akademie der Wissenich., Jahrg. 1952 No. 11:147-156. Wien. (Germany, Mbuti, Biological anthropology) 1954a Körperbau- und Wachstumsstudien an den Ituri-Pygmäen aus den Anthropometrischen Angaben von Gusinde und Schebesta. CAEvi:324. (Germany, Mbuti, Biological anthropology) 1954b Die Zwergformen bei Ituri-Pygmäen und Negrito. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 83:123-128. (Germany, Mbuti, Biological anthropology) 1954c Der Vitamin-D-Stoffwechsel bei den Ituri-Pygmäen. CAEvi:324.

(Germany, Mbuti, Nutrition) Howell, Signe, and Espen Wæhle 1992 Peoples of the Rainforests. Efe, Chewong, Araweté/I Urfolkenes Regnkog: Efe, Chewong Araweté. Exhibition Catalogue. University of Oslo Ethnographic Museum, Oslo. (Norway, Efe, Museum catalogue) Hubinont, Pierre O., and Jean Snoeck 1949 Répartition des Gènes Rh (CDEcde) Chez les Pygmées Batswa des Ntomba. C. R. Soc. Biol. 143:579-581.

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Hudson, Jean 1990 Advancing Methods in Zooarchaeology: An Ethnoarchaeological Study Among the Aka. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara.

(United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology/Zooarchaeology) 1991 Nonselective Small Game Hunting Strategies: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Aka Pygmy Sites. In Human Predators and Prey Mortality, edited by M. Stiner, pp. 105-120. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. (United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology) 1992 An Ethnoarchaeological Look at Settlement Patterns among Modern Aka Pygmies. In Biannual Meeting of the Society for Africanist Archaeologists, pp. 1- 11. (United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology) 1993 The Impacts of Domestic Dogs on Bone in Forager Camps. In From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains, edited by J. Hudson, pp. 301-323. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 21. (United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology/Taphonomy) Hulstaert, Gustaaf 1948 Le Dialect de Pygmoïdes Batswa de l’Equateur. Africa 18:21-28.

(Belgium, Batswa, Linguistics) 1953 Que Signifie le Nom Batswa? Æquatoria 15:101-104. (Belgium, Batswa, Linguistics) Ichikawa, Mitsuo 1976 The Hunting Life of the Mbuti Pygmies. Shizen 31:26-35. (Japan, Mbuti, Hunting) 1978 The Residential Groups of the Mbuti Pygmies. Senri Ethnological Studies 1: 131-188. (Japan, Mbuti, Residential groups) 1979 The Net Hunting of the Mbuti Pygmies. Kikan-Minzokugaku 8:99-104. (Japan, Mbuti, Net hunting) 1981 Ecological and Sociological Importance of Honey to the Mbuti Net Hunters, Eastern Zaire. African Study Monographs 1:55-69. (Japan, Mbuti, Subsistence)

1982 The Hunters of the Forest: The Mbuti Pygmies. Jinbuin-Shoin, Kyoto. (Japan, Mbuti, Hunting) 1983 An Examination of the Hunting-Dependent Life of the Mbuti Pygmies, Eastern Zaire. African Study Monographs 4:55-76.

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(Japan, Mbuti, Commoditization) 1991b Barter and Cash Transactions in the Ituri Forest of Zaire, with Special Reference to the Inconsistency of Exchange Rates. In Interpretations of Other Cultures, edited by Y. Tani, pp. 48-77. Jinbun-Shoin, Kyoto. (Japan, Mbuti, Commoditization) 1992 Diversity and Multiplicity in the Forest Use by the African Hunter-Gatherers. Tropics 2:107-121. (Japan, Mbuti, Subsistence) 1993 Diversity and Selectivity in the Food of the Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in Zaire. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, edited by C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, O. F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple, and M. Hadley, pp. 621-632. UNESCO, Paris. (Japan, Mbuti, Subsistence) 1996 The Co-Existence of Man and Nature in the Central African Rain Forest. In Redefining Nature, edited by R. Ellen and K. Fukui, pp. 467-492. Berg Publishers. (Japan, Mbuti, Forager relations with natural environment) 1998 The Birds as Indicators of the Invisible World: Ethno-Ornithology of the Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 25:105-121. (Japan, Mbuti, Ethno-ornithology) 1999 Interactive Process of Man and Nature in the Ituri Forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Approach from Historical Ecology. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness,

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2001 The Forest World as a Circulation System: The Impacts of Mbuti Habitation and Subsistence Activities on the Forest Environment. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 26:157-168. (Japan, Mbuti, Habitation and subsistence) 2004a The Japanese Tradition of Central African Hunter-gatherer Studies: with Comparative Observation on the French and American Traditions. In Hunter- Gatherers in History, Archaeology and Anthropology, edited by A. Barnard, pp. 103-114. Berg Publishers, Oxford.

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2005a Food Sharing and Ownership among the Central African Hunter-gatherers: An Evolutionary Perspective. In Property and Equality, edited by T. Widlok and W. Tadasse, pp. 151-164. Berghahn, Oxford. (Japan, Several groups, Food sharing) 2005b The History and Current Situation of Anthropological Studies on Africa in Japan. The African Anthropologist (Journal of the Pan African Anthropological Association) 12(2):158-171.

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2006 Problems in the Conservation of Rainforests in Cameroon. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 33:3-20. (Japan, Several groups, Development) 2007 L’évitement Alimentaire des Viandes d’Animaux Sauvages Chez les Chasseurs-Cueilleurs d’Afrique Centrale. In Le Symbolisme des Animaux – L’animal “Clé de Voûte” dans la Tradition Orale et les Interactions Homme- Nature, edited by E. Dounias, E. Motte-Florac, and M. Mesnil. Colloques et Séminaires-IRD, Paris.

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2008 Forests and Indigenous People in Post-Conflict Democratic Republic of Congo. Afrasian Studies, Ryukoku University. (Japan, Several groups in DRC, Development) Ichikawa, Mitsuo, and Daiji Kimura 2003 Recent Advances in Central African Hunter-Gatherer Research. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 28:1-6.

(Japan, Aka/Baka/Efe/Mbuti, “State of research” report) Ichikawa, Mitsuo, Daiji Kimura, and Hideaki Terashima 2001 AFlora: A Database of Traditional Plant Use in Africa. Systematics and Geography of Plants, 71:749-756. (Japan, Several groups, Ethnobotany) Ichikawa, Mitsuo, and Hideaki Terashima 1996 Cultural Diversity in the Use of Plants by Mbuti Hunter-Gatherers in Northeastern Zaire: An Ethnobotanical Approach. In Cultural Diversity Among Twentieth Century Foragers: An African Perspective, edited by S. Kent, pp. 276-

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2005 Child Caretakers Among Efe Foragers of the Ituri Forest. In Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods, Barry S. Hewlett and Michael E. Lamb, eds, pp. 191-213. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine/Transaction.

(United State, Efe, Child care) Jackson, Dorothy 1999 Some Recent International Initiatives in Equatorial African and their Impacts on Forest Peoples. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in a Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 279-290. CNWS, Leiden. (United Kingdom, Forest peoples, International initiatives) Jacquot, André 1959 La Langue des Pygmées de la Sangha. Essai d’Identification, (Brazzaville). Bull. Inst. Et. Centrafricaine 17-18:35-42. (France, Aka, Linguistics) Jadin, J. 1936a Groupes Sanguin des Pygmées et des Nègres de l’Ituri (Congo Belge). Anthropos 31:177-186.

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1938 Aperçu sur l’Etat Sanitaire des Pygmées de l’Ituri. Anthropologie 16:69-83. (France, Mbuti, Overview of health)

Jadin, J., and J. Matiegka 1935 Mensurations du Bassin Quelques Femmes Pygmées du Camp de Paligbo (Ituri). Anthropologie 13:169-175.

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(United Kingdom, ?, ?) 1953 The Batwa: Who are They? Africa 23:45-54.

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(United Kingdom, ?, ?) Joiris, Daou V. 1993 The Mask That is Hungry for Yams: Ethno-Ecology of Dioscorea mangenotiana among the Baka, Cameroon. In Tropical Forests, People and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development, edited by C. M. Hladik, A. Hladik, O. F. Linares, H. Pagezy, A. Semple, and M. Hadley, pp. 633-641. UNESCO, Paris. (Belgium, Baka, Subsistence) 1994 Elements of Techno-Economic Changes among the Sedentarized Bagyeli Pygmies (South-West Cameroon). African Study Monographs 15:83-95. (Belgium, Bagyeli, Techno-economic change) 1996 A Comparative Approach to Hunting Ritual among Baka Pygmies (Southeastern Cameroon). In Cultural Diversity among Twentieth Century Foragers: An African Perspective, edited by S. Kent, pp. 245-275. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (Belgium, Baka, Hunting ritual) 1998 La Chasse, La Chance, Le Chant: Aspects du Système Rituel des Baka du Cameroun. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université Libre de Bruxelles.

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(Germany, Aka, ?) Vorbichler, Anton 1960 Die Sprachliche Beziehungen zwischen den Waldnegern und Pygmäen in der Republik Kongo-Leo. Actes du VIe Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques 2:85-91. (Austria, Mbuti, Linguistics)

1963 Zu dem Problem der Klasseneinteilung in Lebendiges und Lebloses in den Pygmäen- und Waldnegerdialekten des Ituri, Congo. In Fetschrift Paul Schebesta, pp. 25-34. Studia Instituti Anthropos 18. Vienna-Mödling. (Austria, Mbuti, Linguistics) Vorbichler, Anton, and R. M. mit Brandl 1979 Die Oralliteratur der Balese-Efe im Ituri-Wald (Nordost Zaïre). Anthropos Institut Studia Volume 34.

(Austria, Efe, Oral tradition) Wæhle, Espen 1986 Efe (Mbuti Pygmy) Relations to Lese Dese Villagers in the Ituri Forest, Zaire: Historical Changes During the Last 150 Years. Sprache und Geschtichte in Afrika 7:375-411. (Norway, Efe, Forager-farmer relations/Historical change) 1989 Elusive Persistence. Efe (Mbuti Pygmy) Autonomy Strategies in the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Unpublished M. A. thesis, University of Oslo, Oslo.

(Norway, Efe, Forager autonomy) 1999 The Twa of Rwanda: Survival and Defence of Human Rights. In Central African Hunter-Gatherers in Multidisciplinary Perspective: Challenging Elusiveness, edited by K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders, and G. Rossel, pp. 265-278. CNWS, Leiden.

(Norway, Twa, Human rights) Walker, Phillip L., and Barry S. Hewlett 1990 Dental Health, Diet and Social Status among Central African Foragers and Farmers. American Anthropologist 92:383-398. (United States, Aka, Dental health) Wang, Louise, and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza 1986 Transport Proteins in Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 291-303. Academic Press, Orlando.

(United States/Italy, Eastern and western pygmies, Biological anthropology) Wanger, W. 1932 Stammesnamen der Pygmäen. Anthropos 27:949-953. (?, ?, “Tribal names of pygmies”) Wauters, Gust 1940 De Bilima van de Batswa der Evenaarsprovincie. Kongo-Overzee 6:95-103.

(Belgium, Batswa, ?) Weninger, Margarete

1937 Fingerabdrücke von Zentral-Afrikanischen Batwa-Pygmoiden des Kivu- Gebietes. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesselschaft in Wien 67:162-168. (Austria, Twa, Fingerprint analysis) 1953 Der Beitrag des Hautleistensystems zum Pygmäenproblem. Zeitschrift für Morphologie 45:207-234. (Austria, ?, Fingerprint analysis) 1954 Die Aussagen des Hautleistensystems (Dermatoglyphics) zum Problem der Afrikanischen und Asiatischen Pygmäen. CAEvi:326.

(Austria, African and Asian Pygmies, Fingerprint analysis) Westermann, Diedrich 1952 Die Sprache der Pygmäen. Zeitschrift für Phonetik und Allegemeine Sprachwissenschaft 6:233-240.

(Germany, ?, Linguistics) Whyms, R. 1954 Les Pygmées. Brousse, N. S. 5:14-28.

(Belgium, ?, ?) Wijsman, Ellen M. 1986 Estimation of Genetic Admixture in Pygmies. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 347-358. Academic Press, Orlando. (United States, Eastern and Western pygmies, Genetics) Wilhelm, Prince of Sweden 1923 Among Pygmies and Gorillas. London.

(Sweden, ?, Travelogue) Wilkie, David S. 1988 Hunters and Farmers of the African Forest. In People of the Tropical Forest, edited by J. S. Denslow and C. Padoch, pp. 111-126. University of California Press, Berkeley. (United States, Mbuti, Forager-farmer relations) 1989 Impact of Roadside Agriculture on Subsistence Hunting in the Ituri Forest of Northeastern Zaire. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:485-494. (United States, Mbuti, Hunting) Wilkie, David S., and Bryan Curran 1991 Why Do Mbuti Hunters Use Nets? Ungulate Hunting Efficiency of Archers and Net-Hunters in the Ituri Rain Forest. American Anthropologist 93:680-689.

(United States, Mbuti, Hunting methods/Efficiency)

1993 Historical Trends in Forager and Farmer Exchange in the Ituri Forest of Northeastern Zaire. Human Ecology 21:389-417. (United States, Mbuti, Forager-farmer relations/Historical change) Winn, Steve, Gilda A. Morelli, and Edward Z. Tronick 1989 The Infant and the Group: A Look at Efe Care-Taking Practices. In The Cultural Context of Infancy, edited by J. K. Nugent, B. Lester, and T. B. Brazelton, pp. 87-109. Abex Publishing, Norwood. (United States, Efe, Infant care) Yamauchi, Taro, Hiroaki Sato, and Kyohei Kawamura 2000 Nutritional Status, Activity Pattern, and Dietary Intake among the Baka Hunter- Gatherers in the Village Camps in Cameroon. African Study Monographs 21:67- 82. (Japan, Baka, Subsistence/Nutrition) Yasuoka, Hirokazu 2004 Subsistence of the Baka in Northwestern Congo Basin: An Example of Pure Foraging Life in Tropical Rain Forests. Asian and African Area Studies 4:36-85.

(Japan, Baka, Subsistence) 2006a The Sustainability of Duiker (Cephalophus sp.) Hunting for the Baka Hunter- Gatherers in Southeastern Cameroon. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 33:95-120. (Japan, Baka, Hunting/Sustainability) 2006b Long-Term Foraging Expeditions (Molongo) among the Baka Hunter- Gatherers in the Northwestern Congo Basin, with Special Reference to the “Wild Yam Question.” Human Ecology 34:275-296. (Japan, Baka, Subsistence) 2009 The Variety of Forest Vegetations in South-Eastern Cameroon, With Special Reference to the Availability of Wild Yams for the Forest Hunter-Gatherers. African Study Monographs 30:89-119.

(Japan, Baka, Subsistence) in press Concentrated Distributions of Wild Yam Patches: Historical Ecology and the Subsistence of African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers. Human Ecology (Japan, Baka, Subsistence)

Zei, Gianna, and Egle Zanardi 1986 Migration and Genetic Variation. In African Pygmies, edited by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, pp. 339-346. Academic Press, Orlando. (Italy, Aka, Genetics) Zietz, Vanessa

2002 Pass the Duiker, Please: Spatial Analysis of Animal Bone to Identify Social Differences. Unpublished M. S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

(United States, Aka, Ethnoarchaeology)