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INDEX accion de tutela
see: tutela accionpopular 74 Administraci6n Nacional de
Impuestos 197 Aerovfas Nacionales de Colombia
(AVIANCA) 215 Afanador J.P.
Democracia en Sanji/ 39-40 Africa 159 agrarian reform 88 Alarc6n, L.F. 242 alcohol 38 Alianza Nacional Popular (ANAPO)
55,57 American Constitution, the 28 Amphicytonic Congress xiii Ancien Regime 28, 30, 34 Andean Pact 190, 214, 230 Andres Perez, C. I Asociaci6n Nacional de Instituciones
Financieras (ANIF) 201 Antioquia xvii, xix, 27 anti-trust legislation 214-5, 225
see also: state and monopolies apertura 115 apertura democratica 6, 13, 98-9
'selective' variant of 13 apertura economica 98-99, 187-205 Argentina xiii, 13,36, 127 Asamblea Constituyente
see: National Constitutional Assembly
assassination 121 see also: massacres
Australia 176 Austrian dynasty, the 23, 28
Bahamas III Banco de la Republica (Central
Bank) 5, 188,201,22~ pre-1991 210,211,212,213,217 reform of 190,222,224-5,235, 245
see also: Monetary Board Barranquilla 66 Barco, V. xviii, xxi, 5, 6, 56, 58, 59,
72 administration of 13,45,46, 116, 161,165,220,243
Basic Statute of Parties and Political Movements (Ley 180) 61-2,68
Betancur, B. xix, xxi, 2, 5,6, 12,58, 98,115, 116, 164 administration of 45,66,99, 161, 243
Bill of Rights 73 Bogota xvii, xix, 27, 63 66,107, 132
and housing 165, 167, 170 Bolivia 129 Bolivar, Sim6n xiii, xxiv, 33, 34, 35,
41 Bourbon dynasty, the 23,28,33,41 Brazil xiii, xix, 8, 111, 129 budgetary institutions
contemporary 233, 235-7,245-9 evolution of233, 234, 237-45, 258 procedural rationality of 250-8
Caja Agraria 222 Cali 167 Camacho Roldan, S. 39 Camara,la
see: Congress Carbones de Colombia (Carbocol)
216,226 Cardoso, F.H. xix Caribbean, the xiii Caro, M.A. xviii, 3, 10,38,41 Castro, J. xvii Catholic Church xvii, xviii, xxiii,
10,52,53,131,132 see also: Concordato
caudillismo xiv, 51 Central Bank
see: Banco Nacional de la Republica
278 Index
Centro Nacional de Construcci6n 166
centralisation 2-3, 8, 23, 41,53,97 political vs. administrative 31 and public education 131, 134
centralism xviii, 33, 38 Cesar Turbay, J. 6 Chile 127, 128, 129, 155,236
and housing 163,175,176 citizenship 24, 30, 35, 36, 38
and the nation 32 Civil Code 29, 34 civil society 45, 48, 49, 50, 53, 58,
123, 124 and the constitutional court 77-84
civil wars 3, 40, 51, 131 in USA 24 see also: la violencia
c1ientelism xiv, xx, 5, 8,14,27,31, 37,46,49,50,51,52,60,66,89, 97, 100, 105-106, 107,246,247 and education 138-147, 149 and housing 171 see also: corruption; palancas
coffee 11,201-2,240,255-6 see also: National Coffee Fund
Coffee Federation 11,254 Cold War 21, 29, 120 Colombian Territorial Institute (lCT)
156, 160, 163-164, 165, 179 colonialism 10,23, 30
legacies of 35-6 colonisation
and internal migration 113-4 Comisi6n Andina de Juristas 121 commercial reform 189 communism 21, 29, 53, 112, 117 eomunero rebellion, the 28, 42 Coneordato (1974) 79
and education 131 see also: Catholic Church
Confederaci6n Granadina 35 Congress 55, 56-7, 59, 60, 65, 68,
74,75,76,100,238 seat allocation in 63-6
congressional mandates loss of, 75, 101
Congress of Vienna 29 Consejo Nacional de Politica
Econ6mica y Social (Conpes) 101 Consejo Regional de Planeaci6n
Econ6mica y Social de la Costa Atlantica (CORPES) 102, 103
conservatism xviii, 33 Conservative Party, the 4,51,52-4,
57,58,65,66,68,69,77, 112 'Independent' and 'Social' 59
Constitution, the of 1886 xvi-xvii, 7, 60, 71, 97, 131,237-8 of1991 xv, xviii, 7, 31, 41, 45, 46,60,68,71-92,125,129,161, 219,238,258
Constitution of Cadiz, the 28, 30 Constitution of Philadelphia, the 24 Constitution of the Republic of
Colombia (1821) 33 Constitutional Court 60, 62-3, 71-92 constitutional reform 10, 71-92 constitutionalism 23, 30-1 consumption 199 Contadora Group xxii contraband 189, 198, 219 Contraloria General de la Republica
240 corruption 15, 31, 50, 73, 89, 91,
246 and drug trafficking 117-8 and education 139, 141, 146, 149
Costa Rica 127, 128, 129 Council for Fiscal Policy (CONFIS)
244,248 Council of Economic and Social
Policy (CONPES) 242, 244, 248 Council of State 73, 74, 75, 238, 247 crime and criminality 15, 59, 89,
113, 120, 197 trivialisation of 123
eriol/os 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34 customs controls 202
Index 279
see also: Administraci6n Nacional de Impuestos; contraband
Deas, M. xix, xxiii, 9, 37, 40, III debt service priority 237 decentralisation 3-4, 6, 8, 51, 53, 66,
97-107,247 and education 136, 138, 148
see also: SEDs and fiscal expenditure 192 and housing 161-2,164,169 and Ley 60 100, 10 I and public order 104-6
de la Calle, H. 7 de Paula Santander, F. 9 de Roux, C.V. 122 de San Martin, 1. 33 Defensor del Pueblo 121 democracy 7 Departamento Nacional de
Planeaci6n (DNP) 5, 100, 104, 125,169,189,190,198,211, 212,215,236,241-2 Informe final de la misiOn para la descentralizacion 106 Special Unit for Foreign Investment Control 22 I
departamentos 99, 10 del Atlantico 101-6 and education 135-6 and housing 170-1
Departmental Secretariats of Education (SEDs) 136, 137, 138, 139,140,147,148
Department for Aeronautics 215 deregulation 12 diezmos 36-7 drug cartels 9, 59
Medellin 113, 118 drug traffickers xx, 2, 6, 9, 89, 123,
205 drug trafficking xv, xxi, 5, 41, Ill,
113, 117-8, 205 cost of 197, 205
and foreign relations 1 19 see also: foreign exchange; narcoterrorism; violence
drugs personal use of90
'Dutch disease' see: foreign exchange
Eastman, T.O. 10 Economic Commission for Latin
America (ECLA) 11 economic growth 187, 218 economic management 11,86,87,
213,254,259 pre- I 990, 208-19 see also: fiscal policy; interventionism
economic reform 87 of Gaviria administration, 207-31 see also: apertura econ6mica; budgetary institutions, evolution of
economy balance of payments 193-4 drug trafficking in 117 impact of violence upon 119-20 internationalisation of 13, 88, 201 regulation of 208-19
and lack of data 212 Ecuador 34, 120 Eder, D. 140 educated personnel, 243
lack of 211-2 education xvii, xx, 8, 51, 75,106
expansion of 134 overview of 125-9 politicisation of 138-47,150
see also: clientelism see also: Saito Educativo
Edwards, S. 1 Ejercito de Liberaci6n Nacional
(ELN) 113, 116 Ejercito Popular de Liberaci6n
(EPL) 113, 116
280
electoral hegemony 46, 47,50,56, 58,65, 112
Eliecer Gaitan, J. 52, 132 EI Salvador xxii, 129 emergency powers 89, 236 Empresa Colombiana de Petr61eos
(Ecopetrol) 209, 226 Empresa Nacional de
Telecommunicaciones (Telecom) 216
environment 83 equality 35, 78
see also: 'minority' rights Espinosa, A. 246 Espinosa, J-M. 22 Esguerra Fajardo, A. xiv Estado Fuerte, elll 'ethnic segregation' 25
and constitutions 34 Europe 23 European Union 204 export lobby 254-5, 256 extradition 41, 119
federalism xviii, 31, 85 fiscal 106
Fidel Suarez, M. xvi fiduciarias 160 financial institutions 13
reform of 190, 203 financial markets
deregulation of 222, 228 Financiera Nacional Agropecuaria
(FINAGRO) 222 Fiscalia General 9, 121 fiscal
deficits 250-3, 257 expenditure 192 policy 12,13,38,66,245,249, 250,256,258
Index
Fondos Educativos Regionales (FERs) 134-6, 137, 141, 147, 148
foreign credit 193, 195, 198, 201 foreign debt xxi, 34, 176, 198, 201
private 193 foreign exchange
rates, 194, 201 control of213, 254
reform 88, 189, 203 and drug trafficking revenues 197-8 and 'Dutch disease' 196-8,201, 204
foreign investment 213 deregulation of 190, 221, 227-8
foreign loans 239, 240 foreign trade
deregulation of220 Foreign Trade Ministry
agencies of 189 see also: INCOMEX
France 23, 34 freedom of expression 83
commercial 88 free trade xviii, 10, 34 French Revol ution, the 21, 28, 33 Frente Nacional
see: National Front Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia (FARC) 113, 116 Fundamental Law of Colombia
(1819) 33 Fund of Surplus Resources 249
G-3230 Galan, L.C. 5, 57, 59, 135
assassination of 5 Nuevo Liberalismo of 59
Garcia, A. 11
and inflation 192-3, 194, 256-Garcia Marquez, G. xvi, 129 Gaviria, C. xviii, 7, 45, 46,72,85,
7 reform 88 and budgetary institutions 233
in Latin America 234-5
87, 107 administration ofxxi, 8, 9, 12, 13,60, 102, 116, 121,213,220, 243
Index 281
La Revolucion Pacifica of 98-99, 100-1, 107, 157, 164 housing policy of 155, 156, 157, 161,162,165-72,179 and economic reform 192, 197, 207-31
see: apertura economica George, E. 66 G6mez, A. 58
Salvacion Nacional60 G6mez, L. 54 G6mez Martinez, F. xvii G6mez Otalora, H. xviii G6ngora, M. 10 Gonzalez, F. 237, 238 'Gran Colombia' 33-5
definition of 33 Great Britain 23, 34, 175, 176 Guerra, F-X. 28 guerrillas xv, xvii, xx, 2, 5, 9, 41,
59,71,78,89, 112 development of 113-5 see also: ELN; EPL; FARC; M-19; PRT; Quintin Lame
Gutierrez de Pifteres, J.F. 23
Handal, S. xxii health care xx, 106, 116 heirarchies 24-5, 26 Holy Alliance, the 29, 33 homicide xx, 8, III, 115, 121, 197
see also: crime; violence housing policy 8, 155-79
domestic since 1990 156-8 evaluations of 164-72
'Washingtonian approach' 155, 158
and market reliance 159-60 and sectoral reform 159 and state role 160-2 and subsidies 163-4 and upgrading 162-3
and prices 167-8 and rental sector 168-9; 178 and site and service schemes 155,
162-3, 170-1, 173, 177 and subsidies 155, 157, 163-4, 165,166,172,173,174-7 see also: Gaviria; ICT; INURBE; Samper
Hoyos, B. 66 Hoyos, M. 121 human rights 73, 118
see also: tutela Huntington, S. 21, 23, 24, 40-1
import-substitution 187, 188, 256 impunity 9, 10, 112,208 independence
see: national independence; Spanish American independence
indigenous peoples 72, 78, 79, 85 rights of 83, 84
industrialisation 10 industrialists 52 inflation 187, 193, 194, 198,204,
217, 224, 235, 240, 241,250-1, 253, 256-7, 259 and public housing costs 169, 173
Institute for Agrarian Reform (INCORA) 84
institutions xvii, 12, 14 building of 12, 212, 242, 258 legitimacy of 72 of 'direct democracy' 73
Instituto de Comercio Exterior (lNCOMEX) 211, 241
Instituto de Fomento Industrial (lFI) 222
Instituto de Fomento Municipal (lNSFOPAL) 102
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 159, 188,234
interest groups 56 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
174, 194, 243 'international order', the 29,30,33 inter-party relations 50, 51, 54, 58,
68 intra-regional rivalry 38
282 Index
INURBE (National Institute for Social Interest Housing and Urban Reform) 156, 161, 165, 166,169,170,171,172,173
ISA (National Transmission Institute Interconexi6n Electrica S.A.) 216,223,226
Italy 5
Jaramillo Sanchez, A. xvii judicial power 72, 85, 89 judiciary, the 9, 112
and violence 120-4 Junguito, R. 12, 242 justice 208
Kemmerer, E.W. 239, 240 Keynesianism 11 kidnapping xv, xxi, 117, 120
popular initiative on 74, 90
labour costs 200 labour legislation
reform of88, 189,203 labour market 213, 217
deregulation of222, 228 labour unions xvii, 52, 73 land invasions 156, 173
see also: squatting Lara Bonilla, R. 121 Latin America xiii, xxiv, 21, 159
crisis of 12 economic reforms of I
law, the 9 breakdown of 14
la violencia 50,52-3, 112 legal system, the 35
see: judiciary legitimacy 7, 42, 48, 59, 72, 85 Ley General de Educaci6n (1994)
130, 136 liberalism xviii, 10, 11,21,23,35-6,
40,41 'Anglo-Saxon' variant 10 'revolution' of 39
and Spanish America 29 Liberal Party, the 4, 5, 49, 51, 52-4,
57,58,59,60,64,65,68,69,77, 112 see also: regime censitaire
Liberal Republic 132 liberty 32, 33, 34, 39 L1eras Camargo
administration of 134 L1eras Restrepo, C. 5,41,55
administration of 134, 246, 253 L6pez Michelsen, A. 10, 11,57
administration of 134, 253 L6pez Portillo, A.
administration of 6, 45 L6pez Pumarejo, A. xvii, 41
Revoluci6n en marcha of 52 Low Mutra, E. 121 Lozano de Peralta, J.M. 27
massacres 118, 119, 123 mass media, 58, 68, 73, 77, 83 Maya, R. xvi 'Melismo' 40 Mercado Comun Suramericano
(MERCOSUR) 230 Mesas de Solidaridad Social 164,
172 mestizos 25, 26, 32 Mexico xiii, Ill, 127, 128, 129
economic crisis of 187, 194-5, 197,198,199,204
migration 114 military institution, the 90, 118
justice 90 politicisation of 53 and apertura 116
Ministry of Agriculture 211, 212 Ministry of Communications 216 Ministry of Development 211 Ministry of Education 134 Ministry of Finance 236, 240-2, 244,
249,259 Directorate of the Budget 240 Directorate of Taxes (1847) 237
Index 283
Ministry of Health 216 Ministry of Mines and Energy 215,
216 Ministry of Public Instruction 131,
132 Ministry of Public Works 216 'minority' rights 79-82, 91 Misi6n de Ciencia y Educaci6n 129 Mockus, A. 66 modernisation 2,8, 12, 14,22,23,
35,41,42,229 and civil society 45, 72 and political parties 98 see also: centralisation; the state
modernity xiv, 21, 22-4 and the United States 24
Monetary Board 211, 212, 213, 222, 256 creation and composition of 241
money laundering 198, 205 Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) xxi,
5,59,60,83, 113, 115, 116 mulatos 25, 26, 36 municipios 99, 102-4
and education 136 Murrillo TOTO, M. 237, 238
Nairn, M. 1 Napoleonic Wars 21, 24, 28 narco-terrorism, 89, 113, 119
development of 117-8 Narifio, A. 32, 33 National Coffee Fund 255 National Constitutional Assembly 7,
12,41,45,50,5~63,64,65,71-
92,97, 116 National Council for Federal Policy
(CONFIS) 236 National Electoral Council 59, 61,
64,77 National Front xviii, 4, 45, 46, 49,
50,52,54,55,56,58,65,68, 210,240 and guerrilla groups 115
national identity 21
national independence 3, 22, 23, 131 National Tariff Board 209, 213, 215,
216 abolition of225, 229
National Transmision Institute see: ISA
nationhood 32, 33 see: state and nation
Nel Ospina, P. 239 'new deal' policies 11 New Granada 2, 3, 23,27, 30, 32,
33,34 Federation of the United Provinces of, the 31 traditional society of24-7, 41
Nieto Arteta, L.E. 11 Non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs) 79,160,172 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) 202, 230 Nuevo Liberalismo 5 Nufiez, R. xviii, 3, 41, 85, 131
obandismo 36, 39 Ocampo, J .A. 13 Oil 194, 196, 197, 198, 201-2, 204,
209,248 Organisation for Economic Co
operation and Development (OECD) xxii, 159
organised crime 89, 119, 208 see also: drug trafficking
Orjuela, L. 98 Ospina Perez, M. 52 Ospina Rodriguez, M. xviii
palancas 140, 141 Panamc\ 111,239
'secession' of xv, 3, 34 Paraguay 129 pardos 25 Parejo, E. 121 'participatory democracy' 71,72-7,86 Partido Revolucionario de los
Trabajadores (PRT) 113, 116
284 Index
Pastrana, M. xix, 58, 257 paternalismo xiv patronage
see: clientelism patria boba 30-1,34,41 Peace of Westphalia 29 peasantry 52 Peru 13,34, 127, 129,236 Perry, G. 13 Plan de Desarrollo Econ6mico y
Social (1990-94) 98-9, 102 see also: Gaviria
police xvii, 90, 118 political institutions xiv, 5, 6 political life 45
post-independence 38 political parties xvii-xviii, 4, 10, 45-
68,76-7 as civil society/state mediator 47-8,50 cartel model of 4 7,48, 49, 54-6, 59-61,67 'catch-all' model of 47,48,50, 56-8,67 caucus-cadre model of 47,48,49, 50-2,56,67 funding of 62-3 mass-based model of 47,48,49, 52-4,67 organisational models of 47-50 and decentralisation 97 and sectarianism 53, 54
political reform 6, 15, 41, 45, 64, 66,71 and the constitution (1991) 45-68,71,85-6 and the state 22 see also: National Constituent Assembly; decentralisation; political parties, models of
poverty xx power sector 212, 226 private investment 191 private property 88-9 private sector 208
expansion of 219-20 privatisation 14-5,88,215,223,228 proceso 8000 9 Programa de Ajuste al Sector (PAS)
101, 102 property
concept of 29 protectionism xviii providencialismo xiv public policy 49 Public Prosecutor 90 public utilities 218
deregulation of 222-3 regulatory commissions of 225-6 and local monopolies 215, 216
Purchasing Parity Index 194
Quintin Lame 113,116
racism 24 Ramirez Ocampo, A. xxii readjustment 12 Real Exchange Rate (RER) 253,
254,255,256,259,260 Red de Solidaridad Social 158, 162,
172 referendums 73 Regeneraci6n, the 10, 131,238 regime censitaire 50 regionalism 21, 24, 36, 85 regional interests 26-7, 51, 52
and education 147-9 and guerrilla 117
Regulatory Commissions 224, 226, 227,228,229 see also: Superintendencies
religion 79-80 see also: Catholic Church
republicanism 37 resguardo 84 Reyes, R. xvii, 10,38 Rojas Pinilla, G. xviii, xix, 54, 55 Rural Housing Programme 169-70
Salgar, E. 131
Index 285
Saito educativo 125, 129-30, 138, 150
Saito social 161, 164,200,203 Samper Pizano, E. xxii, xxiii, 8, 13,
46, 125, 129, 130, ISO, 199, 200, 203,230 housing policy of 155, 156, 157-8, 162, 168-9, 170; 172-4, 179 see also: Saito educativo; Saito social
Santander 27, 36 and liberalism 39
Savings and Housing Corporations (CAYs) 160, 167
security 8, 9, 14, 208, 221, 227 self-determination 30 Serpa, H. 60 sicarios 112, 114 slavery 24 smuggling
see contraband social depoliticisation 54 'social figures' 37-8 social security reform 191, 204, 223 society
see: civil society Sourdis, E. xix sovereignty 9,14,21,30,31,32,33,
59, 60, 74, 88 Colombian 34, 119 'popular' 29 see also: the state; territory
Spain 23,30 Spanish-American Independence 21,
23,25,28,30,33 see also: comunero rebellion
Spanish Empire 21, 23, 24, 30 squatting 162-163 state, the xiv, xx, 1-15, 21, 29-30,
34,71,84,99,123 'Austrian model' of, the 2, 41 Colombia
consolidation of 36 interventionism of208-209, 219
legitimacy of 5, 85 monopolies of 209, 212, 214, 215,225 post 1991 constitution 84, 85-90,91,219-27 reform of22 weakness of 2, 14-15, 21-42, 212 and education, 125, 130-8, 150 and the Frente Nacional 55 and political parties 53 see also: decentralisation,
private sector Hobbesian 14 interventionism of 10, 11-2, 88 modernisation of2, 7-8, 9, 10, 105 Republican 30, 34 'restructuring' of 12, 14 and housing 160-1 role of2, II and Napoleonic Civil Code 29 and nation 21, 30, 33-5, 99, 104
'state of siege', the 89-90 abolition of 73
Superintendency of Industry and Commerce 224, 225, 229
Superintendency of Public Services 226,227
Supreme Court of Justice xviii, 6, 7, 59,85,90 M-19 seizure of 116
taxation reform of 88, 190, 191, 204 and the budget 236, 245 and the state 38, 40 see also: diezmos
technocracy growth of 55
teachers 138-41, 142, 144, 146, 149 Teachers' Statute 140 telecommunications (Telecom) 216,
223,228
286 Index
television 73 territorial fragmentation 24, 85 territory 25-6, 29, 30,31,33,34,36,
85,87 see also: departamentos; ICT; municipios; sovereignty; the state
terrorism xv, xx tithes
see: diezmos; taxation trade sector 213-4 transportation 214, 215, 217, 239
deregulation of 223-4 tutela 73, 74, 76, 78, 79-84, 91
unemployment xx, 228 Unidad Administrativa Especial
(UESA) 102 United Kingdom I, 188
see also: Great Britain United Nations Organisation (UNO)
xxii United States of America, the 23,24,
34, 87, Ill, 120, 176, 204, 239 urbanisation xiv, 114 Urban Reform Law (1989) 158,171,
179 Uribe Uribe, R. xvii Urrutia, M. 5 USAID 159
Vallejo, C. xv Veliz, C. 3 Venezuela xiii, I, 13,33,34, 120,
127 violence xxi, xxiii, 5, 9, 59, 82, 89,
111-24, 200, 208 drug related 117-9 'political' 9, 112, 115-7, 121 see also: la violencia; narcoterrorism
violentologia 9, 111-2 Virgin of Chiquinquini xviii
War of Supremos 38 War of the Thousand Days, the 3,
52,238 Weber, M. 46 Weisner, E. 106, 249 Wolff, N. 60 World Bank, the II, 129, 188, 195
and housing policies 159, 162, 163,174,177
World Trade Organisation (WTO) 202,230
World Wars 28
zambos 25