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BHUTAN NATIONAL SEED PROGRAM
Suraj Chhetri School of Crop Production Technology.
Suranaree University of Technology
INTRODUCTION TO BHUTAN
INTRODUCTION TO BHUTANBhutan,the “ Land of the Thunder Dragon” is derived from the sanskrit word
Bhu-Uttham.
It is a landlocked nation, bordered to the south, east and west by India and to the north by the People’s Republic of China.
Bhutan is one of the main tourist attraction places in the world due to its’ rich cultural heritage, traditions, and natural environment.
It’s main source of income is tourism, hydropower, forestry and industry.
Export commodities are electricity, cardamom (Krawan), gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cements, fruits, precious stones and spices.
Export partners are India 58.6%, Hong kong 30.1%, Bangladesh 7.3% (2007)
Import commodities are fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery, vehicles and electronics.
Import partners are India 74.5%, Japan 7.4%, Sweden 3.2% (2007)
INTRODUCTION TO BHUTAN
Area- 38,364 Sq km
Population- 672, 425
Province- 20
Climate- Spring (Feb-April)Summer (May-June)Monsoon (July-Sept)Winter (Oct- Jan)
- Southern
- Western
- Central
- Eastern
- Northern
INTRODUCTION TO BHUTAN
Tourist attraction locations
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE IN BHUTAN
Agriculture is one of the main backbones of Bhutan’s economy development.
One of the main policy of “GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS” is food self sufficiency.
66% people are engaged in agriculture and annual agriculture growth rate is 2.8%.
The GDP contribution by agriculture is 22.3%.
Mechanized farming is not possible due its mountainous topography.
Farmers use mini tractor and bullocks for ploughing the field.
Major agriculture products are rice, corn, root crops, food grains, citrus, apple, mango and dairy products.
Aerial view of Agriculture land
INTRODUCTION
Land utilization in Bhutan
INTRODUCTION Planting area of the major crops
500,000Rai 85,000 50,000 44,000
INTRODUCTION
Organized program started by DoA, Under NASEPP (National Seed and Plant production program) in 1984 (25 years ago).
NASEPP – Sole supplier up to late 1995.
Private sector seed companies like Druk Seed Corporation involved in production and supply from 1995.
Government introduce National Seed Policy in 1997.
NATIONAL SEED PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
MoA, Organogram
OBJECTIVE
Assure timely availability of quality seed at affordable
price
To breed, develop, and maintain crop varieties resistant to diseases, pests and environmental stresses.
To ensure/facilitate multiplication and distribution of sufficient quantities of quality seed of superior varieties.
To monitor, control and regulate the quality of seeds.
To encourage the participation of private entrepreneurs and farmers‘ organizations in the seed industry.
To promote farmers' acceptance and use of seeds of improved varieties.
Overall objective
Specific objective
SEED MULTIPLICATION PROGRAM
Parental material
Breeders’ Seed
Foundation Seed
Registered Seed
Certified Seed (I & II)
Responsibility of RNR research center under Council of RNR Research, MoA
Seed production farms of Druk Seed Corporation
Seed production through contract seed growers (DSC)
Seed production through farmers’ cooperatives (DoA)
Locations of Breeder seed production of RNR Centers
Vegetable seeds
Field crops
Oil seeds and pulses
6 research farms are utilized for breeder seed production of vegetable, field crops and oil seed and pulses.
Locations of foundation and registered seed production of DSC and farmers’ cooperatives of DoA
Foundation seed production of field crops, oil seed and pulses and vegetable seeds in DSC farm (4 farms)
Registered seed production by contract seed growers (DSC).
Farmers’ cooperative, DoA.
ANNUAL SEED PRODUCTION AT FARMS AND CSG
ANNUAL SEED REQUIREMENT AND PRODUCTION
QUALITY CONTROL
Field control
Lab test & processing control
Seed storage control
Field Control
Germination stage
Flowering stage 1
Flowering stage 2
Flowering stage 3
Seed sample collection
BAFRA DSC
Accept/Reject plot
Check off-type, inform about roughing
Check off-type, inform about roughing, mark
the fieldAccept roughed field,
reject field with mixture
Check moisture, sample collection for
Lab test.
QUALITY CONTROL STEPS
In-house Quality Control
Lab testProcessing
Control
Moisture content
Purity test
Inert matter
Cleaning seed processing hall
Cleaning seed processing machineCheck the function of all machine Before start of processing
QUALITY CONTROL STEPS
Seed Storage Control
Clean the seed storage room.
Fumigate the storage chamber.
Check the temperature and relative humidity.
Proper leveling of the seed lot.
SEED MARKETING
Druk Seed CorpContract
Seed growers
Farmers cooperative
Domestic sale Export sale
Farmers
Institution
Public
India (potatoes, maize, Radish seed)
Bangladesh (radish seed)
SEED MARKETING
SEED MARKETING
CONTRACT SEED PRODUCTION PROCEDURE
Selection of growers and basic training (formal agreement)
Issuing of registered/certified seed on payment
Registration of seed crops for certification by BAFRA.
Training ( jointly by Druk seed and extention staff).
Field visit for quality control
Issuing of new bags by regional Druk seed office.
Sampling of seed lots at growers places.
The samples checked for purity, moisture content and germination test.
Based on the lab result the seed lot are accepted or rejected.
The accepted seed lots are transported to Druk seed farms for processing.
Payment to seed growers.
Labeling and sealing of accepted seed lots, lot release (distribution /sale/storage).
Reliability, knowledge, resourcefulness, willing to cooperate.
Adequate land area paddy - 1 ac. (0.4 ha) veg - 0.23 ac.
Accessibility
Enough manpower for working
Selection Criteria of Contract Seed Growers
CONTRACT SEED PRODUCTION PROCEDURE
CONTRACT SEED GROWERS
Difficulty in finding suitable/reliable growers.
Seed quality related problems.
Lack of manpower.
Tendency of growers to keep some seed with them (potato).
Problems
CONCLUSION
There is a great potential for seed production in Bhutan due to its suitable and clean environment.
About 66% people are engage in agriculture related work. Seed production for them would be a direct income generating scheme.
More seed production should be concentrated on high value low volume crop for sustainability of a seed company.
Since the domestic market is small, export partners should be explored for sustainability and profiteering venture.
FUTURE RECOMMENDATION
Promote private seed company/farmers’ cooperative.
Improve seed quality.
Train people in seed production.
Promote more sales outlet in all province within country.
Create awareness in the benefit of seed replacement.
Promote joint venture with other seed companies outside Bhutan for knowledge sharing, training and seed production undertaking.
REFERENCES
CIA. 2008. The world fact book.
National Census Bhutan. 2005.
National Seed Program. 2001. Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan.
RNR Statistics. 2006. MoA, Bhutan.
Thank you