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BF Skinner
Most notable psychologist of 20th century
Research dealing with learning and operant conditioning has permeated every field of human behavior --education, medicine, business
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) developed
behavioral technology
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner Walden II -- he
describes a utopia-like commune run on his operant principles.
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner Beyond Freedom
& Dignity -
Operant Condition
Learning by consequences
Operant Condition
Organism “operates” on the environment
Operant Condition
Reinforcements --- Any consequence that makes the behavior it follows more likely to occur
Operant Condition
Reinforcement ---- Behavior that is
rewarded, is repeated
Operant Condition
The frequency of the behavior before reinforcement is the
“operant level”
Operant Conditioning:Skinner Box
Operant Condition
“Shape” behavior through “successive approximations”
Operant Chamber Skinner Box
chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
Basic Rules of Shaping Behavior
Choose appropriate reinforcer Reinforcement should come
immediately after the behavior Unpredictable schedule of
reinforcement is more effective Avoid Punishment -- (it may stop
unwanted behaviors but returns along with other unwanted behaviors)
Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcer - a response followed by a consequence in the environment results in a strengthening of the response.
Negative Reinforcer - Response is strengthened by the avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus.
Principles of Reinforcement
Fixed-ratio - reinforce behavior after a set number of responses. Example: people paid on a piecework basis; garment workers
Variable-ratio - reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. Gambers/anglers experience. Salesperson job or on commission
Principles of Reinforcement
Fixed-interval - reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. Weekly Paycheck
Variable-interval: reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Pop quiz.
Learning By Observation
Learning need not be through direct observation, but imitating and observing others
Process of observing & imitating a specific behavior is called modeling
Learning By Observation
Albert Bandura
Learning By Observation
Bandura Experiment. While child plays in room, adult in other
part of room begins lashing out at a Bobo doll. After observing the outburst, child is taken into room with appealing toys. Experimenter enters room and takes toys away (for good children). Many children then become aggressive
Observational Learning
Observational Learning learning by observing others
Modeling process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior