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Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration IMSN 2011 Presented by Michelle Mandrack, RN, MSN ISMP

Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration...5 Medication Administration Errors • Medication administration accounts for up to one‐ third of nurses’ time — Most of

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Page 1: Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration...5 Medication Administration Errors • Medication administration accounts for up to one‐ third of nurses’ time — Most of

Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration

IMSN 2011

Presented by Michelle Mandrack, RN, MSN

ISMP

Page 2: Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration...5 Medication Administration Errors • Medication administration accounts for up to one‐ third of nurses’ time — Most of

Are medication administration errors really that 

bad…?

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Errors in the Medication Use Process

Prescribing Transcribing Dispensing Administering

33% 2%33%

Leape, et al., 1995

.

Errors 39% 12% 11% 38%

48%

Harm 28% 11% 10% 51%

Intercepted

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A Time Honored Tradition…

If the nurse had only followed the five rights…

Mistaken assumption is that the five rights is an error‐proof strategy!

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Medication Administration Errors• Medication administration accounts for up to one‐

third of nurses’ time— Most of the time = hunting and gathering

• 34% ‐ 38% of errors originate in the administration phase of the medication use process, and few are intercepted

• Overall, nurse scientists are noticeably absent from investigation of medication administration errors

Bates, et al., 1995; Keohane, et al., 2008; Leape, et al., 1995; Pepper, 1995

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IV Medication Errors• IV medications are associated with 54% of 

potential ADEs and increased risk of harm Drugs administered IV have immediate bioavailability Many “high‐alert" drugs, which have a narrow therapeutic 

range, are given by infusion

• Recent high‐profile reports of injury and death have created new sense of urgency

Cohen, 2007; Fields, 2005; Kaushal, et al., 2001

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Preventing harm from infused medications

State Confirms Medical Error In Hospital Death Of Teen 

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“Nurse didn’t bother to read the label”Dennis Quaid

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IV Medication Administration Errors

• Few prospective studies offer detailed analysis regarding the incidence and causes of IV medication administration errors

• Limited research findings suggest:– Errors associated with IV infusion pumps occur 

frequently and are diverse in nature– Wrong rate errors are common, particularly with 

injection of bolus doses

Han, 2005; Taxis, 2003

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Page 11: Beyond the Five Rights of Medication Administration...5 Medication Administration Errors • Medication administration accounts for up to one‐ third of nurses’ time — Most of

What we know…

• Nurses spend 26.9% of their time on the critical task of medication administration (Keohane, Bane, Featherstone, et al., 2008)

• Approximately ⅔ of medica on administra on time related to drug delivery to the patient, and the other ⅓ spent preparing drugs for administration (Hendrich, Chow, Skierczynski, & Lu, Z., 2008)

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High‐Alert Medications• Develop a targeted list• Define strategies across the medication use system– Procurement– Prescribing– Transcription– Preparation– Labeling– Dispensing– Storage– Administration– Monitoring

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Rank Order of Error Reduction Strategies

Forcing functions and constraints 

Automation and computerization

Standardization and protocols 

Checklists and double‐check systems 

Rules and policies 

Education / information

“Be more careful”

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Independent Double‐Check

• Two nurses check the drug, dose, patient, line attachment, and pump settings before administration of a targeted high‐alert medication

Smetzer & Cohen, 2007

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Independent Double‐Check

• Two nurses• Medication(s)• Medication administration record (MAR) or electronic MAR (eMAR)

• Bedside confirmation of patient identification and IV pump settings

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Questions

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References• Barker, K. N., Flynn, E. A., & Pepper, G. A., et al. (2002). Medication errors observed 

in 36 health care facilities. Archives of Internal Medicine,162:1897‐1903.• Bates, D. W., Cullen, D. J., Laird, N., Petersen, L. A., Small, S. D., Servi, D., et al. 

(1995). Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 29‐34.

• Cohen, M. R. (Ed.) (2007). Medication errors (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association.

• Fields, M., &  Peterman, J. (2005). Intravenous medication safety system averts high‐risk medication errors and provides actionable data. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 29(1), 78‐87. 

• Han, P. Y., Coombes, I. D., & Gree, B. (2005). Factors predictive of fluid administration errors in Australian surgical care wards. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 14, 179‐184. 

• Hendrich, Chow, Skierczynski, & Lu, Z. (2008). A 36‐Hospital time and motion study: how do medical‐surgical nurses spend their time? The Permanente Journal,12 (3), 25‐34.

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References• Kaushal, R., Bates, D. W., Landrigan, C., McKenna, K. J., Clapp, M. D., Federico, F., et 

al. (2001). Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2114‐2120. 

• Keohane, CA, Bane, AD, Featherstone, E, Hayes, J, Woolf, S, Hurley, A., et.al. (2008). Quantifying Nursing Workflow in Medication Administration. Journal of Nursing Administration. 38(1) pp 19‐26.

• Kohn, L.T., Corrigan, J. M., & Donaldson, M. S. (Eds.) (1999). To err is human: building a safer health system.Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

• Leape, L. L., Bates, D. W., Cullen, D. J., Cooper, J., Demonaco, H. J., Gallivam, T., et al. (1995). System analysis of adverse drug events. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274(1), 35‐43.

• Pepper, G. (1995). Errors in drug administration by nurses. American Journal of Health‐System Pharmacists, 52, 390‐395.

• Smetzer J, Cohen M. (2007) Preventing administration errors. In: Cohen M, ed. Medication Errors. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2007:235.

• Taxis, K, & Barber, N. (2003). Causes of intravenous medication errors: an ethnographic study. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 12(5), 343‐347. 

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