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Peter Luscuere
Beyond Sustainability
Delft University of Technology
Content
• Sustainability 7
• Energy 10
• Water 4
• Top Soil 5
• Materials, biological 6
• Materials, technical 7
• Wrap up and RNE 8
Sustainability, dimensions I
Challenges
Resources
- Energy
- Water
- Materials
- Top Soil
Biodiversity
Health
Effects
Climate
Change Scarcity Fairness
Ecology Economy Equity
Sustainability, dimensions
Values Ecology Economy Equity Re- cources
Biodiversity Health Effects Climate Change
Scarcity Cost /
Benefits PR
Metaphor Social
Responsibility Fairness
Energy SO2, Acid rain NOx, PM 2.5 CO2 Fossil fuels Pay Back
Time ******* Life Cycle Analysis *******
Total Cost of Ownership
******* Life Cycle Costing *******
Hard & Soft Costs and Benefits
'Net Positive'
Energy Positive Buildings
'Supergrid' Coal Powered Electricity
************ Child Labor
*********** Resource Depletion
************* 'Externalising'
Costs *************
Rampant Environmental
Pollution
Solar-, Wind-, Environmental-, Geothermal Energy and Highly Productive Biofuels (Algae)
Water
Contaminated Water
Hormones & Medicines
Rising Sea Level
Fresh Water 'Clean'
Cleaner Discharge as
Intake
Geo-Political Governance
(lack of) Local Cleaning (Reed filters), use of Algae, Nutrition
Regeneration
Materials
Waste *) Hazardous Emissions
Chlorofluorocarbons
Virgin Materials
'Healthy' Actively Cleaning Buildings
'Securing' Resources Non-Toxic, -Carcinogenic or –Mutagenic Substances, From
Down- to Re- and UpCycling
Top Soil
Loss & Degradation
Contamination CH4 -
Emissions Phosphate
'Fertile'
Positive Contribution to
Top Soil Production
Displacing Arable Land by
BioFuels Apply Green Roofs & Walls, Close Cycles, Recovery of Nutrients, Large Scale Eco-Rehabilitation Projects
*) Toxic-, Carcinogenic-, Mutagenic, etc. Environmental Challenges / Solutions / model v11, PG Luscuere, December 2015
2
Efficiency & Effectiveness I
• Efficiency is doing things right
• Effectiveness is doing the right things
Source: Steven Beckers
Is a high boiler efficiency effective? a
Exergy of heat
Ex(Q) = Q * (1 – T0/T) (T0=293 K or 20 °C)
Heat Exergy
(°C) (%)
1.200 80
1.000 77
800 73
600 66
400 57
200 38
100 21
80 17
40 6
30 3
20 0
Energy is conserved
Exergy can be destroyed
Efficiency & Effectiveness II
• We do bad things very efficient
• Wrong things are done perfectly right!
• We’re not good in doing the right things
3
Positive Footprint
• Efficiency is all about reducing costs and
reducing negative effects
• It is the embodiment of a negative footprint
• What if we could generate positive footprints?
• It would be beneficial to Society
Source: Steven Beckers
Source: Douglas Mulhall Source: Douglas Mulhall
Energy, renewable transition
Energy, renewable transition Energy, renewable transition
4
Nuclear Power as a solution? The abundance of the sun
Source: Richard Perez & Marc Perez
Price drop outpacing Moore’s law Price drop outpacing Moore’s law
5
Positive Footprint: Energy
• Produce more renewable energy as
consumed by the building
• Including the embodied energy
Univ. Prof. Dr. -Ing. M.N. Fisch IGS – Institut für Gebäude- und Solartechnik | TU Braunschweig
IG
S
Passiv-
Haus
Plus- Energie
Haus
Primärenergie Errichtung und Betrieb Primärenergie Bau – „Graue Energie“
EnEV -
Standard
Jahre
…über dem Lebenszyklus „Plusenergie“
PV Installed in Germany
2011: 24,8 GW peak cap. ≈ 50 power plants 2015: 40 GW
Used 5-10 % of time!
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
6
Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
Mobility: Fossil – Electric – Fuel Cell
[Ad van Wijk, 2012]
7
The Third Industrial Revolution
Convergence of new Energy Regimes and Communication Technologies
– 1. Steam Engine and Steam Powered Printing
– 2. Combustion Engine and Electrical Communication
– 3. Renewable Energies and Internet: Intergrid
Five Pillars
– Renewable energy
– Buildings as energy sources
– Hydrogen and other energy storages
– Power grids to Intergrid by internet technology
– Electric and fuel cell vehicles
[Jeremy Rifkin, 2008]
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm ! A
Scarce
Commodity
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
8
Water
Source: USGS
Water in the world
2,5 % Fresh
1,3 % at Surface
26,9 % non Frozen
Available:
87 ppm !
How many cups of water needed?
1,100 !! www.waterfootprint.org
A
Scarce
Commodity
Positive Footprint: Water
• Produce locally a better water quality
out as in
Effective Hospital Sewage Treatment
ROI ≈ 5-10 y
Natural energy:
Solar, wind or biomass,
or any low temperature
heat
Feed water:
Seawater, brackish or any
water source
Pure water:
from less then
1µS/cm to drinking
water quality
Vacuum Membrane Destillation
Low pressure
Low temperature
Multi stage-
Membrane distillation
9
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation Blowing in the wind
10
TOP SOIL
50 % is lost in the last 150 y
(WWF)
Desertification
Deforestation Blowing in the wind Blowing in the wind
Positive Footprint: Topsoil
• Have more Topsoil produced over the
lifetime of the building as is destroyed by
the building / project (Worldscale)
• Improve Top Soil quality, based on local
threats: erosion, compaction and organic
matter content (Dutch scale)
FORD ROUGE CENTER storm water strategies
Source: EPEA
FORD ROUGE CENTER storm water strategies
Source: EPEA
Original plan: 50 M$
Realization: 15 M$
11
Rehabilitation Eco-systems
John D. Liu in China
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
42
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
43
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
44
Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
12
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
45
Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
Biological Materials
Are renewable by Definition
They Grow !
But often not as fast as we consume !
46
Source: Australian Government, Department of Agriculture
• See Waste as Resource
Positive Footprint: Biological Materials Waste as a Recource, eg CO2
• CO2 as a resource, food:
– Urea, Bevarages, Decaffeinate, Greenhouses
• CO2 as a resource, industry:
– Polycarbonates, CO2 to CH4 ,
Thermodynamic cycles,
Biofuel / Biomass
13
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
Yield from biofuel feedstock
Source: National Renewable Energy Lab
14
Micro-algae
Micro-algae
Super Critical CO2
Liquid-like density
Great for turbines
Gas-like viscosity and
surface tension
Ability for “fine-tuning”
dissolving properties
ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids
Fragrances
Proteins
Technical Materials, eg Copper
Paul Mobbs, University of London
15
Copper, one doubling left
Paul Mobbs, University of London
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
Zn
16
Technical Materials
Are being depleted!
PG Luscuere after AM Diederen
Zn
Waste as Resource ?
• What do we do with our waste?
– Put it in landfills ?
– Burn it ?
• and call that sustainable energy ?
Waste as Resource ?
• What do we do with our waste?
– Put it in landfills ?
– Burn it ?
• and call that sustainable energy ?
– From Down- to Re- or Up cycling !
• Waste as Resource, what is the value?
What is the value of our waste?
• Gold:
– 1 kg gold: ≈ 30 k€
• 1 kg of gold comes from:
– 200 - 1,000 ton ore from gold mines
– ≈ 3,3 ton of used mobile phones!
– + 471 kg Cu, 10 kg Ag, 0,4 kg Pd, 10 g of Pt
• Urban mining / Waste as Resource
• ‘Ex Waste’
Source: USGS
17
The limits to growth
On the Cusp of Global Collapse?
Updated Comparison of The Limits to Growth with Historical Data, Graham M.Turner
Paul Mobbs, University of London
Positive Footprint: Technical Materials
• Necessity to re- and upcycle
• Need for disassembly
– Materials
– Substances
• Need for redesign
– Products
Positive Footprint: Technical Materials
• Necessity to re- and upcycle
• Need for disassembly
– Materials
– Substances
• Need for redesign
– Products
– Processes
Beyond Sustainability
• Energy
– Sun is abundent, fossils are the problem
• Water
– Clean&sweet water is scarce, energy can help
• Top Soil
– Lost Topsoil can be formed, but is it enough?
– Solutions global and local
18
Beyond Sustainability
• Materials
– Biological materials grow, but often not as fast
as we consume
– Technical materials are critical
• Recycling and upcycling are essential
• Need for separation/severability materials and
substances
• Redesign products and processes
Research
1. Energy, materials and use of space
2. Water, top soil and food production
3. Circular Economy
4. Society
• Building a community between various
societies and parties in the Built
Environment
Metropole region
Rotterdam Den Haag Roadmap Next Economy
19
OCAP-pipeline; CO2 from industry and power
delivers 400 kton/y CO2 fertilizer to 580
greenhouses
BMC Moerdijk; From Chicken Manure to power and
regaining phosphate from ashes as fertilizers
AEB Amsterdam; Growing proteins from residuals
in sewage treatment ‘Power to Protein’
Peter Luscuere
Beyond Sustainability
Building a Community
Delft University of Technology