Between 60,000-15,000 YA Homo sapiens spread throughout the world

Bering Land Bridge open to foot travel between 60,000 – 15,000 years agoHuman populations moved from Beringia

to the Americas ~ 13,000 years ago

Clovis projectile points 11,000 years old

Folsom projectile points 10,000 years old

Some evidence of settled life: Natufians, eastern

MediterraneanJomon, central JapanChinook, NW North America

The Neolithic Revolution: 12,000-6000 years ago

Revolution vs Transition??

Agriculture developed independently in various areas of the world

#1 9000 BCE

#2 7000 BCE#3 5000 BCE

Cultivation and Domestication??

Independent Invention vs Cultural Diffusion??

Why did agriculture develop in some areas and not in others??

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Population (millions)

Agriculture and Population Growth

Before Neolithic Revolution,global population = 4 million

Jericho, Israel 8000 BCE

Catal Huyuk, Anatolia 7250-5400 BCE

Pottery 10,000 BCE Jomon, JapanMetallurgy 6000 BCE copper Middle EastTextiles 6000 BCE

What are theAdvantages and

Disadvantages of Settled Life?

Benefits of these technologies?

Advantages of Settled Life Disadvantages of Settled Life

Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?

Advantages of Settled Life Disadvantages of Settled Life

Paleolithic VS. Neolithic?

Predictable food supply Ability to generate a food surplusCould sustain larger populationsLess vulnerable to environmentMore stable and secure societiesLess infanticide/ senilicideMore free time for non-food relatedactivitiesAllowed for craft specializationAllowed for the development of

“culture”

Class distinctions based on wealthNeed to secure orderNeed to develop means to protecttowns, villages and peopleClustered communities led to greater risk of epidemic diseasesLess egalitarianGender roles develop (patrilineal)Greater risk to the environmentLoss of mobile lifestyle leads to re-ordering of cultural values

What issues are problematic with the use of the word “civilization?

Are there qualities that all complex societies share and if so, what are they?

Qualities that all Complex Societies share:

1. Surplus of resources2. Trade3. Cities4. Craft and economic specialization5. Social stratification6. Some kind of organized system of government7. A codified system of law8. Religion or some kind of complex belief system9. Written language10. Arts, architecture and other cultural tradition

First Cities appear in the Tigris and Euphrates RiverValley ~ 4000 BCE

Chapter 2: Early Societies in SW Asia and the Indo-European Migrations

Early Mesopotamia3000-2500 BCE

GEOGRAPHYTheme 1: Human-Environment Interaction

Tigris-Euphrates River ValleyArid Climate – Few Natural Resources

Sumer : Elaborate Irrigation SystemsPopulations competed for limited resources

Russian SteppesPastoral Nomads – Indo-EuropeansDomesticated HorsesMigrated over extensive areas (central Asia by 2000 BCE then: Greece, Italy, central and western Europe, Britain later went into Iran and India (South Asia)Phoenicians: along the Eastern MediterraneanShipbuilding technologiesLed to extensive utilization of the sea:

trade and economic stability

Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE

RELIGION/BELIEF SYSEMACHIEVEMENTS

Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Cultures

POLYTEISM (Ziggaruts): Early MesopotamiaMONOTHEISM: Hebrews, Israelites and Jews: pastoral nomads, borrowed heavily from Mesopotamian traditions (more so than Egypt) Hebrews = monotheism (after 900 BCE, Moses embraces single god Yahweh: Hebrew written script = Torah (later influence?) Israelities eventually settled in Judea = known as Jews

Sumer: 3500 BCE: Wheel4500 BCE: CuneiformLiterature (Epic of Gilgamesh) (2150 BCE)

Phoenicians: Shipbuilding technologiesBronze technology (copper and tine) 4000 BCEIron metallurgy (1000 BCE)Astronomy, Calendars, MathematicsPhonetic Alphabet

Epic of Gilgamesh12 tablets

Remains of the Ziggarut of Ur

Israel and Phoenicia 1500-600 BCE

Jewish Community Phoenicians

Unified under a monarchyMonotheisticSettled agriculturalistsBuilt an elaborate cosmopolitan city

(Jerusalem)No ziggaruts (associated with the

false Mesopotamian gods)

No unifying monarchy(instead have city-states that wereindependent and ruled by local kings)No agriculturePolytheisticZiggarutsExcellent sailors, shipbuildersEstablished extensive trade networks

throughout Mediterranean

Literary tradition important (Old Testament/ Phoenician alphabet)Adopted Mesopotamian traditions, laws and customsSubjugated and overpowered by neighboring peoplesGreat influence over their neighboring geographic areasDistinct social classesSpecialized laborSpecialized economiesConstructed societies there were more complex than earlier societies

POLITICAL SYSTEMS and STRUCTURESTheme 3: State Building, Expansion and Conflict

Early conflict led to building of defensive walls, strong

militaryAssyrians = powerful army, chariots,

iron weapons, archersHebrews/Israelites: conquered by Egyptians, Assyrians,

and Babylonians

Expansion and Conflict:

What are the motivations for state building and expansion?

City-states/ ruled by absolute monarchsHittites: 2000 BCE: Rise and Fall?Centralized Authority tied to the godsSargon of Akkad (2370-2315 BCE): all of Mesopotamia, into the Black Sea (taxes)Assyrian Empire (1300-612 BCE): MERIT, Rise and Fall??Babylonian Empire: King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE)

Code of Hammurabi (Lex talionis)

Code of Hammurabi (1750 BCE)282 laws

152.From the time that the woman entered into the man’s house they together shall be liable for all debts subsequently incurred.

153.If a man’s wife, for the sake of another, has caused her husband to be killed, that woman shall be impaled.

154.If a man has committed incest with his daughter, thatman shall be banished from the city.

157.If a man, after his father’s death, has lain in the bosom of his mother, they shall both of them be burnt together.

195.If a son strike his father, his hands shall be (cut) off.

196.If a (noble) man put out the eye of another (noble) man,his eye shall be put out.

197.If he break another (noble) man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.

198.If he put out the eye of a (commoner), or break the bone of a (commoner), he shall pay one (silver) mina.

Mesopotamian Empires 1800-600 BCE

ECONOMIC SYSTEMSTheme 4: Creation, expansion and interaction of economic

systemsSmall scale agriculture (elaborate irrigation canals) (wheat, barley, rye, beer, wine, grapes, onions)Food surplus = population increaseInvention of the wheel facilitated tradeImproved shipbuilding facilitated tradeTrade throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Indus River Valley, Egypt and Afghanistan (by 2000 BCE)

State-level Economic success tied to political control ofthe economy (taxes, regulation and

control of trade and trade routes)SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

Theme 5: Development and transformation of social structures

With population increase, and wealth = social stratificationPATRIARCHALKings (hereditary) and nobles, priests/priestess, free commoners (peasants), dependent clients (no property), slaves (how?)

The Royal Standard of Ur: 2700 BCE

What type of professions are being represented?Who might have created this?Does dress indicate different social status? Does anything else?Does painting demonstrate any other cultural values? If so, what?