Berlin

This article is about the capital of Germany. For otheruses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

Berlin (/brln/; German pronunciation: [blin] ()) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 millionpeople,[4] Berlin is Germanys largest city. It is the sec-ond most populous city proper and the seventh mostpopulous urban area in the European Union.[5] Locatedin northeastern Germany on the River Spree, it is thecenter of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region,which has about 4.5 million residents from over 180nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its location in the EuropeanPlain, Berlin is inuenced by a temperate seasonal cli-mate. Around one third of the citys area is composed offorests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.[10]

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin became thecapital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417), theKingdom of Prussia (17011918), the German Empire(18711918), the Weimar Republic (191933) and theThird Reich (193345).[11] Berlin in the 1920s was thethird largest municipality in the world.[12] After WorldWar II, the city was divided; East Berlin became the cap-ital of East Germany while West Berlin became a defacto West German exclave, surrounded by the BerlinWall (19611989).[13] Following German reunication in1990, the city was once more designated as the capital ofall Germany, hosting 158 foreign embassies.[14]

Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media, andscience.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on high-techrms and the service sector, encompassing a diverserange of creative industries, research facilities, media cor-porations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves asa continental hub for air and rail trac and has a highlycomplex public transportation network. The metropolisis a popular tourist destination.[21] Signicant industriesalso include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineer-ing, clean tech, biotechnology, construction, and elec-tronics.Modern Berlin is home to renowned universities, orches-tras, museums, entertainment venues, and is host to manysporting events.[22] Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international lm productions.[23] Thecity is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture,nightlife, contemporary arts, and a high quality of liv-ing.[24] Over the last decade Berlin has seen the upcomingof a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene.[25]

1 HistoryMain articles: History of Berlin and Timeline of Berlin

1.1 EtymologyThe origin of the name Berlin is uncertain. It may haveits roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants ofthe area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the OldPolabian stem berl-/birl- (swamp).[26] Folk etymologyconnects the name to the German word for bear, Br. Abear also appears in the coat of arms of the city.

1.2 12th to 16th centuries

Map of Berlin in 1688

The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of to-days Berlin are a wooden rod dated from approximately1192[27] and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to1174 found in a 2012 digging in Berlin Mitte.[28] Therst written records of towns in the area of present-dayBerlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is rstmentioned in 1197 and Kpenick in 1209, although theseareas did not join Berlin until 1920.[29] The central partof Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Clln onthe Fischerinsel is rst mentioned in a 1237 document,and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called theNikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244.[27]The former (1237) is considered to be the founding dateof the city.[30] The two towns over time formed close eco-nomic and social ties. In 1307 they formed an alliancewith a common external policy, their internal administra-tions still being separated.[31][32]

1

2 1 HISTORY

In 1415, Frederick I became the elector of theMargraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until1440.[33] During the 15th century his successors wouldestablish Berlin-Clln as capital of the margraviate, andsubsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruleduntil 1918 in Berlin, rst as electors of Brandenburg, thenas kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emper-ors. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construc-tion of a new royal palace in the twin city Berlin-Clln.The protests of the town citizens against the building cul-minated in 1448, in the Berlin Indignation (BerlinerUnwille).[34][35] This protest was not successful, how-ever, and the citizenry lost many of its political and eco-nomic privileges. After the royal palace was nished in1451, it gradually came into use. From 1470, with thenew elector Albrecht III Achilles, Berlin-Clln becamethe new royal residence.[32] Ocially, the Berlin-Cllnpalace became permanent residence of the Brandenburgelectors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, when John Ci-cero came to power.[36] Berlin-Clln, however, had togive up its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, theelectors and the city ocially became Lutheran.[37]

1.3 17th to 19th centuries

Frederick the Great (17121786) was one of Europesenlightened monarchs.

The Thirty Years War between 1618 and 1648 dev-astated Berlin. One third of its houses were damagedor destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.[38]Frederick William, known as the Great Elector, whohad succeeded his father GeorgeWilliam as ruler in 1640,initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religioustolerance. With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick

William oered asylum to the French Huguenots. Morethan 15,000 Huguenots went to Brandenburg, of whom6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately 20 per-cent of Berlins residents were French, and their culturalinuence on the city was immense. Many other immi-grants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg.

Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 andexpanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in1900)

Since 1618, the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been inpersonal union with the Duchy of Prussia. In 1701, how-ever, the dual state formed the Kingdom of Prussia, asFrederick III, Elector of Brandenburg now crowned him-self as king Frederick I in Prussia. Berlin became thecapital of the new Kingdom. This was a successful at-tempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread state,and it was the rst time the city began to grow. In 1709Berlin merged with the four cities of Clln, Friedrich-swerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under thename Berlin, Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin.[31]

In 1740, Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great(17401786), came to power. Under the rule of Freder-ick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment. Fol-lowing Frances victory in the War of the Fourth Coali-tion, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806,but granted self-government to the city. In 1815, the citybecame part of the new Province of Brandenburg.The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the19th century; the citys economy and population ex-panded dramatically, and it became the main rail huband economic center of Germany. Additional suburbssoon developed and increased the area and population ofBerlin. In 1861, neighboring suburbs includingWedding,Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin.In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly foundedGerman Empire. In 1881, it became a city district sepa-rate from Brandenburg.

1.4 20th to 21st centuries 3

Street, Berlin (1913) by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

1.4 20th to 21st centuries

After 1910 Berlin had become a fertile ground for theGerman Expressionist movement. In elds such asarchitecture, painting and cinema new forms of artis-tic styles were invented. At the end of World War Iin 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheide-mann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the GreaterBerlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, vil-lages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city.The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2(25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled andBerlin had a population of around four million. Duringthe Weimar era, Berlin underwent political unrest dueto economic uncertainties, but also became a renownedcenter of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experi-enced its heyday as a major world capital and was knownfor its leadership roles in science, the humanities, cityplanning, lm, higher education, government, and indus-tries. Albert Einstein rose to public prominence duringhis years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize forPhysics in 1921.In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power.NSDAP rule eectively destroyed Berlins Jewish com-munity, which had numbered 160,000, representing one-third of all Jews in the country. Berlins Jewish pop-ulation fell to about 80,000 as a result of emigrationbetween 1933 and 1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938,thousands of the citys persecuted groups were impris-oned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration campor, starting in early 1943, were shipped to death camps,

Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).

such as Auschwitz.[39] During World War II, large partsof Berlin were destroyed in the 194345 air raids andduring the Battle of Berlin. Around 125,000 civilianswere killed.[40] After the end of the war in Europe in1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees fromthe Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided thecity into four sectors, analogous to the occupation zonesinto which Germany was divided. The sectors of theWestern Allies (the United States, the United Kingdomand France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sectorformed East Berlin.[41]

The Berlin Wall in 1986, painted on the western side. Peoplecrossing the so-called death strip on the eastern side were atrisk of being shot.

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities forBerlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Alliesextended the currency reform in the Western zones ofGermany to the three western sectors of Berlin, theSoviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routesto and fromWest Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin airlift, conducted by thethree western Allies, overcame this blockade by supply-ing food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 toMay 1949.[42] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germanywas founded in West Germany and eventually includedall of the American, British, and French zones, excludingthose three countries zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-

4 2 GEOGRAPHY

Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimedin East Germany. West Berlin ocially remained an oc-cupied city, but it politically was aligned with the FederalRepublic of Germany despite West Berlins geographicisolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted onlyto American, British, and French airlines.

The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. On 3 October1990, the German reunication process was formally nished.

The founding of the two German states increased ColdWar tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East Ger-man territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Easternpart as its capital, a move that was not recognized by thewestern powers. East Berlin included most of the historiccenter of the city. The West German government estab-lished itself in Bonn.[43] In 1961, East Germany began thebuilding of the BerlinWall between East andWest Berlin,and events escalated to a tank stando at CheckpointCharlie. West Berlin was now de facto a part of WestGermany with a unique legal status, while East Berlinwas de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedygave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech in 1963 under-lining the US support for the Western part of the city.Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possiblefor Westerners to pass from one to the other side throughstrictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travelto West Berlin or West Germany prohibited. In 1971,a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and fromWest Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[44]

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure fromthe East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9November and was subsequently mostly demolished. To-day, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion ofthe Wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germanywere reunied as the Federal Republic of Germany, andBerlin again became the ocial German capital. In 1991,the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted tomove theseat of the (West) German capital from Bonn to Berlin,which was completed in 1999. Berlins 2001 adminis-trative reform merged several districts. The number ofboroughs were reduced from 23 to twelve. In 2006 theFIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

2 GeographyMain article: Geography of Berlin

Central Berlin. Unter den Linden in foreground andskyscrapers of Potsdamer Platz up to the right.

Berlin Mitte skyline in the 21st century. Landmarksfrom left to right: Reichstag building, FernsehturmBerlin, Berlin Cathedral, City hall, Brandenburg Gate

2.1 Topography

Aerial view over Berlin Mitte.

Berlin is situated in northeastern Germany, in an areaof low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly attopography, part of the vast Northern European Plainwhich stretches all the way from northern France to west-

2.3 Cityscape 5

ern Russia. The Berliner Urstromtal (an ice age glacialvalley), between the low Barnim Plateau to the north andthe Teltow Plateau to the south, was formed by meltwaterowing from ice sheets at the end of the last Weichselianglaciation. The Spree follows this valley now. In Span-dau, Berlins westernmost borough, the Spree emptiesinto the river Havel, which ows from north to souththrough western Berlin. The course of the Havel is morelike a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See andGroerWannsee. A series of lakes also feeds into the up-per Spree, which ows through the Groer Mggelsee ineastern Berlin.[45]

Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend ontothe low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Val-ley. Large parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf andPankow lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most ofthe boroughs of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schneberg, and Neuklln lie onthe Teltow Plateau.The borough of Spandau lies partly within the BerlinGlacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, whichstretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevationsin Berlin are the Teufelsberg and the Mggelberge in thecitys outskirts, and in the center the Kreuzberg. Whilethe latter measures 66 m (217 ft) above sea level, the for-mer both have an elevation of about 115 m (377 ft). TheTeufelsberg is in fact an articial hill composed of a pileof rubble from the ruins of World War II.

2.2 Climate

The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numer-ous lakes

Berlin has an oceanic climate (Cfb) according to theKppen climate classication system.Summers are warm and sometimes humid with averagehigh temperatures of 2225 C (7277 F) and lows of1214 C (5457 F). Winters are cold with average hightemperatures of 3 C (37 F) and lows of 2 to 0 C (28to 32 F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild.Berlins built-up area creates a microclimate, with heatstored by the citys buildings. Temperatures can be 4 C(7 F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.[46]

Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) withmoderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainlyoccurs from December through March, but snow coverdoes not usually remain for long. The recent winter of2009/2010 was an exception since there was a permanentsnow cover from late December till early March.[47]

2.3 Cityscape

View over Berlin-Mitte.

Berlins history has left the city with a highly eclecticarray of architecture and buildings. The citys appear-ance today is predominantly shaped by the key role itplayed in Germanys history in the 20th century. Eachof the national governments based in Berlinthe King-dom of Prussia, the 1871 German Empire, the WeimarRepublic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the re-unied Germanyinitiated ambitious (re-) constructionprograms, with each adding its own distinctive style to thecitys architecture.Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during WorldWar II, and many of the buildings that had remained afterthe war were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s in bothWest and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was ini-tiated by municipal architecture programs to build newresidential or business quarters and main roads.

2.4 Architecture

Main article: Architecture in BerlinThe Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitteis among the tallest structures in the European Union at368 m (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughoutmost of the central districts of Berlin. The city can beviewed from its 204 m (669 ft) high observation oor.Starting here the Karl-Marx-Allee heads east, an avenuelined by monumental residential buildings, designed inthe Socialist Classicism style. Adjacent to this area isthe Rotes Rathaus (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is the Neptunbrunnen,a fountain featuring a mythological group of Tritons,personications of the four main Prussian rivers andNeptune on top of it.

6 2 GEOGRAPHY

A residential building in Kreuzberg.

The Brandenburg Gate.

The Brandenburg Gate is an iconic landmark of Berlinand Germany. The Reichstag building is the traditionalseat of the German Parliament, was remodeled by Britisharchitect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glassdome over the session area, which allows free public ac-cess to the parliamentary proceedings and magnicentviews of the city.The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of artpainted directly on the last existing portions of the BerlinWall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the cityshistorical division.The Gendarmenmarkt, a neoclassical square in Berlin thename of which derives from the headquarters of the fa-mousGens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th cen-tury, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, theFranzsischer Dom with its observation platform and theDeutscher Dom. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), homeof the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between thetwo cathedrals.The Museum Island in the River Spree houses ve muse-ums built from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO WorldHeritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main

Potsdamer Platz at night.

entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstructionof the Stadtschloss is continuing.[50][51] Also located onthe island and adjacent to the Lustgarten and palace isBerlin Cathedral, emperorWilliam IIs ambitious attemptto create a Protestant counterpart to St. Peters Basilicain Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some ofthe earlier Prussian royal family. St. Hedwigs Cathedralis Berlins Roman Catholic cathedral.

View towards Friedrichstrae

Unter den Linden is a tree-lined eastwest avenue fromthe Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former BerlinerStadtschloss, and was once Berlins premier promenade.Many Classical buildings line the street and part ofHumboldt University is located there. Friedrichstraewas Berlins legendary street during the Golden Twenties.It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern ar-chitecture of todays Berlin.Potsdamer Platz is an entire quarter built from scratchafter 1995 after the Wall came down.[52] To the west ofPotsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses theGemldegalerie, and is anked by the Neue Nationalga-lerie and the Berliner Philharmonie. The Memorial tothe Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial, issituated to the north.[53]

7The area around Hackescher Markt is home to the fash-ionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs,bars, and galleries. This includes the Hackesche Hfe,a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards,reconstructed around 1996. The nearby New Synagogueis the center of Jewish culture.

Schloss Charlottenburg is the largest existing palace in Berlin.

The Strae des 17. Juni, connecting the BrandenburgGate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central East-West-Axis. Its name commemorates the uprisings in EastBerlin of 17 June 1953. Approximately half-way fromthe Brandenburg Gate is the Groer Stern, a circular traf-c island on which the Siegessule (Victory Column) issituated. This monument, built to commemorate Prus-sias victories, was relocated 193839 from its previousposition in front of the Reichstag.The Kurfrstendamm is home to some of Berlins luxu-rious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Churchat its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz. The church wasdestroyed in the Second World War and left in ru-ins. Nearby on Tauentzienstrae is KaDeWe, claimedto be continental Europes largest department store. TheRathaus Schneberg, where John F. Kennedy made hisfamous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech, is situated inTempelhof-Schneberg.West of the center, Schloss Bellevue is the residence ofthe German President. Schloss Charlottenburg, whichwas burnt out in the Second World War is the largest his-torical palace in Berlin.The Funkturm Berlin is a 150 m (490 ft) tall lattice radiotower at the fair area, built between 1924 and 1926. It isthe only observation tower which stands on insulators andhas a restaurant 55 m (180 ft) and an observation deck126 m (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by awindowed elevator.See also: List of sights in Berlin and List of tallestbuildings in Berlin

3 DemographicsMain article: Demographics of BerlinOn 31 December 2013, the city-state of Berlin had a

Young Berliners at the Tiergarten

population of 3,517,424 registered inhabitants[4] in anarea of 891.85 km2 (344.35 sq mi).[54] The citys pop-ulation density was 3,944 inhabitants per km2. Berlinis the second most populous city proper in the EU. Theurban area of Berlin comprised about 4 million peoplemaking it the seventh most populous urban area in theEuropean Union.[5] The metropolitan area of the Berlin-Brandenburg region was home to about 4.5 million inan area of 5,370 km2 (2,070 sq mi). In 2004, theLarger Urban Zone was home to about 5 million peoplein an area of 17,385 km2 (6,712 sq mi).[9] The entireBerlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of 6million.[55]

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

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nerzah

l

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Berlins population 18802012

National and international migration into the city has along history. In 1685, following the revocation of theEdict of Nantes in France, the city responded with theEdict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedomand tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for tenyears. The Greater Berlin Act in 1920 incorporated manysuburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed mostof the territory that comprises modern Berlin and in-creased the population from 1.9 million to 4 million.Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlintriggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s.

8 4 GOVERNMENT

Currently, Berlin is home to about 200,000 Turks,[56]making it the largest Turkish community outside ofTurkey. In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze enabled im-migration to Germany of some residents from the for-mer Soviet Union. Today ethnic Germans from coun-tries of the former Soviet Union make up the largestportion of the Russian-speaking community.[57] The lastdecade experienced an inux from variousWestern coun-tries and some African regions.[58] Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have settled in the city.

3.1 International communities

In December 2013, 538,729 residents (15.3% of the pop-ulation) were of foreign nationality, originating from over180 dierent countries.[60] Another estimated 460,000citizens in 2013 are descendants of international migrantsand have either become naturalized German citizens orobtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany.[61] In2008, about 25%30% of the population was of foreignorigin.[62] 45 percent of the residents under the age of 18have foreign roots.[63] Berlin is estimated to have from100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.[64]

There are more than 25 non-indigenous communitieswith a population of at least 10,000 people, includingTurkish, Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian,Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Bul-garian, Chinese, Austrian, Ghanaian, Ukrainian, French,British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syr-ian communities.The most-commonly-spoken foreign languages in Berlinare Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish,Vietnamese, Serbian, Croatian and French. Turkish,Arabic, Kurdish, Serbian and Croatian are heard moreoften in the western part, due to the large Middle East-ern and former-Yugoslavian communities. English, Viet-namese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakersin eastern Berlin.[65]

See also: Turks in Berlin, Arabs in Berlin andVietnamesecommunity of Berlin

3.2 Religion

Main article: Religion of Berlin

More than 60% of Berlin residents have no regis-tered religious aliation.[66] The largest denominationsin 2010 were the Protestant regional church body ofthe Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-SilesianUpper Lusatia (EKBO) (a church of united administra-tion comprising mostly Lutheran, and few Reformed andUnited Protestant congregations; EKBO is a member ofthe umbrellas Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD)and Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK)) with 18.7%

of the population,[67] and the Roman Catholic Churchwith 9.1% of registered members.[67] About 2.7% of thepopulation identify with other Christian denominations(mostly Eastern Orthodox)[68] and 8.1% are Muslims.[69]0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions.[70] Approxi-mately 80% of the 12,000 registered Jews, 0.3%[68] nowresiding in Berlin have come from the former SovietUnion.

Berlin Cathedral, held by the Protestant congregation UEK.

Berlin is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop ofBerlin and EKBO's elected chairperson is titled bishop ofEKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of manyOrthodoxcathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist,one of the two seats of the Bulgarian Orthodox Dioceseof Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection ofChrist Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchateof Moscow).The faithful of the dierent religions and denomina-tions maintain many places of worship in Berlin. TheIndependent Evangelical Lutheran Church has eightparishes of dierent sizes in Berlin.[71] There are 36Baptist congregations (within Union of Evangelical FreeChurch Congregations in Germany), 29 New ApostolicChurches, 15 United Methodist churches, eight FreeEvangelical Congregations, six congregations of TheChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an OldCatholic church, and an Anglican church in Berlin.Berlin has 76 mosques (including 3 Ahmadiyyamosques), eleven synagogues, and two Buddhist temples,in addition to a number of humanist and atheist groups.

4 Government

Main article: Politics of Berlin

4.3 Sister cities 9

Mayor since 2001, Klaus Wowereit

4.1 City state

Since the reunication on 3 October 1990, Berlin hasbeen one of the three city states in Germany among thepresent 16 states of Germany. The city and state par-liament is the House of Representatives (Abgeordneten-haus), which currently has 141 seats. Berlins executivebody is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). The Sen-ate of Berlin consists of the Governing Mayor (Regieren-der Brgermeister) and up to eight senators holding min-isterial positions, one of them holding the ocial ti-tle Mayor (Brgermeister) as deputy to the GoverningMayor.The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (DieLinke) took control of the city government after the2001 state election and won another term in the 2006state election.[72] Since the 2011 state election, there hasbeen a coalition of the Social Democratic Party with theChristian Democratic Union, and for the rst time ever,the Pirate Party won seats in a state parliament in Ger-many.The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor ofthe city (Oberbrgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minis-ter of the Federal State (Ministerprsident des Bundeslan-des). The oce of Berlins Governing Mayor is in theRotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). Since 2001 this ocehas been held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD.[73] On Au-gust 26, 2014, Wowereit announced his resignation as ofDecember 11, 2014.[74]

The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded20.5 ($28.7) billion including a budget surplus of 80($112) million.[75] The total budget included an esti-mated amount of 5.5 ($7.7) bn, which is directly -nanced by either the German government or the GermanBundeslnder.[76]

4.2 Boroughs

Main article: Boroughs and localities of BerlinBerlin is subdivided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke).

Each borough contains a number of localities (Ortsteile),

Berlins twelve boroughs and their 96 localities.

which often have historic roots in older municipalitiesthat predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 Octo-ber 1920 and became urbanized and incorporated intothe city. Many residents strongly identify with theirlocalities or boroughs. At present Berlin consists of96 localities, which are commonly made up of severalcity neighborhoodscalled Kiez in the Berlin dialectrepresenting small residential areas.Each borough is governed by a borough council (Bezirk-samt) consisting of ve councilors (Bezirksstadtrte)and a borough mayor (Bezirksbrgermeister). Theborough council is elected by the borough assembly(Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs ofBerlin are not independent municipalities, however. Thepower of borough administration is limited and subordi-nate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors formthe council of mayors (Rat der Brgermeister), led by thecitys governing mayor, which advises the senate. The lo-calities have no local government bodies.

4.3 Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Berlin maintains ocial partnerships with 17 cities.[77]Town twinning between Berlin and other cities beganwith sister city Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlins part-nerships were canceled at the time of German reunica-tion and later partially reestablished. West Berlins part-nerships had previously been restricted to the boroughlevel. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had re-ected the dierent power blocs, with West Berlin part-nering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostlypartnering with cities from theWarsaw Pact and its allies.There are several joint projects with many other cities,such as Beirut, Belgrade, So Paulo, Copenhagen,Helsinki, Johannesburg, Mumbai, Oslo, Shanghai, Seoul,Soa, Sydney, New York City and Vienna. Berlin partic-

10 5 ECONOMY

ipates in international city associations such as the Unionof the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Net-work of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, SummitConference of the Worlds Major Cities, and Conferenceof the Worlds Capital Cities. Berlins ocial sister citiesare:[77]

4.4 Capital city

Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Ger-many. The President of Germany, whose functions aremainly ceremonial under the German constitution, hashis ocial residence in Schloss Bellevue.[81] Berlin is theseat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery,the Bundeskanzleramt. Facing the Chancellery is theBundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the ren-ovated Reichstag building since the government movedback to Berlin in 1998. The Bundesrat (federal coun-cil, performing the function of an upper house) is therepresentation of the Federal States (Bundeslnder) ofGermany and has its seat at the former Prussian Houseof Lords.

The Reichstag, seat of the Bundestag

The German Chancellery

The Italian embassy

The Federal Ministry of Finance

Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin,some of them, as well as some minor departments, areseated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.Discussions to move the remaining branches continue.[82]The ministries and departments of Defence , Justiceand Consumer Protection, Finance, Interior, Foreign,Economic Aairs and Energy, Labour and Social Aairs, Family Aairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth,Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nu-clear Safety, Food and Agriculture, Economic Coopera-tion and Development, Health, Transport and Digital In-frastructure and Education and Research are based in thecapital.Berlin hosts 158 foreign embassies as well as the head-quarters of many think tanks, trade unions, non-protorganizations, lobbying groups, and professional associa-tions. Due to the inuence and international partnershipsof the Federal Republic of Germany as a state, the cap-ital city has become a venue for German and Europeanaairs. Frequent ocial visits, and diplomatic consul-tations among governmental representatives and nationalleaders are common in contemporary Berlin.

5 EconomyMain article: Economy of BerlinIn 2013, the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin expe-

Berlin is a UNESCO City of Design and recognized for its cre-ative industries and start-up environment.

rienced a growth rate of 1.2% (0.6% in Germany) andtotaled 109.2 (~$142) billion.[83] Berlins economy isdominated by the service sector, with around 80% of allcompanies doing business in services. The unemploy-ment rate reached a 20-year low in June 2014 and stoodat 11.0% .[84]

Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sci-ences, transportation, information and communicationtechnologies, media and music, advertising and de-sign, biotechnology, environmental services, construc-tion, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medicalengineering.[85]

Research and development have economic signicancefor the city. The metropolitan region ranks among thetop-3 innovative locations in the EU.[86] The Scienceand Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technol-ogy park in Germany measured by revenue.[87] Withinthe Eurozone, Berlin has become a center for businessrelocation and international investments.[88]

5.1 Companies

Air Berlin is headquartered in Berlin.

5.3 Creative industries 11

Many German and international companies have busi-ness or service centers in the city. For some years Berlinhas been recognized as a center of business founders inEurope.[89] Among the 10 largest employers in Berlinare the City-State of Berlin, Deutsche Bahn, the hospitalprovider Charit and Vivantes, the local public transportprovider BVG, and Deutsche Telekom.Daimler manufactures cars, and BMW builds motorcy-cles in Berlin. Bayer Health Care and Berlin Chemie aremajor pharmaceutical companies headquartered in thecity. The second largest German airline Air Berlin isbased there as well.[90]

Siemens, a Global 500 and DAX-listed company is partlyheadquartered in Berlin. The national railway operatorDeutsche Bahn and the MDAX-listed media conglom-erate Axel Springer SE have their headquarters in thecentral districts.[91] Berlin has a cluster of rail technol-ogy companies and is the German headquarter or siteto Bombardier Transportation,[92] Siemens Mobility,[93]Stadler Rail and Thales Transportation.[94]

5.2 Tourism and conventions

The ICC is part of the citys exhibition and congress center.

Berlin had 786 hotels with over 132,600 beds in 2013.[95]The city recorded 26.9 million overnight hotel stays and11.3million hotel guests in 2013.[95] Tourism gures havemore than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin hasbecome the third most-visited city destination in Europe.Berlin is among the top three congress cities in the worldand home to Europes biggest convention center, theInternationales Congress Centrum (ICC) at the MesseBerlin.[19] Several large-scale trade fairs like the con-sumer electronics trade fair IFA, the ILA Berlin AirShow, the Berlin Fashion Week (including the Bread andButter tradeshow), the Green Week, the transport fairInnoTrans, the tourism fair ITB and the adult entertain-ment and erotic fair Venus are held annually in the city,attracting a signicant number of business visitors.

5.3 Creative industries

Industries that do business in the creative arts and enter-tainment are an important and sizable sector of the econ-omy of Berlin. The creative arts sector comprises mu-sic, lm, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion,performing arts, publishing, R&D, software,[96] TV, ra-dio, and video games. Around 22,600 creative enter-prises, predominantly SMEs, generated over 18,6 billionEuro in total revenue. Berlins creative industries havecontributed an estimated 20% of Berlins gross domesticproduct in 2005.[97]

5.4 Media

Main articles: Media in Berlin and List of lms set inBerlinBerlin is home to many international and regional tele-

Headquarter of the Axel Springer SE

vision and radio stations.[98] The public broadcaster RBBhas its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercialbroadcasters MTV Europe, VIVA, and N24. Germaninternational public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has itsTV production unit in Berlin, and most national Germanbroadcasters have a studio in the city including ZDF andRTL.Berlin has Germanys largest number of daily newspa-pers, with numerous local broadsheets (Berliner Mor-genpost, Berliner Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel), and threemajor tabloids, as well as national dailies of varying

12 6 INFRASTRUCTURE

sizes, each with a dierent political aliation, suchas Die Welt, Neues Deutschland, and Die Tageszeitung.The Exberliner, a monthly magazine, is Berlins English-language periodical focusing on arts and entertain-ment. Berlin is also the headquarters of the two majorGerman-language publishing houses Walter de Gruyterand Springer, each of which publish books, periodicals,and multimedia products.Berlin is an important center in the European andGermanlm industry.[99] It is home to more than 1000 lmand television production companies, 270 movie the-aters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are lmed in the region every year.[86] Thehistoric Babelsberg Studios and the production companyUFA are located outside Berlin in Potsdam. The cityis also home of the European Film Academy and theGerman Film Academy, and hosts the annual Berlin FilmFestival. With around 500,000 admissions it is the largestpublicly attended lm festival in the world.[100][101]

6 Infrastructure

6.1 Transport

Main article: Transport in BerlinBerlins transport infrastructure is highly complex, pro-

Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest grade-separated railway sta-tion in Europe.

viding a diverse range of urban mobility.[102] A total of979 bridges cross 197 km (122 mi) of inner-city water-ways. 5,334 km (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin,of which 73 km (45 mi) are motorways ("Autobahn").[86]In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles were registered inthe city.[103] With 358 cars per 1000 residents in 2008(570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global cityhas one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.[104]

Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the ma-jor cities of Germany and with many cities in neighbor-ing European countries. Regional rail lines provide ac-cess to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and tothe Baltic Sea. The Berlin Hauptbahnhof is the largest

grade-separated railway station in Europe.[105] DeutscheBahn runs trains to domestic destinations like Hamburg,Munich, Cologne and others. It also runs an airport ex-press rail service, as well as trains to several internationaldestinations, e.g. Vienna, Prague, Zurich, Warsaw andAmsterdam.

Public transport

The Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe and the Deutsche Bahnmanage several dense urban public transport systems.[106]

Airports

Berlin Tegel Airport

Berlin departing ights serve 163 destinations around theglobe

Berlin has two commercial airports. Berlin Tegel Airport(TXL), which lies within the city limits, and SchnefeldAirport (SXF), which is situated just outside Berlinssouth-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Bothairports together handled 26,3 million passengers in2013. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in50 countries from Berlin.[107] Tegel Airport is an im-portant hub for Air Berlin as well as a focus city forLufthansa, whereas Schnefeld services mainly low-costcarriers, most notably easyJet.Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) will replace Tegel andSchnefeld as single commercial airport of Berlin.[108]The new airport has been delayed several timesdue to poor construction management and technicaldiculties.[109] As of August 2014, it is not known whenBER will become operational.[110]

Cycling

Main article: Cycling in Berlin

6.3 Health 13

Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lanesystem.[111] It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicyclesper 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders ac-counted for 13% of total trac in 2009.[112] Cyclists haveaccess to 620 km (385 mi) of bicycle paths including ap-proximately 150 km (93 mi) of mandatory bicycle paths,190 km (118 mi) (120 miles) of o-road bicycle routes,60 km (37 mi) of bicycle lanes on roads, 70 km (43 mi)of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100km (62mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km(31 mi) of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements(or sidewalks).[113]

6.2 Energy

Heizkraftwerk Mitte

Berlins energy is mainly supplied by the Swedish rmVattenfall, which relies more heavily than other elec-tricity producers on lignite as an energy source. Be-cause burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vat-tenfall has announced its commitment to transitioning tocleaner sources, such as renewable energy.[114] In the for-mer West Berlin, electricity was supplied chiey by ther-mal power stations. To facilitate buering during loadpeaks, accumulators were installed during the 1980s atsome of these power stations. These were connected bystatic inverters to the power grid and were loaded duringtimes of low energy consumption and unloaded duringperiods of high consumption.In 1993 the power grid connections to the surroundingareas were restored. In the western districts of Berlin,

nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substationto the urban Autobahn, use overhead lines. The Berlin380-kV electric line was built when West Berlins electri-cal grid was not connected to those of East or West Ger-many. This has now become the backbone of the citysenergy grid.

6.3 Health

The Charit university hospital.

Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine andinnovations in medical technology.[115] The modern his-tory of medicine has been signicantly inuenced by sci-entists from Berlin. Rudolf Virchow was the founderof cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vac-cines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.[116]

The Charit hospital complex is the largest university hos-pital in Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710.The Charit is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300beds, around 14,000 sta, 7,000 students, and more than60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of over one bil-lion euros annually.[117] The Charit is a joint institutionof the Freie Universitt Berlin and the Humboldt Univer-sity of Berlin, including a wide range of institutes andspecialized medical centers.Among them are the German Heart Center, one ofthe most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbrck-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. The scienticresearch at these institutions is complemented by manyresearch departments of companies such as Siemens andBayer. The World Health Summit and several inter-national health related conventions are held annually inBerlin.

7 EducationMain article: Education in BerlinBerlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and

14 7 EDUCATION

The Humboldt University

elsewhere.[86] The city has a six-year primary educationprogram. After completing primary school, students con-tinue to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) orGymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has aspecial bilingual school program embedded in the Eu-ropaschule in which children are taught the curriculumin German and a foreign language, starting in primaryschool and continuing in high school. Nine major Eu-ropean languages can be chosen as foreign languages in29 schools.[118]

The Franzsisches Gymnasium Berlin, which wasfounded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenotrefugees, oers (German/French) instruction.[119] TheJohn F. Kennedy School, a bilingual GermanAmericanpublic school located in Zehlendorf, is particularly pop-ular with children of diplomats and the English-speakingexpatriate community. Four schools teach Latin andClassical Greek. Two of them are state schools (SteglitzerGymnasium in Steglitz and Goethe-Gymnasium inWilmersdorf), one is Protestant (Evangelisches Gym-nasium zum Grauen Kloster in Wilmersdorf), and oneis Jesuit (Canisius-Kolleg in the Embassy Quarter inTiergarten).

7.1 Higher education

Main article: List of universities, colleges, and researchinstitutions in BerlinThe Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the mostprolic centers of higher education and research in Ger-

The Freie Universitt

many and Europe. Historically, 40 Nobel Prize winnersare aliated with the Berlin-based universities.The city has four public research universities and 27 pri-vate, professional, and technical colleges (Hochschulen),oering a wide range of disciplines.[120] Over 160,000students were enrolled in the winter term of 2012/13.[121]The three largest universities combined have approx-imately 100,000 enrolled students. There are theHumboldt Universitt zu Berlin (HU Berlin) with 34,000students, the Freie Universitt Berlin (Free University ofBerlin, FU Berlin) with about 34,500 students, and theTechnische Universitt Berlin (TU Berlin) with 30,000students. The Universitt der Knste (UdK) has about4,000 students and the Berlin School of Economics andLaw has enrollment of about 9,000 students.

7.2 Research

Science and Technology Park in Adlershof

The city has a high density of research institutions, such asthe Fraunhofer Society, Leibniz Association and the MaxPlanck Society, which are independent of, or only looselyconnected to its universities. In 2008, 62,000 scientistswere working in research and development in the city.[86]Berlin is one of the centers of knowledge and innovationcommunities of the European Institute of Innovation andTechnology (EIT).[122]

In addition to the libraries that are aliated with the var-ious universities, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin is a majorresearch library. Its two main locations are on PotsdamerStrae and on Unter den Linden. There are also 86 pub-lic libraries in the city.[86] ResearchGate, a global socialnetworking site for scientists, is based in Berlin.

8.1 Galleries and museums 15

8 CultureMain article: Culture in Berlin

The Alte Nationalgalerie is part of the Museum Island, aUNESCO World Heritage Site

The Berlinale is considered to be the largest internationalspectator lm festival.

Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions,many of which enjoy international reputation.[22][123] Thediversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendset-ting atmosphere.[124] An innovative music, dance and artscene has developed in the 21st century.Young people, international artists and entrepreneurscontinued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popu-lar entertainment center in Europe.[125]

The expanding cultural performance of the city was un-derscored by the relocation of the Universal Music Groupand MTV who decided to move their headquarters andmain studios to the banks of the River Spree.[126] In 2005,Berlin was named City of Design by UNESCO.[20]

8.1 Galleries and museums

See also: List of museums and galleries in BerlinAs of 2011 Berlin is home to 138 museums and morethan 400 art galleries.[86] [127] The ensemble on theMuseum Island is a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site and issituated in the northern part of the Spree Island betweenthe Spree and the Kupfergraben.[22] As early as 1841 itwas designated a district dedicated to art and antiqui-ties by a royal decree. Subsequently, the Altes Museumwas built in the Lustgarten. The Neues Museum, whichdisplays the bust of Queen Nefertiti,[128] Alte Nationalga-lerie, Pergamon Museum, and Bode Museum were builtthere. While these buildings once housed distinct collec-tions, the names of the buildings no longer necessarilycorrespond to the names of their collections.

The Jewish Museum presents two millennia of GermanJewishhistory.

Apart from the Museum Island, there are many addi-tional museums in the city. The Gemldegalerie (Paint-ing Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the old mas-ters from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the NeueNationalgalerie (New National Gallery, built by LudwigMies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th-century Europeanpainting. The Hamburger Bahnhof, located in Moabit,exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporaryart. In spring 2006, the expanded Deutsches HistorischesMuseum re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview ofGerman history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in1989. The Bauhaus Archive is an architecture museum.

The reconstructed Ishtar Gate of Babylon at the Pergamon Mu-seum.

The JewishMuseum has a standing exhibition on twomil-

16 8 CULTURE

lennia of German-Jewish history.[129] The German Mu-seum of Technology in Kreuzberg has a large collec-tion of historical technical artifacts. The Museum frNaturkunde exhibits natural history near Berlin Haupt-bahnhof. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world(a brachiosaurus), and a preserved specimen of the earlybird Archaeopteryx.[130]

In Dahlem, there are several museums of world artand culture, such as the Museum of Asian Art, theEthnological Museum, the Museum of European Cul-tures, as well as the Allied Museum (a museum of theCold War) and the Brcke Museum (an art museum). InLichtenberg, on the grounds of the former East GermanMinistry for State Security (Stasi), is the Stasi Museum.The site of Checkpoint Charlie, one of themost renownedcrossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved andalso has a museum, a private venture which exhibits com-prehensive documentation of detailed plans and strate-gies devised by people who tried to ee from the East.The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum claims to be the worldslargest erotic museum.[131]

8.2 Nightlife and festivals

French Cathedral during the annual Festival of Lights

Berlins nightlife is one of the most diverse and vibrant ofits kind in Europe.[132] Throughout the 1990s, people intheir twenties from many countries, particularly those in

Western and Central Europe, made Berlins club scenea premier nightlife venue. After the fall of the BerlinWall in 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the for-mer city center of East Berlin, were illegally occupied andre-built by young squatters and became a fertile groundfor underground and counterculture gatherings. The cen-tral boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including theclubs Watergate, Tresor, E-Werk, and Berghain. TheKitKatClub and several other locations are known for sex-ually uninhibited parties.Clubs are not required to close at a xed time on theweekends, and many parties last well into the morning, orall weekend. Berghain features the Panorama Bar, a barthat opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers apanorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night.The Weekend Club near Alexanderplatz features a roofterrace that allows partying at almost any time of the day.

Berghain

The SO36 in Kreuzberg originally focused largely onpunk music, but today has become a venue for many per-formances. SOUND, located from 1971 to 1988 in Tier-garten and today in Charlottenburg, gained notoriety inthe late 1970s for its popularity with heroin users andother drug addicts as described in Christiane F.'s bookWir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo.[133]

The Karneval der Kulturen (Carnival of Cultures), amulti-ethnic street parade celebrated every Pentecostweekend,[134] and the Christopher Street Day are bothsupported by the citys government.[135] Berlin is also wellknown for the cultural festival, Berliner Festspiele, whichincludes the jazz festival JazzFest Berlin. Several tech-nology and media art festivals and conferences are heldin the city, including Transmediale and Chaos Commu-nication Congress. The annual Berlin Festival is focusingon indie rock and electro pop and is part of the interna-tional Berlin Music Week.[136][137]

8.3 Performing arts

Main article: Music in BerlinBerlin is home to 44 theaters and stages.[86] The

Deutsches Theater in Mitte was built in 184950 and hasoperated continuously since then, except for a one-yearbreak (194445) due to the Second World War. The

8.4 LGBT life 17

Sir Simon Rattle conducting the renowned Berlin Philharmonic.

Volksbhne at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz was built in 191314, though the company had been founded in 1890. TheBerliner Ensemble, famous for performing the works ofBertolt Brecht, was established in 1949, not far fromthe Deutsches Theater. The Schaubhne was founded in1962 in a building in Kreuzberg, but in 1981 moved tothe building of the former Universum Cinema on Kur-frstendamm.

Dance show at Friedrichstadt-Palast

Berlin has three major opera houses: the Deutsche Oper,the Berlin State Opera, and the Komische Oper. TheBerlin State Opera on Unter den Linden opened in 1742and is the oldest of the three. Its current musical direc-tor is Daniel Barenboim. The Komische Oper has tra-ditionally specialized in operettas and is located at Unterden Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912in Charlottenburg. During the division of the city from1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in WestBerlin. The citys main venue for musical theater perfor-mances is the Theater des Westens (built 1895).There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. TheBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the preeminentorchestras in the world;[138] it is housed in the BerlinerPhilharmonie near Potsdamer Platz on a street namedfor the orchestras longest-serving conductor, Herbert von

Karajan.[139] The current principal conductor is SimonRattle.[140] TheKonzerthausorchester Berlin was foundedin 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Phil-harmonic was based in West Berlin. Its current principalconductor is Ivan Fischer. The Haus der Kulturen derWelt presents various exhibitions dealing with intercul-tural issues and stages world music and conferences.[141]

8.4 LGBT lifeBerlin has a long history of gay culture and according tosome authors, in the 1920s the city was the Gay Capitalof Europe. In 1896 Berlin started the rst gay magazineand the rst gay demonstration was held in 1922.[142] To-day the city again has a huge number of gay clubs andfestivals. The most famous are Berlin Pride (one of Eu-ropes largest gay-lesbian pride event celebrated in June),the Lesbian and Gay City Festival in Berlin-SchnebergandKreuzberg Pride in June, DykeMarch andHustlaball.Berlin is also leading Europe in the number of fetishclubs. Easter in Berlin and Folsom Europe Berlinare the biggest gay fetish festivals in Europe.[143] TheSchwules Museum (Gay Museum) is an LGBT museumwhich opened in 1985. The largest gay areas in Berlinare located in Schneberg close to Nollendorfplatz, inPrenzlauer Berg at the Schnhauser Allee.[144][145]

8.5 Cuisine

The Currywurst.

Twelve restaurants in Berlin have been included intothe Michelin guide, which ranks the city at the top forthe number of its restaurants having this distinction inGermany.[146] Apart from that, Berlin is well knownfor its vast oerings of vegetarian, vegan and organicfood.[147]

Many local foods originated from north German culi-nary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes withpork, goose, sh, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes.German bakeries oering a variety of breads and pas-tries are widespread. Typical Berliner fares include

18 8 CULTURE

Currywurst, invented in 1949,[148] Buletten (Frikadeller)and the Berliner known in Berlin as a Pfannkuchen.Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene re-ecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish andArab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to thecity, such as the falafel and lahmacun, which have be-come common fast food staples. The modern version ofthe dner kebab was invented in Berlin in 1971.[149] Thaifood, tapas bars, sushi restaurants and Italian cuisine canbe found in many parts of the city.

8.6 Recreation

The Berlin Zoo is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents themost diverse range of species in the world.

Zoologischer Garten Berlin, the older of two zoos in thecity, was founded in 1844 and presents the most diverserange of species in the world.[150] It was the home ofthe captive-born celebrity polar bear Knut.[151] The citysother zoo, Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, was founded in 1955.Berlins Botanischer Garten includes the Botanic Mu-seum Berlin. With an area of 43 hectares (110 acres)and around 22,000 dierent plant species, it is one of thelargest and most diverse collections of botanical life inthe world. Other gardens in the city include the BritzerGarten, and the Erholungspark Marzahn (also known asGardens of the World).[152]

The Tiergarten, located in Mitte, is Berlins largestpark and was designed by Peter Joseph Lenn.[153] InKreuzberg, the Viktoriapark provides a viewing pointover the southern part of inner-city Berlin. TreptowerPark, beside the Spree in Treptow, features a large So-viet war memorial. The Volkspark in Friedrichshain,which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, withmonuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sportsareas.[154]

Berlin is also known for its numerous cafs, beach barsalong the Spree River, ea markets and boutique shopswhich are a source for recreation and leisure.[155]

8.7 Sports

Main articles: Sport in Berlin and Football in BerlinBerlin has established a high-prole reputation as a host

The Olympiastadion hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and the2006 FIFA World Cup Final.

The annual Berlin Marathon is known as a fast course.

city of international sporting events.[156] The city hostedthe 1936 Summer Olympics and was the host city for the2006 FIFAWorld Cup nal.[157] The IAAFWorld Cham-pionships in Athletics was held in the Olympiastadion in2009.[158]

The annual Berlin Marathona course that holds themost Top 10 world record runsand the ISTAF arewell-established athletic events in the city.[159] The FIVBWorld Tour, a beach volleyball Grand Slam event, ispresented at an inner-city site every year, while theMellowpark in Kpenick is one of the biggest skate andBMX parks in Europe.[160]

A Fan Fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts severalhundred-thousand spectators, has become popular duringinternational football competitions, like the UEFA Euro-pean Championship.[161]

In 2013 around 600.000 Berliners were registered in oneof the more than 2.300 sports- and tness clubs.[162]Several professional clubs representing the most impor-tant spectator team sports in Germany have their base inBerlin:

19

9 See also List of quotes featuring Berlin Berolina, personication of the city

10 Notes[1] Fortgeschriebene Bevlkerungszahlen vom November

2013. Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in German).2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

[2] Prexes for vehicle registration were introduced in 1906,but often changed due to the political changes after 1945.Vehicles were registered under the following prexes: IA (1906 April 1945; devalidated on 11 August 1945);no prex, only digits (from July to August 1945), ""(=BG; 194546, for cars, lorries and busses), "" (=GF;19451946, for cars, lorries and busses), "M (=BM;194547, for motor bikes), "M (=GM; 19451947, formotor bikes), KB (i.e.: Kommandatura of Berlin; for allof Berlin 194748, continued forWest Berlin until 1956),GB (i.e.: Greater Berlin, for East Berlin 194853), I(for East Berlin, 195390), B (for West Berlin from 1July 1956, continued for all of Berlin since 1990).

[3] Bruttoinlandsprodukt (nominal) in BERLIN seit 1995(in German). 30 March 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[4] Bevlkerungsstand in Berlin am 31. Dezember 2013nach Bezirken. Amt fr Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (inGerman). 18 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.

[5] INSEE. Population des villes et units urbaines de plus de1 million d'habitants de l'Union europenne (in French).Retrieved 17 August 2008.

[6] Daten und Fakten Hauptstadtregion. Berlin-Brandenburg.de. Retrieved 10 February 2013.

[7] Initiativkreis Europische Metropolregionen inDeutschland: Berlin-Brandenburg. Deutsche-metropolregionen.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.

[8] PowerPoint-Prsentation (PDF). Retrieved 12 March2013.

[9] City Proles Berlin. Urban Audit. Retrieved 20 August2008.

[10] Gren Berlin. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 9 October 2009.

[11] Documents of German Unication, 18481871. Mod-ern History Sourcebook. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[12] Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and MassSociety in Weimar Berlin (Social History, Popular Cul-ture, and Politics in Germany).. www.h-net.org. Re-trieved 9 October 2009.

[13] Berlin Wall. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved 18August 2008.

[14] Germany - Embassies and Consulates. embassy-pages.com. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

[15] Berlin Capital of Germany. German Embassy inWashington. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[16] Davies, Catriona (10 April 2010). Revealed: Cities thatrule the world and those on the rise. CNN. Retrieved11 April 2010.

[17] Sifton, Sam (31 December 1969). Berlin, the big can-vas. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2008.See also: Sites and situations of leading cities in culturalglobalisations/Media. GaWC Research Bulletin 146. Re-trieved 18 August 2008.

[18] Global Power City Index 2009. Institute for UrbanStrategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation (Tokyo,Japan). 22 October 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2009.

[19] ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007.ICCA. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[20] Berlin City of Design (Press release). UNESCO. Re-trieved 18 August 2008.

[21] Berlin Beats Rome as Tourist Attraction as Hordes De-scend. Bloomberg. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 11September 2014.

[22] World Heritage Site Museumsinsel. UNESCO. Re-trieved 18 August 2008.

[23] Hollywood Helps Revive Berlins Former Movie Glory.Deutsche Welle. 9 August 2008. Retrieved 18 August2008.

[24] Flint, Sunshine (12 December 2004). The Club Scene,on the Edge. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August2008. See also: Ranking of best cities in the world. Citymayors. Retrieved 18 August 2008. and Quality Of LifeSurvey 2014. Monocle. Retrieved 11 September 2014.

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[27] Berlin dig nds city older than thought. AssociatedPress.

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[29] Spandau Citadel. Berlin tourist board. Archived fromthe original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[30] The medieval trading center. www.berlin.de. Retrieved11 June 2013.

[31] Stver B. Geschichte Berlins. Verlag CH Beck, 2010.ISBN 978-3-406-60067-8

[32] Stadtgrndung Und Frhe Stadtentwicklung, Luisen-stdtischer Bildungsverein. Retrieved 10 June 2013

[33] The Hohenzollern Dynasty. Antipas. Archived from theoriginal on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[34] Berliner Unwillen. Verein fr die Geschichte Berlins e. V.Retrieved 30 May 2013

20 10 NOTES

[35] Was den Berliner Unwillen erregte.. Der Tagesspiegel,26 Oktober 2012

[36] The electors residence. www.berlin.de. Retrieved 11June 2013.

[37] Berlin Cathedral. SMPProtein. Archived from the orig-inal on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[38] Brandenburg during the 30 Years War. WHKMLA. Re-trieved 18 August 2008.

[39] Berlin

[40] Clodfelter, Michael (2002),Warfare and Armed Conicts-A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures,15002000 (2nd ed.), McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-1204-6

[41] Agreement to divide Berlin. FDR-Library. Retrieved18 August 2008.

[42] Berlin Airlift / Blockade. Western Allies Berlin. Re-trieved 18 August 2008.

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[44] Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September3, 1971. US Berlin Embassy. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[45] Satellite Image Berlin. Google Maps. Retrieved 18 Au-gust 2008.

[46] weather.com. weather.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.

[47] Climate gures. World Weather Information Service.Retrieved 18 August 2008.

[48] World Weather Information Service Berlin. World-weather.wmo.int. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 7 April2012.

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22 10 NOTES

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23

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11 References

Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years ofUrban Growth: An Historical Census. EdwinMellenPr. ISBN 0-88946-207-0.

Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between Flames:Berlin Between the Wars. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-4986-8.

Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in Berlin.Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0687-2.

Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic Books.ISBN 0-465-02632-X.

Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). Berlin Rising:Biography of a City. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-03606-5.

Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte Berlins. Bwv Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 3-8305-0166-8.

Roth, Joseph (2004). What I Saw: Reports fromBerlin 192033. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-636-7.

Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: 13 Au-gust 1961 9 November 1989. Bloomsbury Publish-ing. ISBN 0-06-078614-0.

Maclean, Rory (2014). Berlin: Imagine a City. Wei-denfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84803-5.

12 External links Berlin.de Ocial website (English) Exberliner Monthly English-language magazine forBerlin (English)

English-language city guide for Berlin (English) Geographic data related to Berlin at OpenStreetMap

24 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses13.1 Text

Berlin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin?oldid=632138359 Contributors: JHK, WojPob, Brion VIBBER, Vicki Rosenzweig,Mav, Zundark, Berek, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Eclecticology, Tsja, JeLuF, William Avery, SpaceCadet, SimonP, Schewek, Zoe, Montrealais, R Lowry, Sfdan, Olivier, Renata, Greg Godwin, Patrick, AlexCruise, D, Michael Hardy, TimStarling, Zocky, Kwertii, Llywrch, Jahsonic, Liftarn, Gabbe, Jketola, SGBailey, Menchi, Deadstar, CORNELIUSSEON, Ixfd64, Dr jkl,IZAK, Paul Benjamin Austin, Dori, Pcb21, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, Mac, Docu, Samuelsen, Snoyes, Angela, Kingturtle,Darkwind, Djmutex, Damista, Nikai, Jiang, Evercat, Samw, Lee M, Ghewgill, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, Johan Magnus, BRG, Hhc2, Mulad,Smith03, Magnus Bck, Trainspotter, Guaka, Mevsfotw, Boson, JonMoore, Lfh, N-true, Colipon, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Wik,DJ Clayworth, Peregrine981, Maya, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Ed g2s, Floydian, Morn, Averell23, Joy, Bjarki S, Sandman, Oaktree b, JasonM,Secretlondon, Adam Carr, JorgeGG, Chuunen Baka, Bearcat, Robbot, Sander123, Pigsonthewing, Nico, PBS, R3m0t, Moncrief, Jmabel,Baldhur, Altenmann, Ianb, Sverdrup, Der Eberswalder, Texture, Halibutt, Caknuck, Hadal, UtherSRG, Wikibot, Jacques2, Eliashedberg,Jor, Guy Peters, Jeremiah, Ancheta Wis, Giftlite, Dbenbenn, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Weasel, Andromeda, Ur-mas, Seabhcan, Fudoreaper, Netoholic, Tom harrison, Meursault2004, Lupin, Ferkelparade, HangingCurve, Marcika, Alterego, Everyking,Elf-friend, Anville, Curps, Sunny256, Jdavidb, Stern, Niteowlneils, Ravn, Gilgamesh, Guanaco, Per Honor et Gloria, Sundar, Matthead,Avala, Jackol, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Edcolins, Gyrofrog, Vadmium, Rsloch, Thewikipedian, Gadum, Andycjp, Sca, Bact, Antandrus,Domino theory, Wzwz, Jossi, Nzpcmad, OwenBlacker, RetiredUser2, Ganymead, Sam Hocevar, Je Rutsch, Aaron Einstein, Neutrality,Burschenschafter, Marcus2, Okapi, Ukexpat, Ius, Dcandeto, Hardouin, Venividiwiki, Picapica, 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Zerogeewhiz, Hadija, Bart133, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Here,Rebroad, ProhibitOnions, Cburnett, Suruena, VivaEmilyDavies, Staeiou, Sciurin, BLueFiSH.as, Bsadowski1, Kusma, Someoneinmy-headbutitsnotme, Blaxthos, Michaelm, Tchaika, Saxifrage, TShilo12, Tournesol, Preaky, Bobrayner, Newnoise, Angr, Boothy443, Firs-fron, OwenX, Woohookitty, RHaworth, TigerShark, Muya, Scott.wheeler, Acone, JeremyA, MONGO, Andrea.gf, Smmurphy, Tickle me,Karmosin, Wayward, Dtaw2001, Doco, Jules7484, Chaucer, Nilshennes, Calrfa Wn, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Li-sung, Kbdank71, Fre-plySpang, JIP, TobyJ, Grammarbot, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Jake Wartenberg, Gryndor, Vary, Tawker, Pabix, Funnyhat, Ligulem,Big Moira, The wub, Olessi, Fred Bradstadt, RCBot, FlaBot, Johnnyw, Naraht, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Jax-wp, CalJW,CarolGray, Sean WI, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Gurch, Mee Merone, Skeeter08865, McDogm, Supersaiyanplough, OpenToppedBus, AcelaExpress, WouterBot, King of Hearts, Chobot, Kresspahl, Sherool, Madden, 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Kernow, Estoy Aqu, McGeddon, Blue520, Serte, Chairman S., Piccadilly, Nickst, Purege-nius, Esauvage, Darklock, YacozA, ZS, Kris12, Edgar181, P b1999, Athinaios, Sebesta, Commander Keane bot, ThompsJohn, Aksi great,Peter Isotalo, WolframSiever, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Grollp, Polaron, Averette, Chris the speller, Improbcat, Nestore, PersianPoet Gal, Rex Germanus, QTCaptain, Ksenon, Jprg1966, Monsterxxl, MalafayaBot, Liebeae, LitaMartin, SchftyThree, Jammycakes,Bhoesicol, Jimini, Whispering, Kungming2, Baronnet, Yurigerhard, Stuartrocks@gmail.com, Wisden17, Darshbegarsh, Miles Pateman,Raphie, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Duncancumming, Tamfang, Timmypees, WorldWide Update, OrphanBot, Jennica, OOODDD,MJCdetroit, Homestarmy, Wes!, Feenix, Addshore, Greenshed, Grover cleveland, Cameron Nedland, Flyguy649, ArtVandelay13, Ben-judah, Stuckinkiel, Jwy, Nakon, Caniago, RJN, Anorak2, Meiktila, Eran of Arcadia, Jaellee, Zonk43, Katt, Shushruth, Jgrimmer, CurlyTurkey, Galis, Ck lostsword, Pilotguy, Kukini, Wilt, Ohconfucius, JLogan, SashatoBot, Interwiki de, Madchen Hoch, Fertuno, Harry-boyles, Takamaxa, Srikeit, Piratelooksat30some2001, Kuru, John, Darkildor, LUCPOL, Marco polo, DLiebisch, Xakaxunknownx, Mer-chbow, Green Giant, Blueplane, Ph89, IronGargoyle, European Girl, Ckatz, MarkSutton, Pedantic of Purley, Beetstra, Fooloomanzoo,AxG, Dersh, Dhp1080, Manifestation, Kfbs06, Condem, Dr.K., AEMoreira042281, Andrwsc, Jose77, NeroN BG, Norena, DabMachine,MikeWazowski, Dontworry, OnBeyondZebrax, Fredil Yupigo, Dockingman, Wfgiuliano, Joseph Solis in Australia, Nubzor, Tony Fox,Drogo Underburrow, Hearts of clear lake, Dunne409, Stevegillis01, Adambiswanger1, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, ROGNNTUDJUU!, Axt,RaviC, Robendo, Aaadreri, Lahiru k, JForget, Wolfdog, Anon user, CmdrObot, Drianhoward, Ale jrb, Mattbr, Van helsing, Jwolf1979,Styler 13, Page Up, R9tgokunks, NisseSthlm, DanielRigal, Ken Gallager, Engelmann15, Pshopboy, Flammingo, Lear 21, Mattbuck, An-drewHowse, Karl 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Drakcron,VeronicaPR, Roleplayer, Rjh1962, WildlifeAnalysis, Longhairandabeard, Reichsgauleiter Hansen, Magioladitis, .snoopy., Bongwarrior,VoABot II, Stonemad GB, Jmorrison230582, T@nn, JNW, Michi.bo, Manderiko, Ling.Nut, Je dean, Corporal Tunnel, Avicenna-sis, Catgut, Mkdw, Styrofoam1994, SnapSnap, DerHexer, Dkriegls, Brandon1978, River-phoenix-fan93, WLU, Pax:Vobiscum, Unify,Matthias Rder, Cocytus, R sirahata, MartinBot, CliC, 52 Pickup, BetBot, El Krem, Rettetast, Keith D, Jay Litman, CalendarWatcher,R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Net-net, Ruud64, Siegheil, Pomte, Tgeairn, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards,Nev1, DrKiernan, Weissmann, Trusilver, Planemo, EscapingLife, Bogey97, Rhinestone K, Eliz81, Tricknik, Happytrail, Semlow, Ide

13.2 Images 25

Nov, Gzkn, Acalamari, G-41614, Marcsin, Ivanopolo, Katalaveno, McSly, Bushy moustache, Samtheboy, Engunneer, Chriswiki, Anti-SpamBot, (jarbarf), Mrceleb2007, Junafani, Sundar1, Alexvgtb, Tatrgel, Ahuskay, Uk-giacomo, Guided, FJPB, Hanssterkendries, 2812,Keizuko, Toanke, Juliancolton, Moster123, Interlaker, DorganBot, Treisijs, Inter16, Pdcook, Andy Marchbanks, Inwind, Idioma-bot, Fu-nandtrvl, ChaosNil, Nothingbutmea