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Beowulf and the Monomyth (The Hero's Journey)
The History of England and English
World LiteratureMr. Brennan
History of England
What do you know about
…the history of England?
…the history of the English language?
Do-Now
SWBAT explain the tumultuous past of England, and identify the various influences on the development of the English language.
1. Mini-Lecture: —Anglo-Saxons and the Conquest of England
2. Mini-Lecture:
—English: A Developing Language
3. Activity: Word Origin Exercise
Learning Objective
AGENDA
Complete the Word Origin Exercise
HomeworkReminders
The Celts
The Celts• The Celts were tribal societies
originating from Iron Age Europe (c.
800-600 BC) who spoke Celtic
languages
• By mid 1st millennium AD, following
the expansion of the Roman Empire
and the Great Migrations (Migration
Period) of Germanic peoples, Celts
became restricted to Ireland and
northern Britain
• Britons took over Britain (or England)
• Gaels settled on what is now Ireland
The Romans• In 55 BC, Romans under
Julius Caesar invade Britain
• Invasion continued over the
next 100 years until the
Romans established rule
• Brought Christianity (and Latin) officially
by Emperor Constantine in A.D. 415
• Roman rule lasted more than 300 years
• Rome fell to Barbarian tribes (pagan) in A.D. 476
but Celts remained Christian
Germanic Invation• Germanic peoples are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic
group of N. European, identified by their use of the
Germanic languages • Evidence suggests a common
culture dwelt in a region defined by
the Nordic Bronze Age between
1700—600 BC
• The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were
the Germanic tribes which began
invading the Briton’s on present
day England between 400—500
A.D.
Germanic
Invasions
of Britain(Post-Roman
Empire)Anglo-Saxon Period
Begins
Anglo-Saxons• Began invading from
Germany in 400s as the
Roman Empire
diminished
• Mainly farmers and fishermen
looking for better land
• Romans brought Christianity
to England and eventually
converted the Anglo-Saxon (spreading
Latin)
• Brought a warrior culture, seafaring tradition,
pagan beliefs, and a fatalist view of the world
Norman Conquest• As the Viking Age came to a close,
there was relative peace in England
from 886-1066.
• In the 1060s, King William from
Normandy began to oust the
Anglo-Saxons and take their lands.
• Led to the Battle of Hastings (1066)where Normans defeated the Anglo-
Saxons.
• Normans (“North men”) were descendent of Vikings who invaded France in
800s
• Normans replaced native ruling class with a foreign French-speaking monarchy
• Normans helped establish feudal system in
England (exchanging property for personal service)
English: A Developing Language
• Early written texts in Britain were in LATIN; as English was considered ‘vulgar’ and the language of the common people
MAJOR PERIODS OF ENGLISH:
• Old English (449-1100)– Norse, Celtic, Germanic and Latin
• Middle English (1100-1500) – Combined Old English w/ elements of French from the Normans
• Early Modern English (1500-1650) – Alt. vowel pronunciation (e.g. ough)
• Present Day English (1650-present) – Standardized spelling and pronouns (thoug you)
What language did Shakespeare write?
How do you pronounce “ough”?
1. Ought – awt (so, “enough” would be…)
2. Enough – enuf (so, “thorough” would
be…)
3. Thorough - thoro (so, “through” would
be…)
4. Through – throo (so, “trough” would
be…)
5. Trough – troff (Confused yet?)
There are actually 8 ways to pronounce the phoneme “ough”
Word Origins
The English language is filled with words that have come from other languages:
• Shampoo –
• Hip –
• Paper –
• Slemputrous –
Hindi
West African
Egyptian
Mr. Brennan
English in the US Today
English continues to develop
In the US alone, there are as many as 24 dialects
spoken.
However, there is no formally accepted standard of English in the US.
Your Task
Look up the origins of each word
listed in the table on Dictionary.com
Add a word of your choosing
to the blank cell in the table
and record its origin