BENEFITS OF BKD MANAGEMENT TO IDAHO’S CHINOOK FACILITIES

BY A. DOUGLAS MUNSON , DR. MARILYN J. BLAIR, SAM ONJUKKA, AND STEVE ROBERTS

Background

OregonIdaho

Washington

Columbia R.

0 25 50 75 100 km

Paci

fic O

cean

SA

OX

RR

MC SF PA

POCW

DW

RRCR

EF

ADULT INJECTIONSEGG DISINFECTION

ELISA-BASED CULLINGERYTHROMYCIN MEDICATED FEED

SEGREGATED RELEASES

0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.1

Num

ber o

f Chi

nook

Fem

ales

Optical Density

Selecting Culling/Segregation Cut-Off OD ValuesA Concept (Good KPL Antibody)

Low HighNeg

RISK OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION

RISK INTOLERANT RISK

TOLERANTUSUAL OD FOR

CULLING

0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.1

Nu

mb

er o

f Ch

ino

ok

Fem

ales

Optical Density

Selecting Culling/Segregation Cut-Off OD ValuesA Concept (Good KPL Antibody)

Low HighNeg

RISK OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION

RISK INTOLERANT RISK

TOLERANT

HIGH BKD SEGREGATION

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

PERCENT DFAT+

BROOD YEAR

SAWTOOTH HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING

INSP

HBKD

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

% C

UM

UL

AT

IVE

MO

RT

AL

ITY

PE

RC

EN

T D

FA

T +

BROOD YEAR

SAWTOOTH HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING

INSP

HBKD

% MORT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY

SAWTOOTH HATCHERY

1991-20012002-2006

ADULT ELISA VALUES

ADULTS AT SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 1991-2006

• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE AND LOW

• 1991-2001: 80 PERCENT OF FEMALES WITH ELISA OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 2002-2006: 98 PERCENT OF FEMALES WITH ELISA OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 1991-2001: 913 ADULTS 2002-2006: 1756 ADULTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY

SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 1991-2001

1991-2001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4OPTICAL DENSITY

SAWTOOTH HATCHERY: 2002-2006

2002-2006

PRLBINSP

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

PERCENT DFAT +

BROOD YEAR

McCALL HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING: 1987-2004

PRLB

HBKD

INSP

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04

% C

UM

UL

AT

IVE

MO

RT

AL

ITY

PE

RC

EN

T D

FA

T +

BROOD YEAR

McCALL HATCHERY PRE-SMOLT SAMPLING

PRLB

INSP

%MORT

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

McCALL HATCHERY

1991-20012002-2006

ADULT ELISA VALUES

ADULTS AT McCALL HATCHERY 1991-2006

• INCREASE OF PERCENT OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS LOW AND NEGATIVE

• 1991-2001 93 PERCENT OF FISH WERE CATEGORIZED AS LOW OR NEGATIVE

• 2002-2006 95 PERCENT OF FISH WERE CATEGORIZED AS LOW OR NEGATIVE

• 1991-2001 3049 RETURNING ADULTS

• 2002-2006 11,948 RETURNING ADULTS

McCALL 1991-2001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

PER

CEN

T

McCALL 2002-2006

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

PER

CEN

T

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PERCENT

Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

SF CLEAWATER:1991-2006

1991-20022003-2006

ADULT ELISA VALUES

ADULTS AT CLEARWATER HATCHERY FROM SF OF THE CLEARWATER RIVER

• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE

• 1993-2002: 76 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 2002-2005: 93 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 1991-2001: 1740 ADULTS• 2002-2006: 1892 ADULTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

PERCENT

Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

SF CLEARWATER: 1991-2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PERCENT

Neg 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

SF CLW 2003-2006

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

POWELL

1991-20022003-2006

ADULTS AT POWELL SATELLITE 1991-2006

• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF FISH CATEGORIZED AS ELISA NEGATIVE

• 1991-2001: 90 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 2002-2006: 96 PERCENT OF FISH HAVE OPTICAL DENSITIES BELOW 0.25

• 1991-2001: 2292 ADULTS• 2002-2006: 1608 ADULTS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

POWELL: 1991-2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENT

NEG 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 4

OPTICAL DENSITY

POWELL 2003-2006

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

SAW RR MCC PAH CLW POW

CULLING SEGR W/O

COMPARISON OF ELISA-BASED PROGRAMS BY CHINOOK SALMON ADULT RETURNS TO IDFG FACILITIES

NU

MBE

R O

F AD

ULT

S R

ETU

RN

ING

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

SAW RR MCC PAH CLW POW

CULLING SEGR PRIOR

PER

CEN

TCOMPARISON OF ELISA-BASED PROGRAMS BY SMOLT TO ADULT RETURNS TO

IDAHO FISH AND GAME CHINOOK SALMON FACILITIES

BKD MANAGEMENT OF OREGON SPRING CHINOOK CAPTIVE BROODSTOCK PROGENY REARED

AT LOOKINGGLASS HATCHERY

Sam Onjukka ODFW – Fish Health Services

Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Oregon

ELISA OD Distribution for Oregon Captive Broodstock Females Surviving to Maturity 1998-2009

0102030405060708090

100

0 to 0.199 0.2 to 0.399 0.4-0.799 0.8 to 1.999 ≥ 2.0

Perc

ent

LR Females (N=1228)CC Females (N=1314GR Females (N=843)

Low Hi-Mod Clin GrossELISA OD Range

Low-Mod

BKD Management for Lostine River, Catherine Creek and Grande Ronde BY98-2009 Captive Brood Progeny Reared at Lookingglass

Brood Year

LR CullOD Level

CC CullOD Level

GR CullOD Level Comment

1998 None None None 1st yr. low production1999 2.0* 2.0* None *Not all culled >2.02000 0.8 0.2 0.22001 0.8 0.2 0.22002 0.8 0.4 None* *All GR reared

including BKD highs2003 0.8 0.8 > 0.620* *1 of 2 GR females 2004 0.8 0.8 0.22005 0.4 0.8 0.8* *1.009 GR female kept2006 0.4 0.8 N/A* *No GR F1’s to smolt2007 0.2 0.8 0.82008 0.2 0.2 0.22009 0.2 0.4 0.2

Juvenile ELISA Detections (OD ≥ 1.000) in mort/moribund Captive Broodstock Progeny at Lookingglass Hatchery

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Lostine River

Catherine Creek

Grande Ronde River

Brood Year

Perc

ent O

D ≥

1.

000

Bacterial Kidney Disease

Management - Chinook Salmon…dead fish don’t return!

Steve RobertsWashington Department Fish & Wildlife

Fish Health Specialist, March, 2007

BKD Management Tools

• Pre-spawning adult antibiotic injections

• Adult female BKD screening – destruction and/or segregation

• Preventative antibiotic feedings

Case Studies:

• Priest Rapids Fall Chinook

• Tucannon Spring Chinook

• Lyons Ferry Fall Chinook

Priest Rapids Fall Chinook

• Program: 6.7 M sub-yearlings

• BKD Management: None

Priest Rapids Falls Chinook

• Outcome:• No history of BKD

• BKD-ELISA testing (1994 – 96) < 1.0 % females with O.D. > 0.2

Tucannon Spring Chinook

• Program: 132 K yearling smolts

• BKD Management:• 1. Adult erythromycin injections

• 2. Adult female BKD screening – no segregation or destruction

• 3. Single erythromycin feeding

Tucannon Spring Chinook

• Outcome:• BKD-ELISA adult testing (1992 to present): < 6.5%

females with O.D. > 0.2

• Little annual variation in adult BKD-ELISA

• Minor BKD losses in juveniles – Out of last 10 broodyears - only 2000 & 2002 broodyear.

Lyons Ferry Fall Chinook

• Program: 900 K yearling smolts and 4.8 M sub-yearling smolts

• BKD Management: • 1. Adult erythromycin injections • 2. Adult female BKD screening – selection of progeny

from BL females for yearlings. Mixed and untested females in sub-yearlings

• 3. Single erythromycin feeding

Lyons Ferry Fall Chinook

• Outcome:• BKD-ELISA adult testing (1991 to present): < 6.4%

females with O.D. > 0.2

• Some minor annual variation in adult BKD-ELISA

• Some BKD outbreaks in yearlings

• No BKD outbreaks with sub-yearlings

Summary

• Bacterial kidney disease management is customized for chinook salmon stocks and rearing programs

DWORSHAK-KOOSKIA ADULT CHINOOK SALMON ELISA TREND

PERCENT

YEAR

CONCLUSIONS

• HATCHERY MANAGEMENT PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN PREVENTING BKD TRANSMISSION

• THE POSITIVE AFFECTS OF ELISA-BASED CULLING (IDFG):– NO BKD EPIZOOTICS– REDUCED PRE-SMOLT MORTALITY– DECREASED ELISA OD VALUES IN ADULTS IN 3

GENERATIONS– IMPROVED SARs

CONCLUSIONS continued

• INTUITIVELY HATCHERY OUT-MIGRANTS WITH LOWER LEVELS OF RENIBACTERIUM POSE LESS RISK OF HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION TO WILD/NATURAL SALMON DURING COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION

BECAUSE OF THE SUCCESS OF THE ELISA PROGRAM

• BOTH CLEARWATER AND McCALL HATCHERIES DO NOT FEED ERYTHROMYCIN MEDICATED FEED

• ALL OTHER CHINOOK HATCHERIES FEED ONLY 1X

• McCALL HATCHERY DOES NOT INJECT ERYTHROMYCIN INTO RETURNING ADULT CHINOOK

• CLEARWATER HATCHERY IS ANALYZING INJECTION VS NON-INJECTION ADULT CHINOOK OPTICAL DENSITIES

• DISCUSSING RESEARCH PROJECT AT SAWTOOTH HATCHERY : IMPACTS OF REMOVAL OF ERYTHROMYCIN MEDICATED FEED TREATMENTS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS• THE STAFFS AT IDFG CHINOOK

HATCHERIES

• THE TEAM AT EFHL

QUESTIONS?