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Bellwork• Why do different
firefly species have their own flash pattern?
Animal BehaviorChapter 45
Animals do some strange things…
Animals do some strange things…
But the real question is – WHY?
It’s all about survival!• Evolutionary perspective…
– part of phenotype– acted upon by natural selection
• lead to greater fitness?• lead to greater survival? • lead to greater reproductive success?
Animal Behavior• How does the behavior increase survival?Use of Pheromones Cooperation
Agonistic behaviorHabituation
Imprinting
Animal Behavior• PROXIMATE CAUSATION – “How?”
– What is the stimulus for the response?
• ULTIMATE CAUSATION – “Why?”– What benefit does performing this behavior have?
HOW does day length influence breeding? WHY do cranes breed in spring?
HOW does day length influence breeding? WHY do cranes breed in spring?
When a female cat comes into heat, she urinates more frequently and in a large
number of places. Male cats from the neighborhood
congregate near urine deposits and fight with each other.
Practice AP Test Questions
Which of the following is a proximate cause of this behavior of increased urination?
A. It announces to the males that she is in heat.B. Female cats that did this in the past attracted
more males.C. It is a result of hormonal changes associated
with her reproductive cycle.D. The female cat saw other cats doing it, and it
worked for them.E. In the past, when she did it, more males were
attracted.
Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's
urinating behavior?A. The males have learned to recognize the specific odor
of the urine of a female in heat.B. By smelling the odor, various neurons in the males'
brains are stimulated.C. Male cats respond to the odor because it is a means
of locating females in heat.D. Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor
released by the female.E. The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive
behavior of the males.
Nature vs. Nurture• Some behavior stems from genetics
– May have gene that controls:• Release of a hormone which triggers a behavior• Direction of migration• Whether a fruit fly knows its mating dance
• Some behavior comes from the environment– Cross-fostering: allow a parent of one species to
raise offspring of another and see how behavior changes
Animal Behavior connects AP Biology topics.
ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Evolution Cell Communication
Cellular Energetics
Genetics
Biochemistry
Ecology
Cell Structure
Animal Form and Function
Make a Concept Map connecting:
Proximate Cause Ultimate Cause Fixed Action Pattern
Imprinting Trial and Error Kinesis
Taxis Pheromones Landmarks
Cognitive Map Cognition Agonistic Behavior
Altruism Critical Period Habituation