Bellwork: Monday 4/30/20121. All forms of matter, whether a solid,

liquid, or gas, are composed of atoms or molecules in ____________ motion.

2. Because of this, all atoms have ________________ energy.

3. When a substance is heated, the atoms move _____________. When a substance is cooled, the atoms move _____________.

4. The "average motion" of the atoms that we sense is what we call ________________

constant

thermal (heat)

fasterslower

temperature

Word Bank: temperature, slower, constant, faster, thermal (heat)

FRIDAY!!!Tasty Phase Change – The Ice Cream Lab!

I will buy the supplies to make the ice cream…but you all must bring in any toppings you would like!

Examples: chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, gummy bears, crumbled cookies, sprinkles, cookie dough,

cherries, cool whip, anything else you like on your ice cream!!!

Packet 13- Page 1 What is Energy??

• Energy- the ability to do work–Energy can be transferred from one object to another by doing work

–When work is done on an object, it results in a change in the object's motion (more specifically, a change in the object's kinetic energy)

Temperature vs. HeatPage 1- Temperature and heat ARE

NOT technically the same thing.

• Temperature - a MEASURE of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

• Heat – the TRANSFER of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object– Note: This is a different definition than

the “common” one people use daily

Facts about Water. • Hydrology - study of water

Facts:• Nearly 70% of the earth's

surface is covered with water– Most of the earth's water is

either salt water (97%) or in the form of ice and snow (2%)

– Only 1% of the earth's water is available for us to drink

What do you already know about the Water

Cycle?

• Continuous process: same water used over and over again

• The water on the earth today has been there for millions of years

• Water moves: earth air earth

• Water changes: solid (snow and sleet) liquid (rain, river water, groundwater) gas (water vapor)

Water Cycle

7.6- TSW DESCRIBE HOW SOLAR ENERGY DRIVES THE WATER CYCLE

• How does solar energy drive the water cycle?• Solar energy heats water on the surface,

causing it to evaporate• SOLAR ENERGY DRIVES THE WATER CYCLE

Solar Energy and the Water Cycle• Evaporation - liquid absorbs enough energy to change into a gas• Transpiration - water evaporates through a plant's leaves• Condensation - gas (water vapor) liquid• Precipitation - forms of water that fall back to the Earth's surface

– Depends on temperature: rain, sleet, hail, or snow

Heat Transfer~Transfer of thermal

energy~Heat is transferred through:

1. Conduction2. Convection3. Radiation

• Conduction- transfer of heat through a solid material; transfer of energy from one molecule to another; occurs when molecules hit against each other

• similar to a game of pool where one moving ball strikes another, causing the second to move

Candle and

metal rod

Candle heats one end, other end eventually heats

upMetal pan

handlePan on stove burner heats

metal handle

• Insulator- a material which does not easily allow the flow of electricity or heat through it–Ex. glass, plastic, rubber, air,

wood–used to protect us from the

dangerous effects of electricity flowing through conductors

• Conductor- a material which easily allows the flow of electricity or heat through it–Most metals are good conductors

• Metallic bonds = hippie bonds = free flowing e’

–Ex. iron, copper

Where is the safest place to be outside in a lighting storm??• Your car!

– The electrical current travels along the outside of a conductor (the metal body of the car).

– Eventually it will dissipate to the ground through paths that include the tires (insulator) and water.

• What should you do if it happens to you? – Pull off to side of the road in a safe manner,

turn on emergency blinkers, turn off engine. – Put hands in your lap! Do not touch metal

objects like door/window handles, radio dials, steering wheel, & inside-outside metal objects.

– Wait out the storm. DO NOT step out of the vehicle in an attempt to find another shelter. • Lightning voltages will attempt to equalize

themselves, and they may go through a person in order to do so.

Convection- transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas); Convection current- circular motion caused by convection; hot rises, cold falls

Boiling water

Hot water rises, cools, and sinks.

Heating a room

Hot air rises, cools, then falls

Earth’s interior- upper mantle

Heating from the Earth's core drives

convection

Radiation- transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

Space heater Infrared (heat)

Sun Visible light, infrared (heat), UV

Light bulb Visible light, and infrared (heat)

All three forms of heat transfer:

In-Class Individual Work (10 mins):Chapter 14- (pg 439) Thermal Energy &

HeatNature of Heat Worksheet (Pkt 13, Pg 2)

• Use the Physical Science textbook to complete

• You will not be able to start the lab tomorrow until you finish these pages!

Bellwork: Tuesday 5/1/2012Roughly sketch the picture below. Label the

three types of heat transfer on the diagram. Then, define the three types of heat transfer in your own words.

2. conduction

1. convection

3. radiation

Hot rises, cool sinks

Transferred by electromagnet

ic waves (infrared, visible)

Transfer from one particle of matter

to another particle

Movement of actual fluid (liquid or

gas)

In-Class Individual Work (10 mins):Chapter 14- (pg 439) Thermal Energy &

HeatNature of Heat Worksheet (Pkt 13, Pg 2)

• Use the Physical Science textbook to complete

• You will not be able to start the lab today until you finish these pages! Show me they are done before you start!

FRIDAY!!!Tasty Phase Change – The Ice Cream Lab!

I will buy the supplies to make the ice cream…but you all must bring in any toppings you would like!

Examples: chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, gummy bears, crumbled cookies, sprinkles, cookie dough,

cherries, cool whip, anything else you like on your ice cream!!!

Conduction, Convection, Radiation Lab- pages 3

1. Finish Lab Stations2. Complete Conclusion Questions; Work

on Homework- Heat on the Move Page 4

Think about it…ACC• Have you ever

noticed that metals tend to feel cold? Why?

• Believe it or not, they are not colder! They only feel colder because they conduct heat away from your hand. You perceive the heat that is leaving your hand as cold.

Bellwork: Wednesday 5/2/2012• Conductor or Insulator? Write statement, then write “c” or “i”1. Plastic handle of a frying pan2. Copper tea kettle3. Cloth jacket4. Wooden walls of a house5. Oven mitts6. Copper wires used to heat an electric blanket7. Aluminum surface of a cooking pot8. Wool hat9. Metal radiator10.Feathers of a bird

FRIDAY!!!Tasty Phase Change – The Ice Cream Lab!

I will buy the supplies to make the ice cream…but you all must bring in any toppings you would like!

Examples: chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, gummy bears, crumbled cookies, sprinkles, cookie dough,

cherries, cool whip, anything else you like on your ice cream!!!

Ice Hotel

• The melted and rehardened snow functions as a cement. Gradually, the heat from people living and working inside changes the snow dome into a solid dome of ice!

• Understanding the states of matter is important to engineers and other builders. However, those who build out of ice must have a special knowledge of the solid state of water.

• Building Igloos or Snow-and-Ice Houses- After the blocks are secured, a lamp is lit inside. Heat from the lamp __________ the snow on the inside walls. The water would then _________ when cold air was let in from the outside.

melts

freeze

• $240 per person/night lowest quality room - $1,111 per person for deluxe suite; $1400 flight

• Not able to take your personal belongings into ICE HOTEL as they will freeze!

• Secure areas and bathroom areas and sauna in warm accommodation are located just next to ICE HOTEL

• Art exhibit during the daytime

In-Class Individual Work:• Chapter 2 (pg 64)- Solids, Liquids, &

Gases– Changes in State (Pages 4-5)– Use the Physical Science textbook to

complete• Phase Change Diagram (Page 6)• Phase Change Graph (Page 6)

– You will not be able to start the lab tomorrow until you finish these pages!

Phase Change Diagram- Page 6 • You will refer to this for tomorrow’s lab and future

assignments on phase changes.

Bellwork: Thursday 5/3/2013Complete this phase change diagram. Write the names of the:

~ phases/states of matter on the dashed lines~ phase transitions on the arrows

Word Bank: Gas

SolidMelting LiquidEvaporationCondensatio

n

Freezing

FRIDAY!!! TOMORROW!!!Tasty Phase Change – The Ice Cream Lab!

I will buy the supplies to make the ice cream…but you all must bring in any toppings you would like!

Examples: chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, gummy bears, crumbled cookies, sprinkles, cookie dough,

cherries, cool whip, anything else you like on your ice cream!!!

Phase Changes Lab- Pages 7-8• Work in table groups (2-4 people)

– Who is the timer and calling when 30 seconds has passed? (don’t stop the stopwatch, let it run continuously)

– Who is reading the thermometer and calling out the temperature? (Celsius on the right side of the thermometer)

• Take measurements for ~15 minutes, every 30 sec • Don’t leave the thermometer unattended in the beaker

– Who is recording the data every 30 seconds on the data table?

• HOT plates are VERY HOT DO NOT TOUCH• Don’t touch the beaker—I will use hot mitts!!• Do not let the cord touch the hot plate.• Homework:

– Finish Lab Conclusion Questions (9-10)

Bellwork: Friday 5/4/2012Water Freezing…• Physical/Chemical Change?

– Physical- phase change; no new substance

• What kind of phase change ____ _____?– Liquid Solid

• Energy absorbed/released?– Energy is released

• Molecular motion?– Less energy = less movement; Always in

constant motion• Freezing point of water?

– 32 °F or 0 °C

Ice Cream

Lab• Groups of 3 or 4– Gallon (Big bag): salt and ice– Quart (Small bag): milk,

sugar, vanilla• ~10-15mins of mixing until it’s

done• Ice cream toppings• Make sure you are recording the

temperature (page 11) and thinking about the conclusion questions (page 12)!!

Roles & Responsibilities1. Salt and Ice (in big bag)2. Milk, vanilla, sugar (small

bag)3. Cups and spoons for group4. Towel for wiping spills;

protective outside bag

EVERYTHING MUST STAY

NEAT & CLEAN,

PLEASE!!

What happens to the molecular

arrangement of H2O when water freezes? •Freezing: liquid solid–Its molecules go from a disorganized state to an organized state.

Water vs. Salt Water

• Densely packed blue spheres– water molecules solidified into ice (crystalline

structure)• Loosely packed blue spheres

– water molecules as a liquid– free water molecules randomly moving around

in all directions• Salt (black spheres) dissolved into water

What happens to salt when it is dissolved in

water?

• H2O = pure water • NaCl = salt

– Na+ and Cl- = Ionic compound

1. H2O separates the Na+ and Cl- ions present

2. H2O molecules arrange themselves around the Na+ and Cl- ions , shielding the H2O molecules from interacting with each other

3. Result: It’s harder to make a structure of ice

How this effects the freezing point of water • Water molecules

have a harder time coming together

• Water molecules have to be slowed down even more in the presence of salt in order to form a solid.  – So you have to go to a

lower temperature in order to freeze water when it has salt dissolved. 

Adding a solute to a solution• Adding a solute to water

allows for less contact between H2O molecules– Freezing Point

• lowers the freezing point• Normal freezing point: 32 °F or 0

°C• Salty water will still freeze, but

the temperature has to be colder than it would for normal water.

• How much colder? – The more salt you add, the colder it

must get before the water freezes. – Boiling Point

• Raises the boiling point

Some Salty News

• Very salty lake waters at Death Valley, California (approximately 300,000 parts per million “salt”) may freeze and melt at temperatures as low as -20 to -30°C!

Bellwork: Friday 4/24/20101. In order for matter to

change phase ___________ must be either gained or lost.

2. If you have ever lived in a place where it snows, then you know salt is sprinkled on sidewalks and streets. Why?• to melt the snow or

ice 3. Oceans don’t freeze

except in extreme polar regions. Why?• Salt water needs to

be colder!

Heat / energy

Transferring Thermal Energy:Conduction, convection or radiation?? (more than

one?)

1. Someone places a hand on a metal table and the hand feels cold.

2. Hot air currents inside a balloon causes the balloon to rise.

3. Energy from the sun travels to the surface of Earth.

4. Storm clouds form when warm air moves into the atmosphere.

5. Heat from a stove warms a pot of soup.6. A person turns on a lamp and feels its warmth

on his hand. 7. The heat from a space heater rises to the top

of a room and is replaced by cooler air. 8. A metal spoon stirring a cup of hot cocoa

becomes warm.9. Water in a swimming pool is warmed by the

sun.10.A person swimming in the ocean begins to feel

cooler.

1. Conduction2. Convection3. Radiation4. Convection5. Conduction,

Convection6. Radiation7. Convection8. Conduction9. Radiation10. Conduction

Identify the correct type of heat transfer for each, and what heat is transferring from—to.

Remember, heat transfers from hot to cold.

Why did we need salt to make our ice cream? • Salt “gets in the way” of the interactions between H

and O, making it harder for the H and O to bond as ice.• Salt lowers the freezing point of water

– So you have to go to a lower temperature in order to freeze water when it has salt dissolved. 

• Overall Idea: Water molecules have to be slowed down even more in the presence of salt in order to form a solid.Can salt water ever freeze?• Yes, salty water will still freeze, but the temperature has to be colder than it would need to be for pure water.

• How much colder? – More salt you add, the colder it must get before the water

freezes• Very salty lake waters at Death Valley, California

(approximately 300,000 parts per million “salt”) may freeze and melt at temperatures as low as -20 to -30°C!

• In general: Adding a solute to water lowers the freezing point of that solution because its allows for less contact between H2O molecules– What else would adding salt affect?

• Also raises the boiling point