BELLWORKRead “Peace at Last” pgs. 536-537 and answer the following questions: 1. Why did Russia withdrawal from WWI?2. How did America’s entrance into WWI effect the Allied

Powers?3. What is a convoy? Were they successful? Why?4. What is a total war? 5. List four things that led to the armistice in 1918.6. THINKER: Why do you think Russians found communism

appealing at the time?

THE END OF WORLD WAR IGermany’s surrender, effects of war, and Treaty of Versailles

Towards the End of War• British blockade was starving

Germany• British began using tanks• Allied convoy system shut down

U-boat attacks• Both sides fearful of revolutions

in Europe• Allied powers launch huge

offensive on August 8, 1918• American troops continued to

advance, not giving Germans time to regroup

• Central Powers Collapse– OE falls– States declare ind. from A-H

• Germany is surrounded

End of WWI• Germany

surrenders - November 11, 1918

• Germany’s leader steps down and establishes a provisional government

End of WWI

Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners &

Missing Total Casualties

Casualties % Mobilized

Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9

Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0

Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2

Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2

Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4

Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

Countries Total Mobilized

Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners &

Missing Total Casualties

Casualties % Mobilized

Allied Powers

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3

France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 76.3British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8

Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2

Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9

Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

Austro-Hungarians

execute Serbians

Ypres, Belgium

War is over…..now what? • In January 1919, delegates from 27 nations gathered in Paris to

create the Treaty of Versailles.• Most decisions were led by the “Big Four,” but based off of

President Wilson’s ideas

The Treaty of Versailles• For this Treaty of Versailles activity, you will take on the role of either the

U.S., France, or Germany. • It is your task to create a list of postwar goals• You need at least five, and you should rank them from most-least important• Think from the perspective of your country!!! • Consider the following:

– How might their concerns be different from other countries?– What is your country fearful of? – What is their view towards other countries? – How do they want the future of Europe to look?

• May refer to pages 538-539 for help/ideas

• Clubs: France• Diamonds: US• Hearts: Germany

Treaty of Versailles Discussion• Now – meet with your group! Try and negotiate an

agreement centered around these goals. • Were there any common goals? Were compromises

made? • Which country was most pleased with how the

negotiations turned out? Most displeased?

The Big Four

• Woodrow Wilson (US)

• Georges Clemenceau (France)

• David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

What did France Want?• Security• Revenge• Reparations– Germany should pay for the

damage caused by invasion!• Clemenceau wanted to

make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future.

What did Britain Want?• Publically, Lloyd-George said he

wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war.

• Privately, he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner.

• He was also worried about the “disease from the east…….”, communism. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.

What did America want?• Wilson wanted the treaty to be

based on his 14 Points.• He believed Germany should be

punished, but not severely. He wanted a fair settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful

• The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The USA became more isolationist.

What were the terms under the Treaty of Versailles?

• With Germany’s armed forces:• The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. • It was not allowed to have tanks.• Germany was not allowed to have an air force• The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-

ships• The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarized.• The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for

fifteen years.

100,000 De-militarised

The Military Clauses

Territorial LossesGermany lost ALL of her overseas colonies

Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium

North-Schleswig was given to Denmark

Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

The Rhineland was to be de-militarized

The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years

The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

Article 231

The War Guilt Clause

GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

REPARATIONS

Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at 132 billion marks (~$31.4 billion in 1920; ~ $385 billion in 2011)

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

Make a prediction…..• How do you think German citizens responded to the

Treaty? • Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was

unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war

• The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.

• Many felt this would cripple the economy

What do YOU think?• Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?