BELLWORKBELLWORK1.1. Explain the difference in beliefs between Hobbs and Explain the difference in beliefs between Hobbs and

Rousseau.Rousseau.2.2. Why did Montesquieu advocate for a “separation of Why did Montesquieu advocate for a “separation of

powers?” powers?” 3.3. What are inalienable rights? Who gives us these What are inalienable rights? Who gives us these

rights?rights?4.4. What is the difference between an absolute What is the difference between an absolute

monarchy and a parliamentary monarchy? monarchy and a parliamentary monarchy? 5.5. During the Enlightenment, the Catholic church said During the Enlightenment, the Catholic church said

its biggest enemy was reason. What does this its biggest enemy was reason. What does this mean? Why would the church oppose using logic mean? Why would the church oppose using logic and reason? and reason?

6.6. THINKER: What is a revolution? Can a revolution be THINKER: What is a revolution? Can a revolution be moremore than just political change? than just political change?

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

““No great discovery was ever No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”made without a bold guess”

--Isaac Newton--Isaac Newton

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages People believed:People believed:

The earth was flatThe earth was flat The earth was the The earth was the

center of the universe center of the universe (God created the (God created the universe to serve universe to serve People, therefore it was People, therefore it was the center)the center)

This idea was called This idea was called the the Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

• Scholars relied on Scholars relied on traditional authorities for traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of beliefs about structure of universeuniverse

• Geocentric theoryGeocentric theory, , AristotleAristotle

– Earth center of universeEarth center of universe– Sun, moon, planets Sun, moon, planets

revolved around sunrevolved around sun• Ideas upheld by church, Ideas upheld by church, accepted authority for accepted authority for European intellectualsEuropean intellectuals

• Scholars began to Scholars began to challenge traditional challenge traditional authorities, 1500sauthorities, 1500s

• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution, , new way of thinkingnew way of thinking

• Posed theories, Posed theories, developed procedures to developed procedures to test ideastest ideas

• Why open to new ideas?Why open to new ideas?– Exploration Exploration – New lands, new people, New lands, new people,

new animalsnew animals– Skepticism/SecularismSkepticism/Secularism

Old ViewsOld Views New ViewsNew Views

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution A period when new A period when new

ideas in physics, ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led and other sciences led to a rejection of to a rejection of “ancient” ideas “ancient” ideas

Laid the foundation of Laid the foundation of modern science.modern science.

A new understanding of the worldA new understanding of the world

Logical thoughtLogical thought

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

You are now going to read about the five You are now going to read about the five most important scientists during the most important scientists during the Scientific Revolution.Scientific Revolution.

For each scientist, summarize their beliefs For each scientist, summarize their beliefs and what they changed.and what they changed.

Use. Pgs. 292-296 to complete the Use. Pgs. 292-296 to complete the worksheet.worksheet.

Be ready to discuss! Be ready to discuss!

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus In the late 1400s, In the late 1400s,

Copernicus began to Copernicus began to challenge the old way of challenge the old way of thinkingthinking

He believed the earth He believed the earth was round and rotated on was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved its axis as it revolved around the sunaround the sun

He believed the sun, not He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center the earth, was the center of the universeof the universe

This was called the This was called the Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler German astronomer in German astronomer in

the early 1600sthe early 1600s Defended and expanded Defended and expanded

ideas of Copernicusideas of Copernicus He used mathematical He used mathematical

formulas to prove that the formulas to prove that the planets revolve around planets revolve around the sun (laws of the sun (laws of planetary motion)planetary motion)

Kepler also proved the Kepler also proved the planets move in oval planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sunas they approach the sun

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei In 1609, mathematician In 1609, mathematician

Galileo expanded the Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets proving that planets revolve around the sun, revolve around the sun, not the earthnot the earth

He also made He also made improvements on the improvements on the telescope, observed sun telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass spots, improved compass design and discovered the design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Jupiter, now called the Galilean MoonsGalilean Moons

Galileo Continued…Galileo Continued… In 1632, after publishing In 1632, after publishing

his ideas, Galileo was his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for forced to stand trial for speaking against church speaking against church ideasideas

Why do you think the Why do you think the church opposed his church opposed his views?views?

He was forced to recant He was forced to recant his views and lived out his views and lived out his life under house his life under house arrestarrest

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon Late 1500s/Early Late 1500s/Early

1600s1600s Helped develop Helped develop

(along with Galileo) (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—Scientific Method—scientists observe, scientists observe, hypothesize, and hypothesize, and experiment to prove experiment to prove scientific lawscientific law

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Late 1600s/Early 1700sLate 1600s/Early 1700s Newton expanded the works Newton expanded the works

of Copernicus, Kepler and of Copernicus, Kepler and GalileoGalileo

In his book In his book Philosophiæ Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematica (16871687)), Newton , Newton described the three laws of described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering)modern engineering)

Helped develop calculus and Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” created “Newton’s Method” for approximating zeroes of a for approximating zeroes of a function function

Invented the reflecting Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed telescope, studied the speed of sound, and law of coolingof sound, and law of cooling

Newton’s Three Laws of MotionNewton’s Three Laws of Motion

1.1. A body continues to A body continues to maintain its state of rest or maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external acted upon by an external unbalanced force unbalanced force

2.2. F = ma: the net force of an F = ma: the net force of an object is equal to the mass object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by of the object multiplied by its acceleration its acceleration

3.3. To every action there is an To every action there is an equal and opposite equal and opposite reactionreaction

Science and SocietyScience and Society As science assumed greater significance, the As science assumed greater significance, the

question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. in a changing culture became important.

While the church opposed the views of many While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.made Renaissance art and architecture possible.

The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

The Scientific Revolution caused philosophers and The Scientific Revolution caused philosophers and scholars to wonder if reason and logic could solve scholars to wonder if reason and logic could solve poverty, war, and ignorancepoverty, war, and ignorance

CLOSURECLOSURE In your opinion, what was the greatest In your opinion, what was the greatest

achievement during the Scientific achievement during the Scientific Revolution?Revolution?

Which advances made during the Which advances made during the Scientific Revolution are still used today?Scientific Revolution are still used today?

Explain the church’s reaction to the Explain the church’s reaction to the Scientific Revolution.Scientific Revolution.

How did the Scientific Revolution have an How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact impact beyondbeyond the realm of science? the realm of science?

Scientific Revolution ReadingScientific Revolution Reading

For homework, you are now going to read For homework, you are now going to read a handout on the Scientific Revolution and a handout on the Scientific Revolution and answer a few questions.answer a few questions.

This handout will go more in-depth on the This handout will go more in-depth on the achievements during the period.achievements during the period.

As you read, answer the five questionsAs you read, answer the five questions This information is extremely important This information is extremely important

since we still use it today – make sure you since we still use it today – make sure you read the entire handout! read the entire handout!