Bellringer What are the products of

photosynthesis? What do living things do

with these products? Why do we need to breathe

Oxygen?

“You are what you eat”• Food is broken down and used by cells for

energy and to build other molecules

Carbohydrates• Simple• Single sugars

• Complex• Many simple sugars

bonded together

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1

234

What is cellular respiration?

A. The process by which cells breatheB. The process by which cells release energy

from molecules to make ATPC. The process by which cells take in carbon

dioxide and release oxygenD. All of the above

What is cellular respiration?

A. The process by which cells breatheB. The process by which cells release energy

from molecules to make ATPC. The process by which cells take in carbon

dioxide and release oxygenD. All of the above

Lungs

Bloodstream

CO2BREATHING

CO2

O

2

O

2CELLULAR

RESPIRATION

Breathing and Cellular Respiration are related

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration:

The releasing of energy from the chemical bonds in food

IT PRODUCES ATP!!!

Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide

Water Energy

Cellular Respiration: 4 Steps

1. Glycolysis2. Acetyl-CoA Production3. Krebs Cycle4. Electron Transport Chain

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

CO2, H2O O2, glucose

ATP

SunlightIn the CHLOROPLAST…

In the MITOCHONDRION…

Cellular RespirationALL LIVING THINGS perform cellular respiration Everything needs ATP There are 2 types of respiration

1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION : uses oxygen

2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: doesn’t use oxygen

IMPORTANT: These two end differently, but both start with glycolysis

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36ATPs glucose oxygen carbon water energy

dioxide

3 STAGES:n Glycolysis (Occurs in the cytoplasm)n Kreb’s Cycle (Occurs in the mitochondria)n Electron Transport Chain (in mitochondria)

1. Glycolysis

1.1. Glycolysis

Where? The cytoplasm

1. Glycolysis

Where? The cytoplasm

What? Breaks down glucose to pyruvate, produces 2 ATPs

Glycolysis Stage 1: Glycolysis – breaks down glucose (6

Carbons) into 2 pyruvate molecules (3 Carbons each)

Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP net gain 2 ATP

Produces 2 NADH (an electron carrier) Occurs in cytoplasm, does not need oxygen

6-carbon glucose two 3-carbon pyruvates

2. Acetyl-CoA Production

Where? Mitochondria

Acetyl CoAPyruvate

What? Each pyruvate molecule is broken down to form Acetyl-CoA

2.

3. Krebs Cycle

Where? Mitochondria

What? Uses Acetyl Co-A to generate 2 ATPs

3.

4. Electron Transport Chain

Where? Mitochondria

What? 32 ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule

4.

Glucose

Pyruvate

1. Glycolysis

OxygenAerobic

No OxygenAnaerobic

2. Acetyl Co-A Production

3. Krebs Cycle

4. ETC

36 ATP from each molecule of glucose

Fermentation

The Link Reaction Links glycolosis to the

Kreb’s Cycle Pyruvic acid (3C) is turned

into Acetyl CoA (2C) The extra carbon is

chopped off and released as CO2

Produces 2 NADH

Stage 2: The Kreb’s Cycle(Requires O2)

Acetyl CoA is used to make citric acid (6 C) Citric Acid is then broken down to release

energy, which is used to make the products of the Kreb’s cycle

Kreb’s Cycle produces: 2 ATP 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 (electron carriers) 4 CO2 (remember, these numbers are from starting with 1

glucose molecule)

Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain At this point, most of the energy from the

glucose molecule is in the electrons THE NADH’S and FADH2’S

NADH and FADH2 release their electrons! The electrons release energy as they move

down the ETC 32 ATP are produced as they move down the

ETC Electrons are ‘caught’ by oxygen molecules at

the end of ETC

ETC Cont’d… When the electrons join the oxygen, it forms

H2O Oxygen acts as the final “electron acceptor” in the

chain This is why oxygen is necessary for aerobic

respiration. Otherwise, electrons would get clogged in a “traffic jam”

Aerobic Respiration Totals! In total, Aerobic Respiration Makes: 36 ATP FROM 1 GLUCOSE

(2 ATP from glycolysis) (2 ATP from Krebs) (32 ATP from ETC)

Bellringer What is the formula for photosynthesis? What is the formula for Aerobic

Respiration? Is this a cycle? Why do we need to breathe?

Bellringer Would you say we are “advanced” or

“complicated” as a species? What allows us this level of complexity?

Anaerobic Respiration

When oxygen is not present after glycolysis, anaerobic respiration occurs

this only produces 2 ATP per glucose

Anaerobic Respiration Has two stages: Stage 1: glycolysis (2 ATP) Stage 2: fermentation (0 ATP)Two types of Fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation: 1 glucose ---> 2 pyruvates ---> lactic acid Happens in animals When muscle cells can’t get enough oxygen to keep

up with our exercise needs, lactic acid is produced This causes muscle to ache

Alcohol fermentation ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION: 1 glucose ---> 2 pyruvates ---> ethanol and CO2

Happens in fungi or bacteria Produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Poisons and how they work! Rotenone, cyanide, and carbon

monoxide block parts of the electron transport chain

Oligomycin blocks the passage of H+ through ATP synthase

Uncouplers such as DNP destroy the H+ gradient by making the membrane leaky to H+

Carbs, fats, and Carbs, fats, and proteins can all proteins can all be catabolized be catabolized through the same through the same pathways (they pathways (they may just enter the may just enter the pathway at pathway at different sites)different sites)

Bellringer What is your hypothesis in this lab? What content from this class led you to come

up with that hypothesis?

Bellringer Give me a brief summary of what happens in

photosynthesis Give me a brief summary of what happens in

respiration What kind of respiration do we do?