BELLINGEN SHIRE COUNCIL · Bellingen Shire Floodplain Risk Management Plan April 2002 Page 5 2. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROCESS 2.1 GENERAL The formulation and implementation of Floodplain

BELLINGEN SHIRE COUNCIL

FLOODPLAIN RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN

April 2002

Bellingen Shire Floodplain Risk Management Plan

April 2002 Page 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 4

2. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROCESS............................................................................ 52.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT MANUAL, 2001 .......................................................................... 5

3. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT MEASURES (MAIN STUDY AREA) .............................. 73.1 PROPERTY MODIFICATION ....................................................................................................... 7

3.1.1 Planning and Development Controls ................................................................................................. 7

3.1.2 Structural Design Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 7

3.1.3 House Raising ................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.4 Floodway Clearance.......................................................................................................................... 8

3.1.5 Flood Proofing ................................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.6 Supplementary Flood Studies (Main Study Area).............................................................................. 9

3.2 RESPONSE MODIFICATION..................................................................................................... 103.2.1 Flood Education .............................................................................................................................. 10

3.2.2 Flood Prediction And Warning......................................................................................................... 11

3.2.3 Evacuation plans ............................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.4 Access............................................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.5 Management Strategies for Utility Services..................................................................................... 15

3.3 FLOOD MODIFICATION MEASURES ....................................................................................... 153.3.1 Major drainage investigation Crown Street...................................................................................... 15

3.3.2 Monitoring flood behaviour to assess the effect of the Pacific Highway upgrade at Raleigh ........... 15

3.3.3 Major drainage works Urunga including the construction of a floodway and culverts under MorgoStreet, debris trap and safety measures.......................................................................................... 16

4. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (ADDITIONAL STUDY AREAS) .......... 174.1 FLOOD DATA AND PROPERTY MODIFICATION MEASURES............................................... 17

4.1.1 Interim Management Policy ............................................................................................................. 17

4.1.2 Collation and Augmentation of Existing Flood and Survey Data ..................................................... 17

4.1.3 Preliminary Flood Assessment ........................................................................................................ 18

4.1.4 Preparation of a Flood Study and Floodplain Risk Management Plan for the Additional Study Areas........................................................................................................................................................ 18

4.1.5 Preparation of a Geomorphologic and Riverine Process Study for the Additional Study Areas ...... 18

4.2 RESPONSE MODIFICATION MEASURES (ADDITIONAL STUDY AREAS)........................... 184.2.1 Flood Prediction, Warning and Evacuation...................................................................................... 18

4.2.2 Flood awareness and preparedness ............................................................................................... 21

5. SUMMARY AND PRIORITISATION OF FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT WORKS &MEASURES .......................................................................................................................... 22

6. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 28

7. FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS ................................................................................ 29


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSCouncil would like to acknowledge the contribution made by the NSW State Government andthe Commonwealth Government in providing financial assistance for the preparation of theFloodplain Risk Management Study and Plan.

In addition Council would like to express gratitude to the contribution made by members ofthe Floodplain Management Committee in providing direction and contributing to thepreparation of this document.

Council Representatives:Cr Victor Cork – Chairperson, Floodplain Management Committee

Cr Garry Sampson

Community Representatives:Cr Gordon Braithwaite

Mr Allan Taylor

Mr Roly Paxton

Mr Greg Cardow

Mr Barry Paff

Mr Roly Green

Mr Jim Piggott

Mr Denis Atkinson

Mr David Guiness

State Emergency Services:Mr Terry Hedges

Council Staff:Ms Gina Vereker - Director, Environmental Health & Planning

Mr Ken Wilson - Director, Engineering & Operations

Mr Bill Fisher - Environmental Health and Planning

Others members of Council staff who provided technical and administrativesupport.

Government Departments:Mr Kevin Gibson - Department of Land and Water Conservation

Consultant:Mr Bruce Fidge - Bruce Fidge & Associates Pty Ltd


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1. INTRODUCTIONBellingen Shire Council, through its Floodplain Risk Management Committee, has prepared adraft Floodplain Risk Management Study and Plan. The Study and Plan have been preparedin accordance with the NSW Governments Flood Prone Land Policy and the guidelines of theFloodplain Management Manual, 2001.

The primary objective of the Government’s Policy is to reduce the impact of flooding andflood liability on individual owners and occupiers of flood prone property and to reduceprivate and public losses resulting from floods.

The Main Study Area incorporates the floodplain from Bellingen to the ocean on the BellingerRiver and downstream of Picket Hill Creek on the Kalang River where a detailed Flood Studyhas been prepared. The Study Area was later extended to identify appropriate managementprinciples, policies and strategies for other areas of the Shire (Additional Study Areas) wheredetailed flood data is not available.

The Study and Plan have been prepared under the direction of the Committee with theassistance of Consultants.

The Floodplain Risk Management Committee includes representatives from the community,Council staff, Councillors, officers from the Department of Land & Water Conservation andthe State Emergency Service.

This document is the Floodplain Risk Management Plan. It summarises recommendedfloodplain risk management strategies from the Floodplain Risk Management Study.

Human occupation of the floodplain involves a risk to life and estimated potential damages of$0.3 million per annum for the Lower Bellinger and Kalang Rivers. The Shire wide potentialdamages would be considerably more. The Floodplain Risk Management Plan identifies asuite of floodplain management measures to mitigate these risks.

The Plan also identifies appropriate priorities, cost estimates and possible funding sourcesfor its implementation.

The overall floodplain management process is described in Section 2.


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2. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROCESS

2.1 GENERAL

The formulation and implementation of Floodplain Risk Management Plans is thecornerstone of the NSW Governments Flood Prone Land Policy. Management planseliminate the need for ad hoc decision making, a process that has contributed to presentday flooding problems.

As with other planning processes the formulation and implementation of Floodplain Riskmanagement Plans is a Council responsibility.

The Government has prepared the Floodplain Management Manual to assist Councils inthe formulation of Floodplain Risk Management Plans (see Section 1.2 below). Theprocess is directly linked to Council’s strategic planning process.

During the preparation of these strategic plans, Council needs to examine the merits(including the impacts of property damage and personal safety) of different degrees andtypes of development in the different flood prone areas. It is only during the formulationprocess that proper and full consideration can be given to the complete range of landuse and management options and their interaction with flood risk.

The steps involved in formulating and implementing a Management Plan are outlinedbelow:-

(1) Data collection to compile existing data and collect additional flood information.

(2) Flood Study to define the nature and extent of the flood problem for floods up to theProbable Maximum Flood.

(3) Floodplain Risk Management Study to evaluate management options inconsideration of social, ecologic and economic factors relating to flood risk.

(4) Floodplain Management Plan to outline adopted strategies and policies for themanagement of the floodplain.

(5) Implementation of the Plan including ongoing monitoring and review.

For the Main Study Area of the Bellinger and Kalang Rivers this document is the forthstage in the above process. It outlines management options and strategies for the floodprone land based on the flood behaviour detailed in the Lower Bellinger River FloodStudy by Public Works of 1991.

For other areas of the Shire the report outlines strategies that will apply until fundingbecomes available to commence step 1, data collection.

2.2 FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT MANUAL, 2001

In 1986 the NSW Government produced a Floodplain Development Manual to assistcouncils in the implementation of the Governments merit based Flood Prone Land Policyof 1984.


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In January 2001 the Government revised the Manual to effect a series of improvementswhilst maintaining the fundamental merit based approach and community consultationinherent in the original Manual.

The Manual presents general principles and a process for Floodplain Risk Managementto enable committees to evaluate strategies and formulate plans taking account of social,economic, ecological and cultural factors together with community aspirations for use offlood prone land.

Changes introduced by the 2001 Manual include:-

• An emphasis on addressing existing, future and continuing flood risk on a strategicrather than an ad hoc basis.

• An emphasis on incorporating Floodplain Risk Management Plans into CouncilsPlanning Instruments.

• Recognition of the need to consider the full range of possible floods up to theProbable Maximum Flood.

• Recognition for Local Flood Plans (prepared with assistance of the SES) to addressreadiness, response and recovery.

• Recognition of the importance of house raising as a management measure.

• Recognition that site specific plans written for individual developments (in dependentof SES and Councils Management Strategies) are ineffective and should not formpart of a development consent.

• The inclusion of local overland flooding.

• Strategic consideration of flood risk policies to ensure effective consideration ofcumulative impacts.

• Provision of a basis for amendment of Planning Instruments as they relate toFloodplain Management for new types of development not identified in the Plan.

• An emphasis on maintaining and enhancing riverine and floodplain environments.

• An emphasis on the need to consider acid sulfate soils.

• Incorporation of the principles of Ecological Sustainable Development.

• An emphasis on catchment considerations including representation by theCatchment Board on the Floodplain Management Committee.

• Consideration of European and Aboriginal cultural issues.

• Recognition of the potential implications of climate change and global warming.

The Floodplain Risk Management Study was commenced in 1995 and proceeded underthe guidelines of the 1986 Manual. Accordingly the Stage 1 Report, some of thesupporting documentation and early community consultation adopts terminology andguidelines from the previous Manual.

This report has been prepared in accordance with guidelines of the Government’sFloodplain Management Manual, 2001.


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3. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENTMEASURES (MAIN STUDY AREA)This section outlines viable Floodplain Risk Management Strategies for the Main Study Areathat have been identified in the Floodplain Risk Management Study (FRMS).

The relative priority, indicative cost and timeframe for each strategy is discussed under theheadings of Property Modification, Response Modification and Flood Modification.

3.1 PROPERTY MODIFICATION

3.1.1 Planning and Development Controls(see Section 5.2, 5.6 & 5.7of the FRMS)

This strategy is aimed at preventing inappropriate development in areas wherethere is high potential damage or risk to life and to ensuring potential damage todevelopment is limited to acceptable levels.

Existing planning and development controls have been reviewed in detail in theFloodplain Risk Management Study based on the guidelines of the Governmentsrevised Floodprone Land Policy and Floodplain Management Manual, 2001.

Allowable development and recommended conditions of consent for variouscategories of development are outlined in Section 5 of the Floodplain RiskManagement Study for different hydraulic categories (Flood Fringe, Flood Storageand Floodway).

Strategies are also identified for the management of unauthorised structures andthe management of riverine processes.

It is recommended that the LEP and DCP and The Bellingen Local Flood Plan bereviewed to incorporate the recommendations of the Floodplain Risk ManagementStudy. Strategies for the management of unauthorised structures and riverineprocesses (including digitisation of projected erosion lines) should also beimplemented.

This is considered to be a high priority with an estimated time frame of 6 months.

The estimated cost to implement this strategy is $10,000.

3.1.2 Structural Design Guidelines The development of structural design guidelines was identified in Section 5.2.5 ofthe FRMS.

The guidelines are required to provide a consistent approach to the design ofstructures in flood affected areas and minimise costs to individual developers.Issues to be addressed include uplift and buoyancy forces, debris loading, scourand foundation settlement.


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In the interim developers consultants will be required to undertake assessmentsbased on existing non-specific codes and guidelines.

This strategy will not remove the requirement for developers to employ a structuralengineer to certify individual buildings in flood affected areas.

The cost of the preparation of the guidelines is $5,000 with a timeframe of 2 months.

The priority of this measure is considered to be low.

3.1.3 House Raising(refer to Section 5.3 of the FRMS)

House raising involves the raising of existing floodprone dwellings above the floodplanning level with appropriate structural design and safety standards to reduceflood damages.

House Raising has been identified as a potential management strategy for timberhouses with floor levels lower than the 5% AEP flood. Further site specificassessment and prioritisation (based on reduction of potential damages and accessconsiderations) is recommended.

Consideration should be given to combining the investigation of unauthorisedstructures discussed in point 1 above with the investigation for house raising..

The estimated cost to implement is $8,000 with an estimated timeframe of 3months.

This aspect is considered to have a high priority to take advantage of the periodicavailability of full Government grants and the lead time involved in attractingfunding. The issue of identifying and managing unauthorised structures is alsoconsidered to be a high priority.

The timing and cost of the second stage, involving the physical works, is dependenton the outcomes of the initial assessment of eligibility and the availability ofGovernment subsidies. A nominal cost of $150,000 for the raising of 10 housesover the next 10 years is suggested for budgeting purposes.

3.1.4 Floodway Clearance(refer to Section 7.2.3 of FRMS)

It has been identified that structures such as paling fences, landscaping and otherstructures have been constructed in floodway areas. These structures have thepotential to increase flood levels and redirect flood flows onto adjoining properties.There is also potential for structures to be damaged and accumulate as debrisincreasing flood forces on other buildings.

Floodway Clearance in the high hazard floodway areas of North Bellingen andCemetery Creek are discussed below:-

1. Review of encroachment in the floodway at North Bellingen and CemeteryCreekA brief study should be undertaken to review the extent of encroachment ofstructures such as paling fences, landscaping etc. in the above floodways. Thereview should include an assessment of the status of approval. The report


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should include recommendations for removal/modification following consultationwith the owners.

The estimated cost of this work is $5000.

The priority is considered to be low with a timeframe of 2 months.

2. North Bellingen Caravan Park(refer to Sections 5.2.9 & 6.3.1 of FRMS)

A review should be undertaken of the tenure of occupancy of permanent vans inthe North Bellingen Caravan Park and the feasibility of either modifying vans toensure they can be relocated in times of flood or removing them permanentlyfrom the site.

The cost of the review is estimated to be $2000 with a time frame of 2 months.

The priority is considered to be high due to the potential for damage to vans andadjoining properties.

In the long term it is recommended the North Bellingen Caravan Park beclosed/relocated elsewhere due to the high hazard floodway conditions and thedifficulties of managing the site and its evacuation.

3.1.5 Flood Proofing(refer to Section 5.4 of FRMS)

This strategy involves the flood proofing of existing structures by provision of water-tight gates and doors, sealing of openings and drainage lines to minimise ingress oflow level flood waters.

Flood Proofing of individual dwellings (other than house raising) is considered to bea matter for individual owners.

It is recommended Council facilitate dissemination of information relating to thisoption including examples of designs that have been adopted elsewhere.

The estimated cost is $2,000 with a timeframe of 1 month.

The collation and dissemination of this information is low priority.

3.1.6 Supplementary Flood Studies (Main Study Area)1. Major drainage/flood study of unnamed drainage path to the north of

Wheatley Street(refer Section 3.1 of FRMS)

A study is required to define flood behaviour in the above catchment to ensurefuture development is appropriately sited and the risk to existing development (ifany) is identified.

The study should include an investigation of surcharge of the drainage pipedownstream of Wheatley Street.

The estimated cost of the investigation including survey is $10,000 with a timeframe of 6 months.


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In the interim developers would be required to undertake a flood study for aparticular site at their own cost.

This study is low priority.

2. Major drainage/flood study - Connell Creek(refer to Section 7.2.4 of FRMS)

A study is required to define flood behaviour in Connell Creek to ensure futuredevelopment is appropriately sited and the risk to existing development inValley Rose Estate (if any) is identified.

The estimated cost of the investigation including survey is $10,000 with a timeframe of 6 months.

In the interim developers would be required to undertake a flood study for aparticular site at their own cost.

This study is low priority.

3.2 RESPONSE MODIFICATION

Response Modification has been identified as an important management strategy toreduce potential flood damages and risk to life. These strategies are discussed in theFloodplain Risk Management Study Section 6 and summarised below.

3.2.1 Flood EducationA site-specific program of flood awareness and preparedness should be preparedfor the various flood-affected areas advising owners and occupiers of the risk offlooding up to the PMF.

The program should include the following:-

1. Information brochures(refer to Sections 6.1.1 & 8.4.3 of FRMS)

Information brochures on the extent of flooding and an appropriate response forresidents in times of flood is considered to be an effective means ofdisseminating flood information and minimising potential risk to life and flooddamages.

The estimated cost to prepare and print an information brochure is $6,000 witha timeframe of 3 months.

This option is considered to be a medium priority.

2. Section 149 notification(refer to Sections 6.1.3 & 8.4 of FRMS)

Section 149 notification is a statutory requirement under the EP&A Act. It isessential that the information provided is accurate and appropriately worded tounambiguously convey advice on flooding.


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It is recommended that the nature of advice provided for various degrees offlood affectation and level of flood investigation be reviewed by Council’s legaladvisors.

The estimated cost of this work is $3,000 with a timeframe of 1 month.

This option is considered to have a high priority.

Additional advice beyond the requirements of Section 149 is discussed below.

3. Flood risk statements(refer to Section 6.1.4 of FRMS)

Flood Risk Statements provide the opportunity to issue additional floodinformation beyond the requirements of Section 149 of the EP&A Act (see point2 above).

Typical advice could be extended to include information on when and where toevacuate and other response measures.

The preparation of Flood Risk Statements should be progressively implementedwith priority given to high risk areas. Statements for other areas could beproduced for a fee for individual owners or occupiers.

The cost to implement will vary with the level of detail provided and the numberof properties to be included.

There may be an opportunity to undertake the work in other areas on a userpays basis on request.

A nominal budget of $10,000 for high hazard areas is suggested with atimeframe of 6 months.

The priority for this work is medium.

4. Newspaper articles, displays, school projects. Dissemination ofinformation by community groups and real estate agents(refer to Sections 6.1.1 & 6.1.5 of FRMS )

It is recommended that display boards be purchased and appropriate floodinformation be collated for use as required. Educational information on floodingcould include videos, flood photos, flood brochures, summaries of floodinvestigations, flood planning levels and the like.

The cost to establish an appropriate display is estimated to cost $5000 with atimeframe of 3 months.

These measures are considered to be of low priority.

3.2.2 Flood Prediction And Warning1. Review of the ALERT flood warning system (refer to Sections 6.2 & 8.4.3

of FRMS)The Bureau of Meteorology has responsibility for flood prediction and the issueof flood warnings to the SES.


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These warnings are considered to be an essential to minimise risk to life and toallow residents to take appropriate action to minimise disruption and flooddamages.

The accuracy of the warnings is dependent on the availability of reliablerepresentative real time flood data such as rainfall and water levels.

The ALERT flood warning system is gradually being developed and improved toprovide flood warning to residents throughout the flood affected areas of theShire. However additional rainfall and water level gauges are needed toimprove flood intelligence on the Kalang and Lower Bellinger.

In the first instance, it is recommended that a detailed review be undertaken inconsultation with the SES, the BOM and the Flood Warning ConsultativeCommittee to identify the number, location and priority for installation ofadditional gauges.

The study should include a summary of the existing network and clarification ofthe responsibility for installation and maintenance of gauges, archiving anddissemination of data.

It is estimated to cost is $5000 with a timeframe of 3 months. In addition fundsare required for the ongoing management and maintenance of the systemestimated to be $3000 pa.

This is considered to be a high priority.

2. Flood warnings for Kalang and Lower Bellinger(refer to Section 6.2 of FRMS)

Flood predictions are needed for the Kalang and for the lower reaches of theBellinger. The predictions need to take account of ocean water levels.

Kalang River:The development of a flood warning system by the BOM for the Kalang isassumed to be funded by the Bureau of Meteorology and is estimated to have atime frame of 6 to 12 months.

This strategy is high priority.

Lower Bellinger River:As for the Kalang River above with a medium priority.

The time to develop a flood warning system for the Lower Bellinger may be lessthan the Kalang due to the existence of an operating system for Bellingen

3. Additional flood gauges(refer to Sections 6.2 & 8.4.3 of FRMS)

This strategy is the purchase and installation of additional gauges as may berecommended in the stage1 review (see point 1 above).

A nominal cost of the additional instrumentation for say 3 pluviographs and 1water level recorder over the next 2 to 3 years is $30,000.


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Adequate maintenance and backup of gauges is essential to provide reliabledata and minimise the possibility of failure at critical times.

The strategy is of medium priority.

3.2.3 Evacuation plans1. Preparation and review of evacuation plans

(refer to Sections 6.3.1; 6.3.3 & 8.4.3 FRMS)

This strategy includes the preparation, ongoing review and upgrade ofevacuation plans, for the various management areas, for floods up to the PMF.This strategy should be developed in consultation with the SES and beincorporated into the Bellingen Flood Plan.

The estimated cost to develop and implement evacuation plans in the tidalreaches of the Bellinger and Kalang Rivers where flood information is availableis estimated to be $10,000.

The timeframe is 3 to 6 months.

This strategy is a medium priority.

2. Review and upgrade of existing flood management strategies forcommercial development(refer to Sections 5.2.3 & 6.4.1 of FRMS)

Existing evacuation and flood management plans prepared for commercialdevelopment should be regularly reviewed and updated in consultation withowners and occupiers of the properties affected. A register of existing plans isto be established. Appropriate measures for notifying the existence of thestrategy is to be investigated and implemented.

Plans should be prepared/updated for Caravan Parks under Section 68 of theLocal Government Act and for other identified commercial and industrialdevelopment.

The priority for this strategy is high.

The estimated cost of this strategy is $5,000 with a time frame of 2 months.

3.2.4 Access1. Review of flood immunity for main roads

(refer to Section 6.3.2 FRMS)

Various roads are cut in relatively minor flood events creating isolation anddisruption.

Further studies are recommended to upgrade the flood immunity of variousmain roads to provide an appropriate long-term design level for bridgereplacements and road augmentation works.


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2. Waterfall WayWaterfall Way was identified as a priority for upgrade due to the importance ofthis road in providing access from Bellingen to the Pacific Highway and othercentres.

The estimated cost of this study to satisfy the RTA‘s requirements is $40,000with a timeframe of 6 months (a possible source of funds is the RTA).

As upgrade works are proposed for the 2001 financial year, it is essential thisstudy be given priority to ensure an appropriate design level is adopted for theworks.

3. Other roadsMain roads within the Main Study Area where flooding isolates communitiesinclude Hydes Creek Road, North Bank Road, South Arm Road, Newry IslandDrive and Mylestom Drive. Further investigation of access is recommended tohave an appropriate and consistent strategy for the design flood immunity forroads and bridges when augmentation works are proposed.

Investigation into alternative access for Mylestom and Repton is alsorecommended.

The recommended studies for specific roads and areas are discussed below:-

• Hydes Creek Road and North Bank Road provide alternative access forNorth Bellingen and properties along the northern side of the Bellinger Riverwhen the Bellinger Bridge is cut. An investigation is required to assess along-term flood evacuation route for this area. The estimated cost of theinvestigation including survey is $10,000 with a timeframe of 3 months. Thepriority for this work is medium due to the population of the area and thefrequency that isolation occurs.

• Mylestom is isolated in relatively minor flood events and due to the absenceof high land requires evacuation in flood events that exceed the 1% AEP.Alternative emergency access via fire access roads / four wheel drive tracksto Tuckers Rock Road is recommended at an estimated cost of $5,000 to$8,000 with a timeframe of 3 months. The priority for this work is medium.

• Parts of Repton are isolated in relatively minor flood events however highland is generally available. Extension of Smiths Road to provide improvedaccess (for development in the vicinity of Repton school) to high landwarrants further investigation. The cost of the investigation is estimated to be$2,000 with a timeframe of 2 months. The priority is considered to be low.

• South Arm Road is cut in relatively minor flood events. An investigation isrequired to determine flood access routes for the area and appropriate long-term design levels for roads and bridges. The cost of the study is estimatedto be $3,000 to $5,000 with a timeframe of 3 months. The priority isconsidered to be low.

• Raising a low section of Newry Island Drive over a length of 100m willimprove flood immunity for development south of the existing residentialarea. It is recommended that an estimate of cost and preliminary design beprepared at a cost of $5,000 with a timeframe of 3 months. The priority forthis work is low.


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Other roads have been identified in Section 8 of the FRMS (Additional StudyAreas) as requiring further investigation.

3.2.5 Management Strategies for Utility Services(refer to Section 6.4.2 FRMS)

Measures to reduce damages and disruption of utility services have been identifiedand are discussed in Section 6.

1. Review of existing strategiesA review of existing strategies for minimising damages and disruption of utilityservices such as pump stations and essential components of water supply andsewerage infrastructure should be undertaken and measures/ managementstrategies recommended.

The cost of the study is $5,000 with a time frame of 2 months.

The initial study is considered to have a medium priority.

2. Implementation of infrastructure management strategiesThe priority for this work will be dependent to some extent on the findings of theinitial review discussed in point 1 above.

The cost of implementing the strategy is also dependent on the findings of theinitial study however for budgeting purposes an allowance in the order of$50,000 for flood proofing pump stations and bore wells could be assumed.

A possible source of additional funds for this work is the GovernmentsInfrastructure Programme.

3.3 FLOOD MODIFICATION MEASURES

Recommended Flood Modification Measures include:-

3.3.1 Major drainage investigation - Crown Street(refer to Section 7.2.4 FRMS)

A study of existing flood behaviour from the drainage path to the west of CrownStreet is recommended. The study is to include investigation of the effect (if any) ofthe previous raising of Crown Street and identification of any modification worksconsidered necessary (if appropriate).

The cost of the study including survey is $10,000 with a timeframe of 6 months.

This study is considered to be low priority.

3.3.2 Monitoring flood behaviour to assess the effect of the Pacific Highwayupgrade at Raleigh(refer to Section 7.3 FRMS)

Concern has been expressed by local residents that the Pacific Highway upgrade atRaleigh may have modified flood behaviour in the vicinity.


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It is recommended that flood behaviour in significant flood events be monitored toinvestigate any change that can be attributed to the construction of the highway.

The estimated cost for survey of debris levels etc. following a flood event isestimated to be $1000 per event.

The priority for the monitoring is low.

3.3.3 Major drainage works Urunga including the construction of a floodway andculverts under Morgo Street, debris trap and safety measures(refer to Section 7.9 FRMS)

A study prepared by Benson & de Groot identified the following drainage works atUrunga:-

1. Floodway and culverts under Morgo Street, UrungaThe proposed works will improve drainage and minimise ponding of runoff inUrunga. Details of the proposal are outlined in the above referenced report.

The cost of the work is $250,000 to $300,000 with a time frame of 9 months tocomplete.

This work is considered to be low priority.

2. Construction of safety fencing and debris trapThe proposed work will minimise the risk to the public from high velocity flow inthe catchment and reduce the possibility of debris blocking the culverts underthe railway line and increasing upstream flooding.

The estimated cost of the work is $ 31,000 with a time frame of 6 months.

The work is considered to be high priority due to the risk to public safety andpotential impact on upstream flood levels.


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4. RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES (ADDITIONAL STUDYAREAS)This section outlines viable Floodplain Risk Management Strategies for the Additional StudyAreas that have been identified in the Floodplain Risk Management Study (FRMS).

The relative priority, indicative cost and indicative timeframe for each strategy is discussedunder the headings of Flood Data and Property Modification, Response Modification andFlood Modification.

4.1 FLOOD DATA AND PROPERTY MODIFICATION MEASURES

The following investigations and Property Modification Measures are recommended:-

4.1.1 Interim Management Policy(refer to Sections 8.3 and 8.4 FRMS)

For areas where detailed studies of flooding or riverine processes have not beenundertaken, it is recommended that Council adopt the policies and principlesoutlined in Section 8 of the FRMS.

The recommended strategy is a staged approach to the management of floodproneland and the progressive investigation of flood behaviour and riverine processes.

In the absence of studies, individual developers will be required to undertakeinvestigations to an appropriate standard (as specified). As data is collated andpreliminary studies undertaken the cost to individual developers will be reduced.

Planning and development controls for the Main Study Area will generally apply tothe Additional Study Areas.

Costs associated with amendments to the LEP and DCP are discussed in Section 3for the Main Study Area. Any amendment should include floodprone land for theentire Shire.

The costs of additional studies are discussed below.

This strategy is high priority.

4.1.2 Collation and Augmentation of Existing Flood and Survey Data(refer to Section 8.3 FRMS)

To minimise the cost to individual developers available data on flooding and riverineprocesses and survey datums is to be collated, reviewed and presented in a formthat is user friendly (additional survey may be required to be undertaken in keylocations).

This approach will assist developers and consultants to undertake the assessmentsidentified in stage 1 and will reduce the cost of further investigations undertaken byCouncil.


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The estimated cost of the work is $10,000 with a timeframe of 3 months.

This strategy complements point 1 above and is considered to be high priority.

4.1.3 Preliminary Flood Assessment(refer to section 8.3 FRMS)

An approximate conservative assessment should be undertaken of the 1% AEPflood level and PMF to provide an upper bound solution that is suitable for the sitingof development in the absence of a detailed calibrated flood model. This will provideflood levels that can be used for the purposes of siting development and reduce thecost to individual developers.

The estimated cost of the work is $25,000 (including additional survey) with atimeframe of 3 to 6 months.

This is considered to be of high priority.

4.1.4 Preparation of a Flood Study and Floodplain Risk Management Plan for theAdditional Study Areas(refer to Section 8.3 FRMS)

Preparation of a detailed fully calibrated Flood Study followed by a FloodplainManagement Study and Plan. This work would be an extension of the workundertaken for the lower reaches of the Bellinger and Kalang to include all otherfloodprone land in the Shire.

The estimated cost of the study including survey is $200,000 with a timeframe of 2years.

This work is considered to be of relatively low priority.

4.1.5 Preparation of a Geomorphologic and Riverine Process Study for theAdditional Study Areas(refer to Section 8.3 FRMS)

Preparation of a detailed Geomorphological Study and Management Plan toaddress riverine processes is required in the long term. The study will define areaspotentially at risk from riverine processes and identify appropriate managementstrategies for existing and future development.

The cost of the study is estimated to be $100,000 with a timeframe of 2 years.

The priority for the work is low.

4.2 RESPONSE MODIFICATION MEASURES (ADDITIONAL STUDYAREAS)

4.2.1 Flood Prediction, Warning and EvacuationThe following strategies are recommended for the Additional Study Areas:-

1. Additional water level and rainfall gauges to improve the alert system(refer to Sections 6.2 and 8.4.3 FRMS)


April 2002 Page 19

This strategy has been discussed in Section 3.2.2 for the Main Study Area.Bellinger and Kalang Rivers.

It is recommended that any review of the gauge network and assessment oflong term requirements should be expanded to include all streams in the Shire.

The addition cost of this work is minor.

The priority is high

2. Investigation of improved flood access in the Upper Bellinger & Kalang(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

This strategy involves the investigation of alternative roads to improve floodaccess in the upper reaches of the Bellinger and Kalang Rivers.

The estimated cost is $5,000 with a timeframe of 2 months.

The study is considered to be low priority.

It is recommended that it be undertaken concurrently with investigations intoflood access for other areas.

3. Review of emergency arrangements based on experience from the floodsof 2001(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

Funds have been requested to prepare a report summarising flood data for thefloods of February and March, 2001. It is recommended the report include asummary of flood damages and an assessment of the effectiveness ofemergency management procedures and workshop recommendations inconsultation with the SES.

The estimated cost of the report is $10,000 with a timeframe of 3 months.

The priority is considered to be medium to high due to the need to collaterelevant information before records are archived and while relevant personnelare available. It will also identify a prioritised list of measures to improveemergency flood management.

4. Establish local neighbourhood support groups and evacuation centres(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

A review of existing evacuation procedures and emergency managementrequirements (in consultation with the SES) is recommended for the flood proneland in the Shire.

The cost of the review is estimated to be $3,000 with a timeframe of 1 to 2months.

The review is considered to be of medium priority due to the need to addressaccess requirements recommended in Section 5 of the FRMS.

5. Improved property identification to assist with aerial evacuation(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)


April 2002 Page 20

It is recommended that guidelines be produced for improving the identificationof properties from the air to assist emergency aerial evacuation.

The cost is estimated to develop a guideline is $2,000 with a timeframe of 1month.

The priority for the work is low.

6. Clarification of road and bridge names and erection of signageA review of place names for critical areas such as roads and bridges that areinundated in times of flood is recommended to facilitate and clarify the issue offlood warning and access advice by Council and the SES.

This will require public consultation and formalisation with the GeographicalNames Board and the erection of signage.

The cost of the work is estimated to be $10,000 with a timeframe of 3 to 6months.

The priority is considered to be high.

7. Investigation of an appropriate design level for the flood immunity ofWaterfall Way upstream of Bellingen(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

A study of an appropriate level of flood immunity for Waterfall Way downstreamof Bellingen is discussed in Section 3.2.4(1a).

It is recommended the study be extended to include areas upstream ofBellingen. The extension of the study would involve additional survey andhydraulic analysis at an estimated additional cost of $15,000 with a timeframe of2 months. This cost assumes the work is undertaken as an extension to thestudy for the area downstream of Bellingen. It is estimated there would beconsiderable cost savings in undertaking the work concurrently.

The priority of this work is considered to be high due to the cost savings inundertaking the investigation at the same time as the previously recommendedstudy and the need to provide an appropriate design level for the upgrade of aregionally significant main road.

8. Preparation of a management plan to address issues relating to the lossof bridges in the upstream areas due to erosion and debris loading(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

Bridges in the upper reaches of the Bellinger River are frequently damaged inflood events resulting in isolation and disruption to residents in the upperreaches of the valley for an extended period of time.

Debris loading and scour resulting from redirection of flow has been suggestedas a possible mechanism of failure of the bridges.

In the first instance it is recommended that a study be undertake to determinethe failure mechanism of the various bridges in recent flood events. The studyshould recommend further strategies or investigations to minimise loss anddamage to essential bridge structures. It should also include identification of thesocial impact associated with the loss of access.


April 2002 Page 21

The cost of this work is estimated to be $10,000 with a timeframe of 3 months.

The priority is considered to be medium.

The second stage of the investigation will depend on the findings of the initialinvestigation.

It is possible that the second stage could include an extension to researchcurrently underway by the University of Wollongong on riverine processes (orother research institutions).

A nominal budget for the second stage of $20,000 is suggested with atimeframe of 18 months.

The priority for the second stage is low.

9. Investigation of potential funding sources for floodplain and emergencyflood management throughout the shire(refer to Section 8.4.3 FRMS)

Council has limited funds available for emergency management and support forthe SES. It is recommended that options for raising additional funding foressential services and floodplain management be investigated.

Options to be investigated include the introduction of a levee under Section 94of the EP&A Act or a General Rate levy.

The cost of the investigation including public consultation is estimated to be$5,000 with a timeframe of 3 months.

The priority for the investigation is medium.

4.2.2 Flood awareness and preparednessThe program recommended for the Main Study Area is considered to beappropriate.

Signage at Thora and other key areas warning of possible isolation in times of floodis recommended.

The priority for the work is low

The cost of the design and erection of signage is estimated to be $3,000 with atimeframe of 3 months.


April 2002 Page 22

5. SUMMARY AND PRIORITISATION OFFLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT WORKS &MEASURESThe following Table summarises recommended works and measures in an assessed prioritylist.

The reader is referred to the relevant section of the Floodplain Risk Management Study andPlan for a detailed description of the works and measures and discussion of the relativepriority.

The relative priority is to some extent subjective. It needs to be determined based on abalance of the communities needs, the level of risk, ease of implementation, cost and time toimplement. The identified strategies have been grouped into relative priorities of low, mediumand high.

It is estimated that high, medium and low priority strategies would have approximatetimeframes of 0-3 years, 3-5 years, and 5-10 years respectively.

In view of the number of relatively high priority measures identified it has been necessary toreduce the budget and timeframe of some items. This will provide a preliminary level ofinvestigation that can be undertaken in the short term and will suffice in the interim until fundscan be made available for a more detailed assessment.

The strategies and priority for many of the medium and low priority work will be dependent onthe outcomes of some of the high priority investigations. Consequently the Plan should beconsidered to be a dynamic and evolving document. Management strategies and theirrelative priority should be reviewed in detail when initial investigations have been completed.It is anticipated this would be within approximately 2 years.

The indicative timeframe presented represents the time to undertake the task on a full timebasis once initial approvals for funding and a detailed brief has been determined inconsultation with interested parties. In addition the timeframe is dependent on the availabilityof Government subsidies and the ability of Council to fund components of the work eitherwholly or on a shared basis. Consequently the actual timeframe may increase significantlydue to these factors.

Similarly, the indicative cost of each strategy will vary depending on the availability of Councilstaff to undertake work in house or the need to employ external resources such asconsultants. The cost will need to be reviewed when a detailed brief has been finalised inconsultation with the Committee and other interested parties.


April 2002 Page 23

A total of 15 High priority strategies have been identified with an indicative budget of $174,000 :-

ReferencesItem Priority Description IndicativeBudget

IndicativeTimeFrame

ProjMngr

Liaison /Approval

Funding

SectionFRMS

SectionFRMP

Comments

1 High Adopt and implement policies andprinciples of the FRMS and Plan

Nil 1 mth BSC BSC NA 5, 8.3 &8.4

3 & 4.1 Items 1 to 3 are considered to beessential and should beimplemented immediately followingadoption of the final Plan.

2 High Review the nature of advice givenunder Section 149 of the EP&A Act.

$3,000 1 mth BSC DUAP

DLWC

Govt & BSC 6.1.3 &8.4

3.2

3 High Modification of Bellingen LEP and DCPto incorporate recommendations ofFRMS

$10,000 6 mths BSC DUAP Govt & BSC & 5.2 3.1

4 High Review of Flood Immunity of WaterfallWay Bellingen to the Pacific Highway

$40,000 3 mths BSC RTA

DLWC

Govt & BSC 6.3.2 3.2.4 Funding requested from RTA

5 High Extension of item 4 to include Bellingento Thora

$15,000 2 mths BSC RTA

DLWC

Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2 Dependent on item 4 proceeding

6 High Documentation of 2001 floods includingreview of emergency managementprocedures

$10,000 3 mths BSC DLWC

SES

Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2 Funds requested from DLWC

7 High Urunga drainage safety fencing , debristrap

$31,000 6 mths BSC BSC 7.9 3.3 Approved by Council. Work tocommence early 2002

8 High Review flood management of the NorthBellingen Caravan Park

$2,000 2 mths BSC SES Govt & BSC 5.2.9 &6.3.1

3.1 Could be undertaken inhouse asongoing management

9 High Collate, review and document flood andriverine process data throughout theShire.

$10,000 3 mths BSC DLWC,SES

Govt & BSC 8.3 4.1

10 High Preliminary Flood Assessment UpperBellinger and Kalang Rivers

$25,000 3-6 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 8.3 4.1

11 High Registration and review of floodmanagement strategies for commercialand industrial development

$5,000 2 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 5.2.3 &6.4.1

3.2.3 A register for new development tobe est ASAP


April 2002 Page 24


IndicativeTimeFrame

ProjMngr

Liaison /Approval

Funding

SectionFRMS

SectionFRMP

Comments

12 High Flood Warning System Newry Island /Urunga

12 mths BSC BOM

SES

DLWC

FWCC

Govt 6.2 3.2.2 Funded by BOM

13 High Review existing gauge network andrecommend augmentation strategy


SES

FWCC

Govt & BSC 6.2 &8.4.3

3.2.3

14 High Clarification of bridge and road namesand erection of signage

$10,000 3-6 mths BSC LPINSW Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2

15 High Assessment of priorities for houseraising

$8,000 3 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 5.3 3.1

A total of 14 medium priority strategies have been identified with an indicative budget of $0.2 million :-


IndicativeTimeFrame

ProjMngr

Liaison /Approval

Funding

SectionFRMS

SectionFRMP

Comments

16 Med Review of infrastructure mgt practices $5,000 2 mths BSC DLWC

SES

PWD

Govt & BSC 6.4.2 3.2.5 Possible funding from PWD

17 Med Establish local neighbourhood supportgroups and evacuation centres

$3,000 3 mths SES SES Govt & BSC 6.5 &8.4.3

4.2

18 Med Flood information brochure $6,000 3 mths BSC SES

DLWC

Govt & BSC 6.1.1 &8.4.3

3.2

19 Med Investigate flood immunity Hydes CreekRd


SES

Govt &DLWC

6.3.2 3.2.4


April 2002 Page 25

20 Med Invetigate emergency access forMylestom

$8,000 3 mths BSCDLWC,SES,StateForests

Govt &DLWC

6.3.2 3.2.4

21 Med Preparation and review of evacuationplans for various management areas

$10,000 3-6 mths SES

BSC

SES Govt & BSC 6.3.1 &6.3.3

& 8.4.3

3.2.3

22 Med Investigate funding sources (sect. 94and special rate)

$5,000 3 mths BSC BSC 8.4.3 4.2

23 Med Installation of additional water level andrainfall gauges based onrecommendations from item 13

$10,000

per gauge

3 mths pergauge

BSC DLWC

PWD

SES

Govt & BSC 6.2 &8.4.3

3.2.2

24 Med Implementation of improved emergencymgt measures from item 6

$10,000 6 mths BSC SES

DLWC

RTA

Govt &

BSC

8.4.3 4.2

25 Med Flood Warning System Lower Bellingerie Raleigh / Repton

12 mths BSC BOMDLWC

Govt 6.2 3.2.2 Funding by BOM

26 Med Implementation of infrastructure mgtstrategies

$50,000

nom

6 mths BSC PWD

DLWC

Govt & BSC 6.4.2 3.2.5 Possible funding by PWD

27 Med Preparation of Flood Risk Statements $10,000

est

6 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 6.1.4 3.2 Dependent on level of detail, couldbe a user pays basis

28 Med Review of bridge failures and socialdisruption in floods


SES

Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2

29 Med Implementation of house raisingstrategy based on priorities from Item15

$15,000per yearnom

10 yrs BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 5.3 3.1 Funding by direct grants may beavailable


April 2002 Page 26

A total of 20 low priority strategies have been identified with an indicative budget of $0.7 million :-


IndicativeTimeFrame

ProjMngr

Liaison /Approval

Funding

SectionFRMS

SectionFRMP

Comments

30 Low Aerial identification of properties $2,000 1 mth BSC SES Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2

31 Low Prepare structural design guidelines $5,000 2 mths BSC DLWC Govt &

BSC

5.2.5 3.1

32 Low Review of structures encroaching ontofloodways

$5,000 2 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 7.2.3 3.1

33 Low Implementation of item 32 for floodwaysat North Bellingen and Cemetery Creek

BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 7.2.3 3.1 Dependent on outcomes of Item 29

34 Low Connell Creek Flood Study $10,000 6 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 7.2.4 3.1

35 Low Relocation of North Bellingen CaravanPark

BSC BSC BSC 5.2.9 3.1 Possible funding from sale of land

36 Low Flood proofing advice for existingstructures

$2,000 1 mth BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 5.4 3.1

37 Low Major Drainage/flood study WheatleyStreet, North Bellingen


38 Low Warning signs regarding flooding andisolation

$3.000 3 mths BSC DLWC

SES

Govt & BSC 8.4.3 4.2

39 Low General public information on floodingincludng displays videos.

$5,000 3 mths BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 6.1.1 &6.1.5

3.2

40 Low Investigate Sth Arm Road floodimmunity


SES

Govt & BSC 6.3.2 3.2.4

41 Low Investigate Newry Island Drive roadraising


SES

Govt & BSC 6.3.2 3.2.4

42 Low Investigate improved flood access forRepton


SES

Govt & BSC 6.3.2 3.2.4


April 2002 Page 27


IndicativeTimeFrame

ProjMngr

Liaison /Approval

Funding

SectionFRMS

SectionFRMP

Comments

43 Low Review of alternative emergencyaccess for the Upper Bellinger andKalang Rivers


SES

Govt & BSC 6.3.2 &8.4.3

& 4.2

44 Low Crown Street major drainageinvestigation


45 Low Monitoring of flood behaviour in thevicinity of the Pacific Highway upgradeat Raleigh.

$1,000

per flood

2 days BSC DLWC

RTA

Govt & BSC 7.3 3.3 The priority for this work wouldbecome high following major floods

46 Low Urunga major drainage works includingfloodway construction and culvertsunder Morgo St.


47 Low Detailed Flood Study, Upper Bellingerand Kalang Rivers

$200,000 2 yrs BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 8.3 4.1

48 Low Detailed riverine process andmanagement study

$100,000 2 yrs BSC DLWC Govt & BSC 8.3 4.1

49 Low Preparation of a management strategyto address the loss of bridges due todebris accumulation



April 2002 Page 28

6. REFERENCESBellingen Shire Council (1990) - Bellingen Local Environmental Plan.

Bellingen Shire Council (1999) - Development Control Plan 13, Local Approvals Policy.

Bellingen Shire Council (2001) Floodplain Risk Management Study - An Assessment ofFloodplain Management Options and Strategies (draft)

NSW Government (1986) - Floodplain Development Manual

NSW Government (2001) - Floodplain Management Manual

Public Works Department, NSW (1991) - Lower Bellinger River Flood Study

State Emergency Service (May 1995) - Bellingen Local Flood Plan


April 2002 Page 29

7. FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS

Contents• Notes on Flood Risk Mapping

• Flood Map Locality Grid

• Flood Risk Maps (1:10000 scale series)

• Flood Risk Maps - Detailed Planning Precincts


April 2002 Page 30

Notes on Flood Risk Mapping1. The attached series of maps have been prepared as part of the Bellingen Shire Floodplain

Management Study and Plan 2001. Flood levels are based on mainstream flooding asidentified in the Lower Bellinger Flood Study by NSW PWD,1991. Flooding and inundationcan also occur from other sources such as tributary streams and gullies, local overlandrunoff, surcharge of stormwater systems etc. Assessment of flooding due to these sourceshas not been included in the Flood Risk Mapping and requires assessment by anexperienced hydraulic engineer. Guidelines relating to land that is considered to bepotentially affected by flooding are outlined in Appendix F of the FRMS.

2. The contours shown the Flood Risk Maps represent the General Flood Planning Leveland the Probable Maximum Flood level. To simplify interpretation of the flood data, floodplanning precincts have been identified (in most residential and village areas) where aparticular level has been adopted for planning purposes. These precincts are shown oninset sheets 1 to 5

3. The extent of inundation by the 1% AEP and the Probable Maximum Flood is approximateonly and is based on available topographical contour mapping prepared by LPINSW. Ingeneral, the topographic mapping plots contours to a 2 metre interval however in somelocations only 10 m intervals are available. The mapping has been prepared based onaerial photography (generally from the early 1980s) and the accuracy may vary. Inaddition subsequent filling or excavation may have modified the site. Consequentlydetailed site-specific survey should be undertaken to determine the extent of inundationon a particular property.

4. Floodways have been assessed based on the 1% AEP flood. The assessment is basedon interpretation of available topographical information and represents the approximateextent of mainstream flood flows. In general it assumes a smoothed flow path betweenidentified control points. A broken line is shown where the accuracy of the assessment isinsufficient to delineate the floodway boundary.

5. Floodway conditions may develop in some areas when floods exceed the 1% AEP floodlevel; due to runoff from tributary streams and sub catchments; the filling and drainage ofstorage areas and the overtopping of embankments. These conditions have not beenmapped in detail however areas where floodway conditions are expected to develop havebeen identified by a numbered series of notes. In areas where floodways are likely todevelop Council may require a flood assessment or flood study to define the floodbehaviour.

6. With the exception of the “flood storage” areas at Urunga (see Inset 4), all flood proneland outside the floodway areas identified on the Maps is considered to be “flood fringe”for the purposes of the Floodplain Risk Management Study (See also notes 1 and 5).

7. The 1%AEP flood line plotted on the Flood Risk Maps represents the extent of inundationin a 1%AEP flood. Development controls relating to the General Flood Planning Levelapply to land that is up to 0.5m higher.


April 2002 Page 31


April 2002 Page 32

ALSO INCLUDE A COPY OF

Bellingen Shire CouncilBellinger and Kalang Rivers

Floods of February and March 2001June 2003

Prepared byBruce Fidge & Associates Pty Ltd

Consulting Engineers

HARD COPY ONLY IN STRONG ROOM - THE ELECTRONICDOCUMENT ON THE SERVER DOES NOT CONTAIN THEAPPENDICES WHICH ARE HARD COPIES ONLY

Documents

BELLINGEN SHIRE COUNCIL · Bellingen Shire Floodplain Risk Management Plan April 2002 Page 5 2. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROCESS 2.1 GENERAL The formulation and implementation of Floodplain